Nanotechnology: Hip or Hype?
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Presented by: Alya Elhawary and Ashley Pietz
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Nanotechnology: Hip or Hype?
- 1. Nanotechnology: Hip or Hype? Alya Elhawary Ashley Pietz
- 2. Overview History of Nanotechnology Introduction to Graphene and CNTs Nanotechnology Challenges
- 3. What is Nanotechnoloy Nanotechnology is science, engineering and technology conducted at the nanoscale. This includes the manipulation of matter on an atomic and molecular scale.
- 4. History – Pre-modern 4th Century: The Lycurgus Cup (Rome) is an example of dichroic glass; colloidal gold and silver in the glass allow it to look opaque green when lit from outside but translucent red when light shines through the inside. 13th-18th Centuries: “Damascus” saber blades contained carbon nanotubes and cementite nanowires—an ultrahigh-carbon steel formulation that gave them strength, resilience, the ability to hold a keen edge, and a visible moiré pattern in the steel that give the blades their name.
- 5. History - Modern Era 1857: Michael Faraday discovered colloidal “ruby” gold, demonstrating that nanostructured gold under certain lighting conditions produces different-colored solutions. 1959: Richard Feynman of the California Institute of Technology gave what is considered to be the first lecture on technology and engineering at the atomic scale, "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" at an American Physical Society meeting at Caltech. 1981: Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM’s Zurich lab invented the scanning tunneling microscope. 1985: Rice University researchers Harold Kroto, Sean O’Brien, Robert Curl, and Richard Smalley discovered the Buckminsterfullerene (C60), more commonly known as the buckyball, which is a molecule resembling a soccerball in shape and composed entirely of carbon, as are graphite and diamond. 1991: Sumio Iijima of NEC is credited with discovering the carbon nanotube (CNT). CNTs, like buckyballs, are entirely composed of carbon, but in a tubular shape. They exhibit extraordinary properties in terms of strength, electrical and thermal conductivity, among others. 1999: Chad Mirkin at Northwestern University invented dip- pen nanolithography® (DPN®), leading to manufacturable, reproducible “writing” of electronic circuits as well as patterning of biomaterials for cell biology research, nanoencryption, and other applications.
- 6. History - New Millennium 1999–early 2000’s: Consumer products making use of nanotechnology began appearing in the marketplace. 2003: Congress enacted the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act (P.L. 108-153). The act provided a statutory foundation for the NNI (National Nanotechnology Initiative), established programs, assigned agency responsibilities, authorized funding levels, and promoted research to address key issues. 2009–2010: Nadrian Seeman and colleagues at New York University created DNA-like robotic nanoscale assembly devices. Process for creating 3D DNA structures using synthetic sequences of DNA crystals that can be programmed to self-assemble using “sticky ends” and placement in a set order and orientation.
- 7. Carbon Nanotubes Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure. Applications: •Organic polymers, paints, •LCDs •Nanoelectronics •Electromagnetic shielding • Energy storage •Biosensors Challenges: •Tuning in of Diameter, Length •Tuning in of purity ~ 60% other carbon forms •Methods such as filtration reduce Young’s Modulus – becomes similar to bulk material
- 8. Graphene Applications •LCDs •Water/Air Filtration •Bio-sensing •Clean Energy Challenges •Properties being both pliable and brittle •Shrinks with increasing T •Melting point and order of phase transition unknown •High film resistivity of several hundred Ohms for 80% transparency (solar cell applications) Graphene is a one-atom thick layer of mineral graphite, arranged in a regular hexagonal pattern.
- 9. Steel Comparison Material Thermodynamics Physics Chemistry Manufacturing Health and Safety Steel Well Known Well Known and Defined Well Known and Defined Well Known and can be manipulated Well Understood and Studied for decade Graphene Unknown Theoretical proofs only Theoretical Unknown Unknown Carbon Nanotubes (single wall) Unknown Theoretical proofs only Theoretical Unknown Unknown
- 10. Challenges in Commercialization New manufacturing development Consistency of product Quality of product Control of nanoparticle coating and stable dispersion Understanding self-assembly High Purity Yields Bulk Characteristics Validation of models Source: Zhao, Qian Qiu, Arthur Boxman, and Uma Chowdhry. "Nanotechnology in the Chemical industry–opportunities and Challenges." Journal of Nanoparticle Research 5.5-6 (2003): 567-72. Web.
- 11. Challenges-Health Concerns “All things are poison and not without poison; only the dose makes a thing not a poison” –Paracelsus (1493-1541) Source: Maynard, Andrew D. "Nanotechnology: Assessing the Risks." Nano Today 1.2 (2006): 22-33. Web.
- 12. Where Is Nanotechnology Going? Source: Mazzola, Laura. "Commercializing Nanotechnology." Nature biotechnology 21.10 (2003): 1137-43. Web.
- 13. Public Perception Over 80% of Americans know little or nothing of nanotechnology Will public view it like Nuclear Power, GMOs, or Stem Cells? So far, public seem in favor of nanotechnology but may change with further integration to consumer products Source: Macoubrie, Jane. "Public Perceptions about Nanotechnology: Risks, Benefits and Trust." Journal of Nanoparticle Research 6.4 (2004): 395-405. Web
- 14. Future – Hip or Hype?
- 15. Contact Information Alya Elhawary alyaelhawary@gmail.com Ashley Pietz ashley.e.pietz@gmail.com
- 16. References Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnol ogy Center for Responsible Nanotechnology http://www.crnano.org/whatis.htm National Nanotechnology Initiative http://nano.gov/
- 17. Work Cited 1. Ajayan, Pulickel M., and Otto Z. Zhou. "Applications of Carbon Nanotubes." Carbon Nanotubes.Springer, 2001. 391-425. Web. 2. Baughman, Ray H., Anvar A. Zakhidov, and Walt A. de Heer. "Carbon Nanotubes--the Route Toward Applications." Science 297.5582 (2002): 787-92. Web. 3. Geim, Andre Konstantin. "Graphene: Status and Prospects." Science 324.5934 (2009): 1530-4. Web. 4. Macoubrie, Jane. "Public Perceptions about Nanotechnology: Risks, Benefits and Trust." Journal of Nanoparticle Research 6.4 (2004): 395-405. Web. 5. Maynard, Andrew D. "Nanotechnology: Assessing the Risks." Nano Today 1.2 (2006): 22-33. Web. 6. Mazzola, Laura. "Commercializing Nanotechnology." Nature biotechnology 21.10 (2003): 1137-43. Web. 7. Sun, Ya-Ping, et al. "Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes: Properties and Applications." Accounts of Chemical Research 35.12 (2002): 1096-104. Web. 8. Zhao, Qian Qiu, Arthur Boxman, and Uma Chowdhry. "Nanotechnology in the Chemical industry–opportunities and Challenges." Journal of Nanoparticle Research 5.5-6 (2003): 567-72. Web.
- 18. Back Up
- 19. Steel Comparison in Numbers Material Young's Modulus (Gpa) Thermal Conductivity (@ 25C) Electrical Conductivity (@ 20C) Density (g/cm3) Price per gram Common Uses Steel 200 43 6.99 x 10^6 7.85 $0.03 Major component in buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, automobiles, machines, appliances, and weapons. Graphene 1000 5000 W/mK – 600 W/mK ? $100 to $100 0 LCDs, Clean Energy Devices, Water/Air filtration, Biosenors Carbon Nanotubes (single wall) >1000 2000-3000 W/mK 0.01 to 0.1 S/cm 19-56 x Steel $95 to $750 Organic polymers, paints, LCDs, Nanoelectronics, Electromagnetic shielding, Energy storage, Biosensors
Editor's Notes
- including lightweight nanotechnology-enabled automobile bumpers that resist denting and scratching, golf balls that fly straighter, tennis rackets that are stiffer (therefore, the ball rebounds faster), baseball bats with better flex and "kick," nano-silver antibacterial socks, clear sunscreens, wrinkle- and stain-resistant clothing, deep-penetrating therapeutic cosmetics, scratch-resistant glass coatings, faster-recharging batteries for cordless electric tools, and improved displays for televisions, cell phones, and digital cameras. 2009-2010: Nanoelectronics could benefit: the flexibility and density that 3D nanoscale components allow could enable assembly of parts that are smaller, more complex, and more closely spaced.
- Nanotubes have been constructed with length-to-diameter ratio of up to 132,000,000:1,[1] significantly larger than for any other material. These cylindrical carbon molecules have unusual properties, which are valuable for nanotechnology, electronics, optics and other fields of materials science and technology. In particular, owing to their extraordinary thermal conductivity and mechanical and electrical properties, carbon nanotubes find applications as additives to various structural materials. For instance, nanotubes form a tiny portion of the material(s) in some (primarily carbon fiber) baseball bats, golf clubs, or car parts or in reva.[2]
- Graphene is one of the crystalline forms of carbon, alongside diamond, graphite, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes. In this material, carbon atoms are arranged in a regular hexagonal pattern. Graphene can be described as a one-atom thick layer of the layered mineral graphite. High-quality graphene is very strong, light, nearly transparent, and an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. Its interaction with other materials and with light, and its inherently two-dimensional nature, produce unique properties.
- Much of physics and chemistry of nanotechnology is still relatively unknown. Although there are theories, because we lack the proper instrumentation to study these materials on a nanoscale level, we cannot clearly define their physical/chemical properties. In addition, this also provides a challenge for large scale manufacturing of these materials, until we know how these materials behave on a bulk scale. Finally, since nanotechnology is relatively new, Health and Safety data beyond 20 years is largely unavailable and we may not know potential long term effects for several years.
- The key to nanotechnology development will be in how we can reproduce it reliably and consistently. There are many techniques available today to product graphene and CNTs but techniques from nature such as self-assembly look to be a solution to a very difficult problem. In addition, instrumentation for analysis, which is currently either extremely expensive or unavailable will be needed to further the industrialization process
- Three routes of entry: Inhalation, Ingestion, and Dermal Penetration. For medical devices, can add injection and release from implants. Biggest focus on inhalation and skin penetration. Consumer products such as sunscreen and cosmetics already in products (TiO2 and Zinc Oxide as UV blocking agents). Over 200 products already contain nanotechnology products “www.nanotechproject.org/consumerproducts” Again without a method to determine physiochemical charaterization, toxicity becomes difficult to determine Basic research is still being done on first-generation nanotechnology, despite newere generations being developed Although health and safety studies are being conducted, there is a lack in overall strategy See “Nanotechnology: Assessing the Risks”
- There are several challenges that lay ahead for nanotechnology. According to Laura Mazzola “nanotechnologies biggest liability is its novelty” Realistic goals are: Identify a market for tools/products Fist step: Identify positioning/competitive edge. Need to show how much nanotechnology outperforms existing technology Second Step: Develop application-photovoltaics, memory storage, medical devices See more from article “Commercializing Nanotechnology”
- Majority of information about nanotechnology has been disseminated as positive news. Openly discussing critical issues by giving accessible balanced information with agreed-upon principles best way to prevent uniformed opinions and negative perceptions. See more from “Public Perceptions about Nanotechnology”