The document discusses the neuroscience of language and how our understanding has evolved over time. Early models like Broca's and Wernicke's localized language functions but did not fully capture the complexity. Modern research uses techniques like brain imaging, ERP studies, and neuropsychology to develop new models that examine both the neural structures and timing involved in integrated language processing throughout the brain.
The presentation focuses on cerebral asymmetries in structural, functional and molecular levels regarding production and comprehension of language faculty. It also briefs about the role of different language areas and sex differences in language.
The document discusses the neural bases of language. It describes how post-mortem studies have found no consistent results on the localization of language functions in the brain, as different types of aphasia can cause similar behavioral disturbances. Neurolinguistics studies the relationship between language, communication, and brain function by attempting to combine neurological and linguistic theories. Common neurolinguistic studies examine language and communication after brain damage. The document then provides details on the anatomy and structures of the central and peripheral nervous systems, including the meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood-brain barrier that protect the brain.
Aphasia is an acquired communication disorder that impairs a person's ability to process language. It can cause problems with speaking, listening, reading, and writing. The type and severity of aphasia depends on the location of brain damage, usually in the left hemisphere. Broca's aphasia involves non-fluent speech and impaired comprehension of syntax. Wernicke's aphasia features fluent but meaningless speech and impaired comprehension. Global aphasia combines deficits of both Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia.
Language disorders involve problems processing linguistic information that can affect grammar, semantics, and other aspects of language. They can be receptive, involving comprehension issues, expressive, involving production problems, or both. Common language disorders include specific language impairment and aphasia. The document goes on to describe receptive language disorders which impact understanding language inputs, expressive disorders affecting output of language, speech disorders, communication disorders, and several specific types of language disorders like dyslexia, dysgraphia, and their symptoms.
Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a neurological disorder where children have difficulty planning and coordinating the movements needed to speak, despite knowing what they want to say. Children with CAS may exhibit inconsistent sounds, groping movements of the mouth, and great effort to produce speech. Treatment focuses on consistent practice of sounds and signs to supplement communication. While progress varies, mild cases may achieve typical speech, while more severe cases may benefit from devices to communicate.
This document provides an overview of language disorders, including their classification, characteristics, and neurological underpinnings. It discusses the key elements of communication and defines speech and language. The four domains of language are identified as phonology, grammar, semantics, and pragmatics. Common speech and language disorders are then outlined, including their symptoms, causes, and brain regions involved. The major types discussed are fluency disorders like stuttering, articulation disorders, voice disorders, and language disorders involving expression and reception. Bilingualism and its effects on language development are also addressed.
The document provides information about a workshop on speech sound disorders presented by Fouzia Saleemi. It discusses various types of speech sound disorders including articulation disorders, phonological disorders, childhood apraxia of speech, and dysarthria. It outlines the stages of the speaking process and various classification systems and intervention approaches for treating speech sound disorders in children, including core vocabulary therapy, cycles therapy, dynamic temporal and tactile cueing, and minimal pair therapies.
The presentation focuses on cerebral asymmetries in structural, functional and molecular levels regarding production and comprehension of language faculty. It also briefs about the role of different language areas and sex differences in language.
The document discusses the neural bases of language. It describes how post-mortem studies have found no consistent results on the localization of language functions in the brain, as different types of aphasia can cause similar behavioral disturbances. Neurolinguistics studies the relationship between language, communication, and brain function by attempting to combine neurological and linguistic theories. Common neurolinguistic studies examine language and communication after brain damage. The document then provides details on the anatomy and structures of the central and peripheral nervous systems, including the meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood-brain barrier that protect the brain.
Aphasia is an acquired communication disorder that impairs a person's ability to process language. It can cause problems with speaking, listening, reading, and writing. The type and severity of aphasia depends on the location of brain damage, usually in the left hemisphere. Broca's aphasia involves non-fluent speech and impaired comprehension of syntax. Wernicke's aphasia features fluent but meaningless speech and impaired comprehension. Global aphasia combines deficits of both Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia.
Language disorders involve problems processing linguistic information that can affect grammar, semantics, and other aspects of language. They can be receptive, involving comprehension issues, expressive, involving production problems, or both. Common language disorders include specific language impairment and aphasia. The document goes on to describe receptive language disorders which impact understanding language inputs, expressive disorders affecting output of language, speech disorders, communication disorders, and several specific types of language disorders like dyslexia, dysgraphia, and their symptoms.
Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a neurological disorder where children have difficulty planning and coordinating the movements needed to speak, despite knowing what they want to say. Children with CAS may exhibit inconsistent sounds, groping movements of the mouth, and great effort to produce speech. Treatment focuses on consistent practice of sounds and signs to supplement communication. While progress varies, mild cases may achieve typical speech, while more severe cases may benefit from devices to communicate.
This document provides an overview of language disorders, including their classification, characteristics, and neurological underpinnings. It discusses the key elements of communication and defines speech and language. The four domains of language are identified as phonology, grammar, semantics, and pragmatics. Common speech and language disorders are then outlined, including their symptoms, causes, and brain regions involved. The major types discussed are fluency disorders like stuttering, articulation disorders, voice disorders, and language disorders involving expression and reception. Bilingualism and its effects on language development are also addressed.
The document provides information about a workshop on speech sound disorders presented by Fouzia Saleemi. It discusses various types of speech sound disorders including articulation disorders, phonological disorders, childhood apraxia of speech, and dysarthria. It outlines the stages of the speaking process and various classification systems and intervention approaches for treating speech sound disorders in children, including core vocabulary therapy, cycles therapy, dynamic temporal and tactile cueing, and minimal pair therapies.
1) Aphasia is a language disorder caused by damage to the central nervous system, most commonly from stroke, tumor, trauma, or disease.
2) Symptoms of childhood aphasia include difficulties with word-finding, vocabulary, comprehension, pronunciation, grammar, and reading/writing.
3) Recovery is generally faster and more complete in children than adults, though the right hemisphere can take over language functions if damage occurs early enough in the left hemisphere.
1. Apraxia of speech is a motor speech disorder that causes difficulties in saying words correctly and consistently due to problems with planning and programming the movements needed for speech.
2. It is caused by neurological damage, often from stroke or head injury, and affects the motor planning areas of the brain rather than the muscles of speech.
3. Treatment focuses on relearning the motor aspects of speech through tasks to improve sound production, prosody, rate, and consistency of errors.
This document provides an overview of aphasia, including definitions, characteristics, causes, types and studies. Aphasia is defined as an acquired language impairment caused by brain damage, characterized by difficulties with speech, comprehension and word-finding. The main types discussed are Broca's aphasia (non-fluent speech with good comprehension) and Wernicke's aphasia (fluent but meaningless speech with poor comprehension). Conduction aphasia involves difficulty repeating words. The document reviews several studies examining language processing in aphasic patients and the relationship between phonological and morphological impairments.
The document discusses various areas of the brain involved in language processing and production. It describes Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe which processes auditory and visual language inputs and connects to Broca's area in the frontal lobe which processes language outputs. Damage to these areas can cause different types of aphasias - nonfluent aphasia results from Broca's area lesions and causes slow, effortful speech, while fluent aphasia comes from Wernicke's area lesions and produces meaningless speech. The angular gyrus also contributes to language processing and lesions there cause anomic aphasia characterized by naming difficulties.
This document discusses aphasia, which is an impairment of language abilities caused by brain damage. It can affect speech production, comprehension, reading, or writing. The most common causes are stroke, brain injury, tumor or dementia. There are different types of aphasia depending on which language abilities are impaired. Broca's aphasia affects speech production, making it effortful and halting. Wernicke's aphasia affects comprehension. Anomic aphasia causes difficulty naming things. Related disorders like apraxia affect motor planning for speech. Around 1 million Americans have aphasia due to stroke or other brain damage. Communication strategies are suggested to help people with aphasia still communicate effectively.
Aphasias are language disorders caused by brain damage that affect speech and communication. There are two main categories: fluent aphasias where speech is smooth but contains errors, and non-fluent aphasias where speech is halting. The most common types are Broca's aphasia (non-fluent speech with intact comprehension) caused by damage to Broca's area, and Wernicke's aphasia (fluent but meaningless speech) caused by damage to Wernicke's area. Aphasias are diagnosed through language tests and neuroimaging and treated with speech therapy and sometimes medications. Prognosis depends on factors like age, lesion size and early rehabilitation.
The document discusses lateralization of brain function and language areas. It explains that in most humans, the left hemisphere of the brain contains specialized language areas. It then describes how physicians in the 1800s like Broca and Wernicke discovered two key language areas by studying patients with language impairments. Broca's area in the frontal lobe controls speech production, while Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe is involved in speech comprehension. Damage to these areas can cause different types of aphasia with distinct language symptoms.
This document discusses voice therapy for the management of benign voice disorders. It summarizes a study of 30 patients who underwent voice therapy with or without surgical procedures for conditions like vocal nodules, polyps, muscle tension dysphonia, sulcus vocalis, and others. Pre-therapy and post-therapy comparisons found improvements in voice quality ratings, patient quality of life measures, and laryngeal images. Voice therapy techniques discussed include vocal hygiene, exercises, massage, and various approaches. The study found voice therapy to be an effective non-surgical treatment for many benign voice disorders and helps prevent recurrence when used with surgery.
This document discusses stuttering, including its definition, incidence and prevalence, differential diagnosis from normal non-fluency, onset and development patterns. It notes that stuttering typically begins between ages 2-5 and outlines guidelines for differentiating normal dysfluencies from abnormal ones associated with stuttering. The need for early identification and treatment of stuttering is also mentioned.
Unit 1 Fluency, Disfluency, and Stutteringsahughes
The document discusses various aspects of fluency and stuttering. It defines fluency as smooth, continuous speech produced in an effortless manner. It describes different types of disfluencies that can occur, ranging from more typical ones like filler words, repetitions and revisions, to less typical ones associated with stuttering like part-word repetitions, prolongations and blocks. It also discusses core behaviors of stuttering versus secondary behaviors, the stuttering cycle, and how stuttering can be represented using the iceberg analogy.
This document provides an overview of speech disorders and summarizes key information about aphasia syndromes. It defines key terms related to speech and language and describes the main language areas in the brain and their functions. The document outlines different classifications of aphasia syndromes including Broca's aphasia, Wernicke's aphasia, conduction aphasia, transcortical motor aphasia, and transcortical sensory aphasia. It compares the characteristics of these syndromes such as speech fluency, comprehension, repetition, and naming ability. The document also discusses paraphasias and provides a table summarizing the main features of different aphasia types.
1. The document discusses lateralization of brain function, with language processing primarily localized to the left hemisphere in most individuals.
2. It describes the corpus callosum which connects the two hemispheres and allows for information exchange, and how splitting this connection can impact language and visual processing.
3. Various language-related areas of the brain are discussed including Broca's and Wernicke's areas, and how damage to these regions can impact language abilities differently.
The human brain is about 1.4 kg and contains over 100 billion neurons. It has four main lobes - frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital - which control functions like problem-solving, touch, hearing, and vision respectively. The two hemispheres of the brain, left and right, work together but have some specialized functions - the left hemisphere is more logical and analytical while the right is more intuitive and creative. Damage to language areas of the brain can cause aphasia, characterized by difficulties with language production and comprehension. The main types are fluent aphasias like Wernicke's and non-fluent like Broca's, each affecting speech differently based on the location of brain damage
Neurolinguistics and psycholinguistics study the neurological and psychological bases of language. Localization attempts to locate language in the brain and suggests it is an independent faculty rather than part of general thought. Lateralization shows language functions become specialized in each hemisphere, with split-brain patients demonstrating this. The left hemisphere controls language and is dominant for most individuals. Key brain areas involved in language processing include Broca's and Wernicke's areas in the frontal and temporal lobes of the left hemisphere respectively.
This document discusses motor speech disorders, including cerebral palsy, dysarthria, and apraxia of speech. Cerebral palsy is a group of neurological disorders resulting from brain injury early in life that causes difficulties with motor movements. Dysarthria refers to speech impairments from disturbed muscular control caused by damage to the mature nervous system. Apraxia of speech affects the ability to organize and execute speech sounds and is caused by damage to Broca's area. The document provides details on characteristics, types, causes, and examples of each disorder.
This document discusses the relationship between language and the brain. It explains that neurolinguistics studies this relationship and that while still developing, research has identified certain brain regions involved in language processing. These include Broca's and Wernicke's areas, located in the left hemisphere for most right-handed individuals. The document also summarizes several methods used to study this relationship, such as autopsy analysis of brain-damaged patients and modern brain imaging techniques.
Aphasia is a disorder of language caused by damage to the language centers of the brain. There are several types of aphasia depending on the location and extent of the brain damage. Broca's aphasia involves damage to Broca's area in the frontal lobe, resulting in non-fluent speech. Wernicke's aphasia involves damage to Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe, resulting in fluent but meaningless speech. Global aphasia occurs when both areas are damaged, severely impairing speech production and comprehension.
This document summarizes key areas of the brain involved in language processing and production. It discusses:
- Broca's area and Wernicke's area, and their roles in speech production and comprehension, respectively.
- Additional language areas like the motor cortex, arcuate fasciculus, and their functions in connecting language areas and controlling speech muscles.
- Phenomena like slips of the tongue, tip of the tongue experiences, and aphasias that provide evidence for localized language functions in the left hemisphere.
This document discusses the physiology of language and speech. It covers several key points:
1. Language is processed in the left hemisphere for right-handed individuals. Broca's area in the frontal lobe is involved in speech production, while Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe is involved in language comprehension.
2. Damage to different language areas can cause different types of aphasias, including nonfluent aphasia from Broca's area damage and fluent aphasia from Wernicke's area damage.
3. Other language-related areas include the angular gyrus, arcuate fasciculus, and motor areas involved in speech articulation. Disorders like dys
The document discusses the structure and function of the cerebral cortex. It describes the six layers of the cortex and notes that sensory input arrives in layer 4 while output signals leave through layers 5 and 6. It then discusses functional areas like association areas and specific areas for tasks like face recognition. The document also covers cerebral dominance, lesions in different hemispheres, language areas and disorders, memory classification and the role of the hippocampus in memory storage.
1) Aphasia is a language disorder caused by damage to the central nervous system, most commonly from stroke, tumor, trauma, or disease.
2) Symptoms of childhood aphasia include difficulties with word-finding, vocabulary, comprehension, pronunciation, grammar, and reading/writing.
3) Recovery is generally faster and more complete in children than adults, though the right hemisphere can take over language functions if damage occurs early enough in the left hemisphere.
1. Apraxia of speech is a motor speech disorder that causes difficulties in saying words correctly and consistently due to problems with planning and programming the movements needed for speech.
2. It is caused by neurological damage, often from stroke or head injury, and affects the motor planning areas of the brain rather than the muscles of speech.
3. Treatment focuses on relearning the motor aspects of speech through tasks to improve sound production, prosody, rate, and consistency of errors.
This document provides an overview of aphasia, including definitions, characteristics, causes, types and studies. Aphasia is defined as an acquired language impairment caused by brain damage, characterized by difficulties with speech, comprehension and word-finding. The main types discussed are Broca's aphasia (non-fluent speech with good comprehension) and Wernicke's aphasia (fluent but meaningless speech with poor comprehension). Conduction aphasia involves difficulty repeating words. The document reviews several studies examining language processing in aphasic patients and the relationship between phonological and morphological impairments.
The document discusses various areas of the brain involved in language processing and production. It describes Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe which processes auditory and visual language inputs and connects to Broca's area in the frontal lobe which processes language outputs. Damage to these areas can cause different types of aphasias - nonfluent aphasia results from Broca's area lesions and causes slow, effortful speech, while fluent aphasia comes from Wernicke's area lesions and produces meaningless speech. The angular gyrus also contributes to language processing and lesions there cause anomic aphasia characterized by naming difficulties.
This document discusses aphasia, which is an impairment of language abilities caused by brain damage. It can affect speech production, comprehension, reading, or writing. The most common causes are stroke, brain injury, tumor or dementia. There are different types of aphasia depending on which language abilities are impaired. Broca's aphasia affects speech production, making it effortful and halting. Wernicke's aphasia affects comprehension. Anomic aphasia causes difficulty naming things. Related disorders like apraxia affect motor planning for speech. Around 1 million Americans have aphasia due to stroke or other brain damage. Communication strategies are suggested to help people with aphasia still communicate effectively.
Aphasias are language disorders caused by brain damage that affect speech and communication. There are two main categories: fluent aphasias where speech is smooth but contains errors, and non-fluent aphasias where speech is halting. The most common types are Broca's aphasia (non-fluent speech with intact comprehension) caused by damage to Broca's area, and Wernicke's aphasia (fluent but meaningless speech) caused by damage to Wernicke's area. Aphasias are diagnosed through language tests and neuroimaging and treated with speech therapy and sometimes medications. Prognosis depends on factors like age, lesion size and early rehabilitation.
The document discusses lateralization of brain function and language areas. It explains that in most humans, the left hemisphere of the brain contains specialized language areas. It then describes how physicians in the 1800s like Broca and Wernicke discovered two key language areas by studying patients with language impairments. Broca's area in the frontal lobe controls speech production, while Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe is involved in speech comprehension. Damage to these areas can cause different types of aphasia with distinct language symptoms.
This document discusses voice therapy for the management of benign voice disorders. It summarizes a study of 30 patients who underwent voice therapy with or without surgical procedures for conditions like vocal nodules, polyps, muscle tension dysphonia, sulcus vocalis, and others. Pre-therapy and post-therapy comparisons found improvements in voice quality ratings, patient quality of life measures, and laryngeal images. Voice therapy techniques discussed include vocal hygiene, exercises, massage, and various approaches. The study found voice therapy to be an effective non-surgical treatment for many benign voice disorders and helps prevent recurrence when used with surgery.
This document discusses stuttering, including its definition, incidence and prevalence, differential diagnosis from normal non-fluency, onset and development patterns. It notes that stuttering typically begins between ages 2-5 and outlines guidelines for differentiating normal dysfluencies from abnormal ones associated with stuttering. The need for early identification and treatment of stuttering is also mentioned.
Unit 1 Fluency, Disfluency, and Stutteringsahughes
The document discusses various aspects of fluency and stuttering. It defines fluency as smooth, continuous speech produced in an effortless manner. It describes different types of disfluencies that can occur, ranging from more typical ones like filler words, repetitions and revisions, to less typical ones associated with stuttering like part-word repetitions, prolongations and blocks. It also discusses core behaviors of stuttering versus secondary behaviors, the stuttering cycle, and how stuttering can be represented using the iceberg analogy.
This document provides an overview of speech disorders and summarizes key information about aphasia syndromes. It defines key terms related to speech and language and describes the main language areas in the brain and their functions. The document outlines different classifications of aphasia syndromes including Broca's aphasia, Wernicke's aphasia, conduction aphasia, transcortical motor aphasia, and transcortical sensory aphasia. It compares the characteristics of these syndromes such as speech fluency, comprehension, repetition, and naming ability. The document also discusses paraphasias and provides a table summarizing the main features of different aphasia types.
1. The document discusses lateralization of brain function, with language processing primarily localized to the left hemisphere in most individuals.
2. It describes the corpus callosum which connects the two hemispheres and allows for information exchange, and how splitting this connection can impact language and visual processing.
3. Various language-related areas of the brain are discussed including Broca's and Wernicke's areas, and how damage to these regions can impact language abilities differently.
The human brain is about 1.4 kg and contains over 100 billion neurons. It has four main lobes - frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital - which control functions like problem-solving, touch, hearing, and vision respectively. The two hemispheres of the brain, left and right, work together but have some specialized functions - the left hemisphere is more logical and analytical while the right is more intuitive and creative. Damage to language areas of the brain can cause aphasia, characterized by difficulties with language production and comprehension. The main types are fluent aphasias like Wernicke's and non-fluent like Broca's, each affecting speech differently based on the location of brain damage
Neurolinguistics and psycholinguistics study the neurological and psychological bases of language. Localization attempts to locate language in the brain and suggests it is an independent faculty rather than part of general thought. Lateralization shows language functions become specialized in each hemisphere, with split-brain patients demonstrating this. The left hemisphere controls language and is dominant for most individuals. Key brain areas involved in language processing include Broca's and Wernicke's areas in the frontal and temporal lobes of the left hemisphere respectively.
This document discusses motor speech disorders, including cerebral palsy, dysarthria, and apraxia of speech. Cerebral palsy is a group of neurological disorders resulting from brain injury early in life that causes difficulties with motor movements. Dysarthria refers to speech impairments from disturbed muscular control caused by damage to the mature nervous system. Apraxia of speech affects the ability to organize and execute speech sounds and is caused by damage to Broca's area. The document provides details on characteristics, types, causes, and examples of each disorder.
This document discusses the relationship between language and the brain. It explains that neurolinguistics studies this relationship and that while still developing, research has identified certain brain regions involved in language processing. These include Broca's and Wernicke's areas, located in the left hemisphere for most right-handed individuals. The document also summarizes several methods used to study this relationship, such as autopsy analysis of brain-damaged patients and modern brain imaging techniques.
Aphasia is a disorder of language caused by damage to the language centers of the brain. There are several types of aphasia depending on the location and extent of the brain damage. Broca's aphasia involves damage to Broca's area in the frontal lobe, resulting in non-fluent speech. Wernicke's aphasia involves damage to Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe, resulting in fluent but meaningless speech. Global aphasia occurs when both areas are damaged, severely impairing speech production and comprehension.
This document summarizes key areas of the brain involved in language processing and production. It discusses:
- Broca's area and Wernicke's area, and their roles in speech production and comprehension, respectively.
- Additional language areas like the motor cortex, arcuate fasciculus, and their functions in connecting language areas and controlling speech muscles.
- Phenomena like slips of the tongue, tip of the tongue experiences, and aphasias that provide evidence for localized language functions in the left hemisphere.
This document discusses the physiology of language and speech. It covers several key points:
1. Language is processed in the left hemisphere for right-handed individuals. Broca's area in the frontal lobe is involved in speech production, while Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe is involved in language comprehension.
2. Damage to different language areas can cause different types of aphasias, including nonfluent aphasia from Broca's area damage and fluent aphasia from Wernicke's area damage.
3. Other language-related areas include the angular gyrus, arcuate fasciculus, and motor areas involved in speech articulation. Disorders like dys
The document discusses the structure and function of the cerebral cortex. It describes the six layers of the cortex and notes that sensory input arrives in layer 4 while output signals leave through layers 5 and 6. It then discusses functional areas like association areas and specific areas for tasks like face recognition. The document also covers cerebral dominance, lesions in different hemispheres, language areas and disorders, memory classification and the role of the hippocampus in memory storage.
The document discusses the structure and function of the cerebral cortex. It describes the six layers of the cortex and notes that sensory input arrives in layer 4 while output signals leave through layers 5 and 6. It then discusses functional areas like association areas and specific areas for tasks like face recognition. The document also covers cerebral dominance, lesions in different hemispheres, language areas and disorders, memory classification and the role of the hippocampus in memory storage.
1) Carl Wernicke discovered Wernicke's area, located in the left temporal lobe, which is responsible for language comprehension, semantic processing, language recognition, and interpretation.
2) Damage to Wernicke's area results in Wernicke's aphasia, where a person's speech is fluent but meaningless due to an inability to comprehend language.
3) The Wernicke-Geschwind model from the 1870s accounts for hearing, speaking, and reading through connections between Wernicke's area, Broca's area, and other language-related regions.
The document discusses lateralization and hemispheric specialization in the brain. It notes that each hemisphere is specialized for different functions, with the left hemisphere typically dominant for language. It describes experiments by Sperry and others that demonstrated language abilities can shift to the right hemisphere after early left hemisphere damage. The document also summarizes research on Broca's and Wernicke's areas and their roles in language production and comprehension, as well as different types of aphasia that can result from brain damage. It discusses split brain patients and experiments that showed each hemisphere can have independent streams of consciousness.
This document summarizes the physiology of language and speech. It discusses that key brain areas like Broca's area and Wernicke's area are involved in language production and comprehension. Broca's area processes information from Wernicke's area for vocalization, while Wernicke's area is involved in comprehension. Damage to different areas can cause different types of aphasias - nonfluent aphasia results from Broca's area damage and causes slow, effortful speech, while fluent aphasia from Wernicke's area damage causes meaningless but fluent speech. Conduction aphasia results from damage to the connection between these areas.
Content includes basic physiology of language an speech.
along with description of brain areas involved as well as basic knowledge of different types aphasia.
Sachin Atmaram Jadhav presented on the physiology of speech and articulation. He defined speech and described the central and peripheral mechanisms involved. The central speech apparatus includes cortical areas like Broca's area, Wernicke's area, and the motor area. The peripheral apparatus includes structures like the larynx, pharynx, mouth, tongue, and lips. He discussed speech development and disorders like aphasia, dysarthria, and dysphonia. In conclusion, he emphasized that speech requires coordinated activity between the central and peripheral systems under nervous control.
The document discusses human communication and speech disorders. It describes different types of aphasia, including Broca's aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia. Broca's aphasia is caused by damage to Broca's area in the left frontal lobe and is characterized by nonfluent speech with difficulties in grammar, word finding, and articulation. Wernicke's aphasia is caused by damage to Wernicke's area in the left temporal lobe and results in fluent but meaningless speech and poor speech comprehension. The document outlines the brain regions involved in speech production and comprehension.
The document discusses language processing in the brain. It describes how psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics study language acquisition, comprehension, and production as they relate to the brain. The left cerebral cortex plays a dominant role in language processing for most right-handed individuals. Dichotic listening tests and split-brain experiments provide evidence of lateralization, with the left hemisphere specialized for language and the right for other functions. Broca's and Wernicke's areas are crucial language centers, with damage resulting in distinct aphasia types characterized by nonfluent or fluent but nonsensical speech, respectively.
Brain and language,
neurolinguistics,
Brain science or neuroscience,
Interesting brain facts,
Parts of the brain,
How the two sides process information,
Left Hemisphere,
Right Hemisphere,
Aphasia,
Major Types of Aphasia,
Non-Fluent Aphasia,
Fluent Aphasia,
Broca’s aphasia,
Broca’s aphasia as a syntactic disorder,
Wernicke's aphasia,
The document discusses how language is processed and stored in the brain. It describes the main language centers in the left hemisphere including Broca's area, Wernicke's area, and their connection via the arcuate fasciculus. Damage to different language centers can result in different language disorders, such as Broca's aphasia which affects speech production or Wernicke's aphasia which affects comprehension. The brain lateralizes language functions to mostly the left hemisphere in most right-handed individuals.
This document provides an overview of aphasia and related language disorders. It begins with an example of a patient exhibiting Broca's aphasia by incorrectly identifying the dead animal in a question. The rest of the document covers the historical figures who discovered different types of aphasia, the anatomy of language processing in the brain, clinical assessment of aphasia, and descriptions of specific aphasia types including Broca's, Wernicke's, conduction, and transcortical variants. It also discusses related disorders such as alexia, agraphia, aphemia, and cortical auditory disorders. In summary, the document presents information on the neurological basis and clinical manifestations of different language impairments.
This document discusses the areas of the brain involved in language and how they were discovered. It notes that Broca's area is involved in speech production, Wernicke's area in speech comprehension, and the supplementary motor area in articulation. It describes Broca's and Wernicke's aphasias that can result from damage to these areas, as well as "tongue slips" like spoonerisms that occur when sounds are interchanged.
This document discusses the areas of the brain involved in language and how they were discovered. It notes that Broca's area is involved in speech production, Wernicke's area in speech comprehension, and the supplementary motor area in articulation. It describes Broca's and Wernicke's aphasias that can result from damage to these areas, as well as "tongue slips" like spoonerisms that occur when sounds are interchanged.
This document discusses the areas of the brain involved in language and how they were discovered. It notes that Broca's area is involved in speech production, Wernicke's area in speech comprehension, and the supplementary motor area in articulation. It describes the localization view that specific language abilities correspond to specific brain regions and how words are processed between these areas. It also briefly mentions common speech errors and aphasias before concluding with questions.
There are three main areas of the brain involved in language ability: Broca's area, Wernicke's area, and the supplementary motor area. Broca's area is involved in speech production. Wernicke's area is involved in speech comprehension. The supplementary motor area is involved in the physical ability to reproduce speech. According to the localization view, specific language functions can be mapped to specific areas of the brain, with information passing from Wernicke's area to Broca's area and then to the supplementary motor area during speech.
Speech is defined as communication between individuals using sensory and motor mechanisms. The physiology of speech involves collecting sensory input, integrating it in the brain, and motor execution of articulation. Key brain areas involved include Broca's area, Wernicke's area, and motor cortex. Speech production involves planning and executing words in Broca's area and associating with comprehension in Wernicke's area. Damage to speech areas in the left hemisphere causes aphasias like Broca's, Wernicke's, conduction, or global aphasia depending on the location of the lesion. Articulation is controlled by muscles of the mouth, tongue, larynx and vocal cords.
Lesson 7 broca's aphasia and wernicke's aphasiacoburgpsych
The document discusses brain areas involved in language processing and comprehension. It describes Broca's area, located in the left frontal lobe, which controls speech production. Damage can cause Broca's aphasia, characterized by short, simple sentences. It also describes Wernicke's area, located in the left temporal lobe, which controls language comprehension. Damage can cause Wernicke's aphasia, characterized by fluent but nonsensical speech. Studies of these language centers and resulting aphasias provided insights into lateralization of brain functions.
1. Carl Wernicke proposed that an area in the left temporal lobe, now known as Wernicke's area, is responsible for language comprehension and processing based on his observations of patients with left temporal lobe damage.
2. Wernicke's area is located at the junction of the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes in the left hemisphere and is involved in language comprehension, semantic processing, language recognition, and interpretation.
3. The Wernicke-Geschwind model expanded on Wernicke's findings and proposes pathways for hearing, speaking, reading, and their relationships to brain areas including Wernicke's area and Broca's area.
The document summarizes Daniel Kelly's work on moral intuition and disgust. [1] Kelly argues that disgust is a "kludge" - a hodgepodge of mechanisms cobbled together from bits of mental machinery designed for other purposes. [2] Specifically, he puts forward the "Entanglement Thesis" that disgust emerged from the merging of a poison avoidance system and parasite avoidance system. [3] He also discusses the "Co-Optation Thesis" where disgust was later co-opted by the norm system and ethnic boundary system important for human sociality.
This document discusses endangered languages and provides examples of languages that are extinct or nearing extinction. It notes that many of the world's smallest languages are disappearing, with estimates that half of the world's approximately 6,000 languages could be extinct within 100 years. Examples are provided of some of the last speakers of languages like Kayardild, Aka-Bo, and various Great Andamanese languages. Factors that endanger languages are discussed, including assimilation, lack of transmission to younger generations, and globalization. Responses to language endangerment include documentation efforts and revitalization programs for languages like Chitimacha and Navajo.
The document discusses how languages change over time through natural processes. It notes that after 1,000 years, languages diverge to the point of no longer being mutually intelligible, and after 10,000 years the relationship becomes indistinguishable from unrelated languages. The rate of change varies, but systematic sound changes and borrowing are the main drivers of divergence. The comparative method is used to reconstruct ancestral languages and classify languages into families based on regular sound correspondences.
1) Finding a shared ethical framework in our interdependent and pluralistic world is crucial for our survival, not optional.
2) We must use all aspects of human understanding, including science, stories, imagination and moral intuition, to develop a shared sense of ethics.
3) Starting with a shared respect for nature and the innate human moral sense can help build the foundations for a global ethical system focused on our common humanity.
The document discusses memes as conceptualized by Richard Dawkins as units of cultural transmission or imitation that replicate and evolve through social learning in a similar way that genes replicate and evolve biologically. Key points include:
- Memes include ideas, beliefs, fashion trends, and other cultural phenomena that spread from person to person via imitation.
- Memes operate through natural selection and compete to spread more successfully through populations like genes.
- Religion and religious beliefs can be understood as particularly successful memes that confer advantages to aid their replication such as faith-based thinking and linking altruism to religious affiliation.
The document discusses four variations of the classic "Trolley Problem" moral dilemma. In each scenario, the reader must make a choice that will directly lead to someone's death or multiple someones' deaths. While the numbers seem to indicate the same utilitarian outcome each time, people's moral instincts tend to view pushing someone in front of a trolley as less permissible than flipping a switch to change the trolley's path. The document questions why our views differ on these cases that have similar utilitarian calculations.
The document discusses different perspectives on cognitive development in infants and children, including Piaget's theory of constructivism, nativism, and domain specificity. It summarizes experimental methods used to study development, such as habituation studies and preferential looking tasks. Key findings are presented showing infants have innate knowledge of objects, including principles of continuity, cohesion and contact.
The document discusses the threat facing endangered languages around the world. It estimates that as many as half of the approximately 6,000 languages currently spoken may become extinct by the end of the 21st century. Several factors are contributing to this decline, including nation-state building processes, universal education, and the spread of dominant languages like English, French, Spanish, and Arabic. While documentation of endangered languages is important, long-term preservation requires communities where the language is spoken and transmitted between generations.
The document discusses Universal Grammar and the Principles and Parameters approach to language acquisition. It explains that children are born with innate linguistic knowledge called Universal Grammar that contains principles of language and parameters that can vary between languages. Children use UG to set the parameters of their native language based on the linguistic input they receive, allowing them to acquire language despite the "poverty of the stimulus" in the data.
The document discusses the history and development of sugar production and its connection to slavery. It traces the evolution of sugar cultivation from ancient times through its introduction in Europe via the Crusades. The large-scale plantation system originated in Brazil and spread through the colonization of the Caribbean and Americas. Plantations were labor-intensive and relied heavily on African slaves, who were forcibly transported in large numbers. The slave trade generated significant wealth but also involved immense human suffering. The plantation economy collapsed in the 1800s due to abolitionism, competition from sugar beets, and inefficiencies of the slave system.
1) Concepts are represented in different ways including prototypes, exemplars, and schemas. Prototypes represent concepts as central tendencies while exemplars represent individual category members.
2) The basic level of categorization, such as chair or dog, provides the optimal balance between predictive power and accuracy. It is also the earliest learned and most natural level of naming.
3) Exemplar models better explain categorization data by accounting for variability and typicality effects compared to prototype models which lose information about individual exemplars.
This document discusses early language development in infants and children. It covers prelinguistic communication through babbling, gestures, and pointing that occurs before children start using words. It then examines phonological, lexical, and semantic development as children's vocabularies grow. Some key points discussed include: infants producing prelinguistic vocalizations and gestures between 8-12 months; a noun bias in children's early words across languages; challenges to the noun bias from studies of other languages; and constraints that help children map words to meanings as their vocabularies develop.
The document discusses phonetics and the creation of speech sounds. It explains that speech sounds are created when air from the lungs passes through the vocal tract. The positions of the articulators like the vocal folds, tongue, and lips modify the air to create different speech sounds. It also discusses the source-filter model of speech production and the anatomy of structures involved like the larynx and vocal folds.
This document provides an introduction to the Quality Matters program and course review rubric. It discusses factors that affect course quality and explains that QM reviews focus on ensuring alignment between course objectives, activities, resources, assessments and technology. The rubric contains 8 general standards and key sections that must be aligned. For a course to meet quality expectations through QM review, it must score a yes on 17 essential standards and earn a minimum of 72 out of 85 total points.
This document provides an overview of theory of mind, including its history, development in children, and relationship to autism. It discusses key findings such as:
- Premack and Woodruff's experiment showing chimpanzees can attribute mental states to humans
- Wimmer and Perner's false belief task showing children develop theory of mind around age 4
- Baron-Cohen's theory that autism involves impairments in the shared attention mechanism module of theory of mind
- Debate around nativist vs. cognitive vs. social interactionist perspectives on the development of theory of mind.
Semantics is the study of meaning in language. A semantic theory aims to characterize a speaker's linguistic knowledge, including word meanings, compositional sentence meanings, and how context influences interpretation. However, developing such a theory poses challenges such as avoiding circular definitions, distinguishing linguistic from encyclopedic knowledge, and accounting for individual and contextual variation in meaning. Theories utilize a semantic metalanguage and concepts to characterize core meanings independently of language. They also distinguish semantics from pragmatics, where contextual implications are considered.
The document discusses key concepts in pragmatics including context, inference, implicature, speech acts, and Grice's cooperative principle. Context guides pragmatic meaning and inference beyond literal semantics. Speech acts are social actions performed through language that depend on felicity conditions. Grice proposed conversational maxims of quality, quantity, relation, and manner to describe cooperative frameworks underlying conversations. Speakers can flout maxims to generate implicatures for purposes like sarcasm or diplomacy.
Charles Hockett identifies 16 design features of human language including vocal production, rapid fading of signals, interchangeability of roles between speakers, ability to perceive and correct errors, biologically trivial signals, semanticity or reference to objects in the world, arbitrariness of signals, discreteness of parts, ability to refer to things not present, productivity or ability to create novel utterances, cultural transmission through learning, duality of patterning, ability to communicate about communication, and learnability of new languages. He analyzes communication systems in other species like bees, monkeys, apes and whales against these design features and finds they lack several features like displacement, productivity and duality of patterning that are central to human language.
The document discusses eLearning resources available at a community college including a live webinar platform, communication tools, and lecture capture solution. It notes that 183 course sections were offered online or in hybrid format in Fall 2010. Training is available in small groups by appointment on tools like ANGEL, Elluminate, Tegrity, blogs, and wikis. An eLearning handbook provides information on adopting eLearning formats, available tools, course design, and resources.
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their MainframePrecisely
Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/how-axelera-ai-uses-digital-compute-in-memory-to-deliver-fast-and-energy-efficient-computer-vision-a-presentation-from-axelera-ai/
Bram Verhoef, Head of Machine Learning at Axelera AI, presents the “How Axelera AI Uses Digital Compute-in-memory to Deliver Fast and Energy-efficient Computer Vision” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
As artificial intelligence inference transitions from cloud environments to edge locations, computer vision applications achieve heightened responsiveness, reliability and privacy. This migration, however, introduces the challenge of operating within the stringent confines of resource constraints typical at the edge, including small form factors, low energy budgets and diminished memory and computational capacities. Axelera AI addresses these challenges through an innovative approach of performing digital computations within memory itself. This technique facilitates the realization of high-performance, energy-efficient and cost-effective computer vision capabilities at the thin and thick edge, extending the frontier of what is achievable with current technologies.
In this presentation, Verhoef unveils his company’s pioneering chip technology and demonstrates its capacity to deliver exceptional frames-per-second performance across a range of standard computer vision networks typical of applications in security, surveillance and the industrial sector. This shows that advanced computer vision can be accessible and efficient, even at the very edge of our technological ecosystem.
2. Neuroscience and Language
• Aphasia (or dysphasia) – Language
disorder of auditory or oral speech,
writing (agraphia), or reading (alexia)
produced by injury to brain areas
specialized for these functions
6. Blood-Brain Barrier
• Blood is toxic to
neurons.
– Makes evolutionary
sense.
– Insulates brain from
what’s in the blood.
7. Paul Broca
• Broca (1865)
described patients
who displayed
halting, agrammatic
speech
– Content words were
well preserved
Paul Broca
1824-1880 – Function words (i.e.,
adjectives, articles)
impaired
8. Broca’s Aphasia
• Patient “Tan”
• Brain tumor in Left frontal brain region
• Broca: Lesion disrupted speech
9. Broca’s Aphasia
• Broca’s Aphasia – Damage to “motor images”
• Language comprehension skills relatively
preserved
• Typically observed in patients with damage to
left inferior prefrontal cortex
10. Broca’s Aphasia
• “Yes… ah… Monday… er… Dad and Peter
H… (patient’s name), and Dad… er…
hospital… and ah… Wednesday…
Wednesday, nine o’clock… and oh…
Thursday… ten o’clock, ah doctors… two…
an’ doctors… and er… teeth…yah
Goodglass & Geschwind, 1976
11. Carl Wernicke
• Wernicke (1874)
described patients
whose speech is
fluent, but has no
informational value
12. Wernicke’s Aphasia
• Neologisms
• Speech appears to have no
information content
• “fluent nonsense”
• Preserved function words,
impaired content words
• Comprehension impaired
• Even simple sentences not well
understood
• Associated with left temporal
lobe damage
13. Wernicke’s Aphasia
• “Well this is… mother is away here working
her work out o’here to get her better, but
when she’s looking in the other part. One
their small tile into her time here. She’s
working another time…”
Goodglass & Geschwind, 1976
15. Articulatory Auditory speech
speech “memories” “memories”
Production Comprehension
problems problems
+
empty error-filled
production
16. Broca’s aphasia Wernicke’s aphasia
Production Comprehension
problems problems
+
empty error-filled
production
17. Lichtheim
• Lichtheim (1885) – cases of patients
able to understand and produce speech
but unable to repeat words
• “Conduction aphasia”
• Hypothesis: Broca’s area (speech
production) and Wernicke’s area
(speech comprehension) intact
18. Conduction aphasia
Error-filled speech, but
good comprehension
Broca’s aphasia Wernicke’s aphasia
Production Comprehension
problems problems
+
empty error-filled
production
19. Broca’s, Wernicke’s Area, and
Connections
• Lichtheim’s (1885) and Geschwind’s (1965)
model
• Auditory input mediated by Wernicke’s area
• Motor output mediated byBroca’s area
• Regions connected by arcuate fasciculus
20. Wernicke-Lichtheim “House” Model
Concept representations
C
Widely distributed!
M A
Motor word images Auditory word images
Broca’s area Wernicke’s area
21. Lichtheim/Geschwind Model
Association Cortex
Concepts
Ventral prefrontal Posterior Temporal
cortex Motor word Auditory word Cortex
Comprehension Arcuate Comprehension
Fasciculus
Speech motor output
Auditory input
22. Lichtheim/Geschwind Model
Concepts Association Cortex
X
Ventral prefrontal Posterior Temporal
cortex Motor word Auditory word Cortex
Comprehension Arcuate Comprehension
Fasciculus
Speech motor output
Auditory input
Broca’s Aphasia
23. Lichtheim/Geschwind Model
Concepts Association Cortex
X
Ventral prefrontal Posterior Temporal
cortex Motor word Auditory word Cortex
Comprehension Arcuate Comprehension
Fasciculus
Speech motor output
Auditory input
Wernicke’s Aphasia
24. Lichtheim/Geschwind Model
Concepts Association Cortex
X
Ventral prefrontal Posterior Temporal
cortex Motor word Auditory word Cortex
Comprehension Arcuate Comprehension
Fasciculus
Speech motor output
Auditory input
Conduction Aphasia
25. More aphasias!
Aphasia type Production Comp Repetition C
1. Broca’s Non-fluent Good Poor 5 4
1 2
2. Wernicke’s Fluent, Poor Poor
paraphasic M 3 A
3. Conduction Fluent, Good Poor
paraphasic
7 8
4.Transcortical Fluent, Poor Good
sensory paraphasic
5.Transcortical Terse, Good Good
motor echolalic
6. Global Poor Poor Poor
7. Aphemia Dysarthric Good Limited only
by dysarthria
8. Pure word Normal Very poor! As Very poor
deafness if deaf!
26. Problems
• Models assumed to map directly onto
underlying brain structures
• However, patients described as
“Broca’s aphasics” had lesions in other
areas
• Inadequate psychological concepts
– e.g., “loss of motor images”
27. Broca’s Aphasia
• Damage to Broca’s area alone is not enough to produce
Broca’s aphasia
• Usually involves Broca’s area + surrounding areas
including M1 & insula.
28. Wernicke’s Aphasia
• Damage to Wernicke’s area alone is not enough to
produce Wernicke’s aphasia
• Usually involves Wernicke’s area + surrounding areas
including MTG & angular gyrus.
29. Conduction Aphasia
Common area?
• Damage to the arcuate fasciculus has not been associated
with conduction aphasia
• Usually two lesion patterns: posterior STG (wernicke’s
areas) and/or SMG
30. Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
Common area?
• Variable lesion patterns, mostly posterior to Wernicke’s
area
• Deficit tends to be transient evolving into anomic aphasia
34. Pure Word Deafness
• Damage to STG bilaterally is the most common pattern,
although small left subcortical lesions have also been
documented.
35. Neuropsychology Methods
• Early neuropsychology (Broca,
Wernicke, Luria, et al.) made inferences
based largely on associations
– Identify a group of patients with fairly
homogeneous functional impairment
– fairly homogeneous physical impairment
– Identify a “syndrome”
36. Problems
• Absence of rigid quantitative
methodology of the day
• Patients not always carefully described
37. Resurgence of
Neuropsychology
in the 1960s
• Renewed interest in using
neuropsychological cases to draw inferences
about neural substrata of cognition
• More powerful inferential methods
• Emphasis on
– Single case studies
– Modern quantitative methods
38. Neuropsychology Methods
• Modern neuropsychology (e.g.,
Warrington, McCarthy, Farah)
• Study single cases or groups with
homogeneous physical impariment
• Focus on dissociations
39. Neuropsychology Methods
• Single dissociation
• Patient with lesion in brain region A
• Performs well on task A
• Performs poorly on task B
• Inference: brain region A mediates
performance on task B but not task A
40. Neuropsychology Methods
• Problems with single dissociations
• Does not rule out other interpretations
• Patient may suffer some global deficit (e.g.,
general cognitive resource) that Task A does
not require (e.g., because it is easier)
• Thus, performance differences between
Tasks A and B may reflect task difficulty, not
the function of Brain Region A
41. Neuropsychology Methods
• Double dissociation
• Patient with lesion in brain region A performs
well on Task A and poorly on Task B
• Patient with lesion in brain region B performs
well on Task B but poorly on Task A
• Inference: Brain region A mediates Task B
Brain Region B mediates Task A
42. Neuropsychology Methods
• Since subjects are “equated” for
damage, “global deficit” argument
circumvented
• Tasks may be assumed to be modular,
depending on separate neural
processes or resources
43. Brain Imaging
• We now have
techniques that
allow us to
visualize the
structure and
function of the
brain.
45. PET
• Typical brain
visualized with
Positron Emission
Tomography.
46. Functional
Neuroimaging
-
time (seconds)
Deoxy
Oxy
• Functional magnetic resonance imaging
47. Functional Neuroimaging
Passive word viewing
-Activates visual areas
-Particularly Left Occipital Cortex
Passive word listening
-Activates auditory areas
-Words (not nonwords)
particularly Left Temporal Cortex
(Wernicke’s area)
• Petersen et al., 1988 PET study
48. Functional Neuroimaging
Repeating words
-Bilateral activation of motor and
Sensory face areas
-No Activation of Broca’s or
Wernicke’s
Verb Generation
-e.g., Cake “Eat”
- Left Frontal Lobe Activation
(Broca’s Area)
• Confirms neuropsychology research
49. What Have we Learned?
• What does localization tell us?
– Where processing is occuring.
– What is connected to what.
– How many parts there are.
– What happens when one part gets
damaged.
• We’d like to know more.
50. What Would we Like to Know?
• How the parts work.
– What are the rules and representations
that are involved with language
processing?
– What is the nature of the processing that is
taking place.
• Digital/discrete/autonomous
• Analog/continuous/integrated
54. Haagort et al. (2003)
Het vrouwtje veegde de vloer met een oude bezem gemaakt van twijgen (The
woman wiped the floor with an old broom made of twigs).
*Het vrouwtje veegde de vloer met een oude kliederde gemaakt van twijgen (The
woman wiped the floor with an old messed made of twigs).
55. P600 can serve as an index of
frequency of a construction
• The captain liked the crew was unhappy
• The captain heard the crew was unhappy
• The captain believed the crew was unhappy
• A P600 was strongest in the first sentence, present in
the second sentence, and not present in the third
sentence.
• Larger P600 for syntactically complex sentences
(Kaan et al., 2002).
56. Correct: De houthakker ontweek de schroef op dinsdag (The lumberjack dodged the
propellor on Tuesday).
Weak violation: *De houthakker ontweek de schroeft op dinsdag (The lumberjack
dodged the propelled on Tuesday).
Strong violation: *De houthakker ontweek de omdat op dinsdag (The lumberjack
dodged the because on Tuesday).
59. Summary
• The Wernicke-Geschwind model is
being replaced by new models.
• New models focus on both neural basis
and timing of language comprehension,
and have moved beyond simplistic
divisions of comprehension/production.