Vaccine against viruses.

1. Protection Against Viral Infection
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet
Sadaqur Rahman
Reg. no: 2010433022
Tanvir Hossain
Reg. no: 2010433047
&

2. Objectives
 Vaccine, vaccination, immunization
 Why vaccine?
 Mechanism of vaccines
 Types of vaccines
 Vaccine excipient
 Virus vaccines
 Vaccines under research
 Vaccination by age
 Side Effects of vaccine
 Antiviral drugs
 Types of antiviral drugs

3. Basic Terms
 A vaccine is a biological preparation that
provides active acquired immunity to a
particular disease.
 A vaccination is the injection of a killed or
weakened organism that produces immunity in
the body against that organism.
 An immunization is the process by which a
person or animal becomes protected from a
disease.

4.  1796 Edward
Jenner Prevented
smallpox by
vaccination with
cowpox.
 1885 Louis
Pasteur successfully
prevents rabies in
Joseph Meister by
post-exposure
vaccination.
History

5. Why Vaccine?
 Vaccines are safe.
 Vaccines are effective.
 Vaccines work with immune system.
 Vaccines protect individuals and the
community.

6. Mechanism of Vaccines
 Vaccines are made from the same germs
(or parts of them) that cause disease.
 Introduced into body.
 Immune system reacts to the vaccine the
same as it would if it were being invaded
by the disease — by making antibodies.
 The antibodies destroy the vaccine germs
like a training exercise. Then they stay in
the body, giving specific immunity.

7. Types of Vaccine
1. Live, attenuated vaccines.
2. Inactivated vaccines.
3. Subunit vaccines.
4. Toxoid vaccines.
5. Conjugate vaccines.
6. DNA vaccines.
7. Recombinant vector vaccines.

8. Live, Attenuated Vaccines
 Contain a version of the living microbe
that has been weakened.
 Example:
--yellow fever, measles, rubella and
mumps vaccine.

9. Inactivated Vaccines
 Contain microbe that has been killed by
chemicals, heat, or radiation.
 Example:
--plague, polio, hepatitis A, and rabies
vaccine.

10. Subunit Vaccines
 Contains only the antigens that best
stimulate the immune system.
 Example:
--Hepatitis B and human
papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine.

11. Toxoid Vaccines (for Bacteria)
 Contains toxins from bacteria making
inactivated by treating them with
formalin, and sterilized water.
 Example:
--Diphtheria and tetanus vaccine.

12. Conjugate Vaccines(for Bacteria)
 Contains linking outer coats
(polysaccharide) to proteins (e.g., toxins).
 Example:
--Haemophilus influenzae type B
vaccine.

13. DNA Vaccines(Experimental)
 Insertion of viral DNA into cells. Some
cells of the immune system that recognize
the proteins expressed.
 Still experimental and is not approved for
human use.

14. Recombinant Vector
Vaccines(Experimental)
 Combining the physiology of one micro-
organism and the DNA of the other.
 experimental vaccine.
 Researchers are working on HIV, rabies,
and measles.

15. Vaccine Excipient
 Aluminum salts or gels are added as
adjuvants.
 Antibiotics are added to prevent the growth
during production and storage of the vaccine.
 Egg protein in influenza and yellow fever
vaccines (prepared using chicken eggs).
 Monosodium glutamate (MSG) and 2-
phenoxyethanol are used as stabilizers.
 Thimerosal is a mercury-containing
preservative- to prevent contamination.

16. Virus Vaccines
Virus Vaccine(s)
Hepatitis A virus Hepatitis A vaccine
Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis B vaccine
Hepatitis E virus Hepatitis E vaccine
Human papillomavirus HPV vaccine
Influenza virus Influenza vaccine
Japanese encephalitis
virus
Japanese encephalitis
vaccine
Measles virus MMR vaccine, MMRV
vaccine
Mumps virus MMR vaccine, MMRV

17. Virus Vaccines(Cont.)
Virus Vaccine(s)
Rabies virus Rabies vaccine
Rotavirus Rotavirus vaccine
Rubella virus MMR vaccine, MMRV
vaccine
Varicella zoster virus Varicella vaccine,
Shingles vaccine, MMRV
vaccine
Variola virus Smallpox vaccine
Yellow fever virus Yellow Fever vaccine

18. Vaccines Under Research
 Adenovirus vaccine
 Coxsackie B virus vaccine
 Cytomegalovirus vaccine
 Dengue fever vaccine for humans
 Eastern Equine encephalitis virus vaccine for humans
 Ebola virus disease vaccine
 Enterovirus 71 vaccine
 Epstein–Barr vaccine
 Hepatitis C vaccine
 HIV vaccine
 HTLV-1 T-lymphotropic leukemia vaccine for humans
 Marburg virus disease vaccine
 Norovirus vaccine
 Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine for humans
 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) vaccine
 West Nile virus vaccine for humans

19. Vaccination by Age
 Chickenpox (varicella)
2 doses
first dose: 12–15 months
second dose: 4–6 years.
 Haemophilus influenzae type b
3–4 doses
first dose: 2 months
second dose: 4 months
third dose: 6 months (if needed)
last dose: 12–15 months.
 Hepatitis A
2 doses
first dose: 1 year
Second dose: 6-18 months later.

20. Vaccination by Age(Cont.)
 Hepatitis B
3 doses
first dose: at birth
second dose: 1–2 months
third dose: 6-18 months.
 Human papillomavirus
3 doses
At the age of 11–12 years.
 Influenza
yearly throughout the lifetime
at age 6 months.

21. Vaccination by Age(Cont.)
 Measles, Mumps, Rubella
2 doses
first dose:12–15 months
second dose:4–6 years.
 Meningococcal
Two doses
At age 11 years.
 Pneumococcal (PCV)
4 doses
first dose: 2 months
second dose: at 4 months
third dose: 6 months
Fourth dose: 12–15 months.

22. Vaccination by Age(Cont.)
 Polio (IPV)
4 doses
first dose: 2 months
second dose: 4 months
third dose: 6–18 months
fourth dose: 4–6 years.
 Rotavirus (RV)
2–3 doses
first dose: 2 months
second dose: 4 months
third dose(if needed): at 6 months.
 Shingles (zoster)
1-time dose
Person 60 years or older.

23. Vaccine Side Effects
 The most common side effects are mild.
 Redness and swelling where the shot was
given.
 Serious side effects such as severe allergic
reaction, are very rare.

24. Antiviral drugs
 Antiviral drugs are a class of medication
used specifically for treating viral
infections.
 Called antivirals.
 One class of antimicrobials.

25. Virus Life Cycle
 Attachment to cell surface. Virus gets attached to host cell
receptors.
 Structural proteins recognize.
 Binding of these two components lead to conformational
changes.
 Lysoproteins are also recognized, fusion occurs.
 Penetration inside host cells takes place.
 Uncoating of virus occurs.
 Genetic material is transcribed and translated within host
nucleus.
 Proteins are formed and budding of virus occurs.

26. Types of Antiviral Drugs
 1. Drugs that inhibit uncoating of viral RNA.
Amantadine
Rimantadine
Gamma globulins
 2. Drugs that inhibit late protein synthesis and processing.
Protease inhibitors
 3. Immunomodulators.
Interferons

27. Types of Antiviral Drugs(Cont.)
 4. Drugs that inhibit viral nucleic acid synthesis (DNA
Polymerase inhibitors)
Acyclovir
Valacyclovir
Famciclovir
Ganciclovir
Idoxouridine
Vidarabine
Foscarnet
Trifluridine
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
Non Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)