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Can Microbial Communities be
understood as Multicellular
Organisms and vice versa?
Pizza Club – Eugen Bauer
Chondromyces crocatus
Anabaena
Escherichia coli
Bacteria as Multicellular Organisms, James
Shapiro, Scientific American, 1988
Motivation
• Multicellular eukaryotes have been compared with
each other, but not with bacteria
• Is it worthwhile to do this comparison, if not then why?
• What is the basic mechanism of differentiation?
• Use same methods to study microbial communities
as well as multicellular systems
• In particular computational methods
Evo-Devo of Multicellularity
Eukaryote
Differentiation Tissue/Organ
Prokaryote
Evo-Devo of Multicellularity
Eukaryote
Differentiation Tissue/Organ
Population Differentiation Biofilm
Prokaryote
Evo-Devo of Multicellularity
Eukaryote
Differentiation Tissue/Organ
Population Differentiation Biofilm
Prokaryote
Evo-Devo of Multicellularity
Eukaryote
Differentiation Tissue/Organ
Population Differentiation Biofilm
Prokaryote
Cell Differentiation (in C.elegans)
Developmental Biology 6th edition, Gilbert, 2000
Two modes of differentiation:
1. Asymmetric cell division
• Cell polarity
• Internal concentration
• Structural differences
2. Induction by other cells
• Diffusion via gradients
• Cell to cell contact
• Gap-junctions
 Spatial and temporal
transcription in development
Hoescht dye P-granules
Evo-Devo of Multicellularity
Eukaryote
Differentiation Tissue/Organ
Population Differentiation Biofilm
Prokaryote
Cell Differentiation (in B.subtilis)
Liu et al, Nature, 2015
• Glutamine is needed to
grow (biomass)
• Glutamate + Ammonium
 Glutamine
• Ammonium can be
produced under limiting
conditions
 Trade off between
competition and cooperation
 Spatial and temporal
nutrient gradients lead to
differentiation
Multicellularity Comparison
Prokaryotes / Biofilms
• Extrinsic signals
• Spatio-temporal nutrient
gradients
• Reversible differentiation
(all cells are the same)
• Differentiation through
metabolism
• Quorum sensing /
metabolic exchange
• Darwinistic processes
• Egoistic cell interest
Eukaryotes / Tissues
• In- and extrinsic signals
• Spatio-temporal
transcription factors
• Re- and Irreversible
differentiation
• Differentiation through
epigenetics
• Cell to cell interactions /
diffusion
• Cellular Darwinism
• Cellular determination
Modeling Tissues & Communities
Dependent
Autonomous
Mixed bag “Superorganism” model
Free exchange of compounds
Common objective
Egoistic objective, free exchange
No transparency / interactions
Biofilms
Tissues
Discussion
• Development of microbial communities and
eukaryotic multicellularity has some common
patterns (e.g. spatial-temporal gradients)
• Differentiated microbes are more autonomous than
differentiated (determined) cells
• Darwinistic processes govern microbial
communities
• Different modeling approaches to represent cellular
dependencies
• Further reading: Cellular Darwinism
Thank you for the
attention

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Pizza club - October 2016 - Eugen

  • 1. Can Microbial Communities be understood as Multicellular Organisms and vice versa? Pizza Club – Eugen Bauer
  • 2. Chondromyces crocatus Anabaena Escherichia coli Bacteria as Multicellular Organisms, James Shapiro, Scientific American, 1988
  • 3. Motivation • Multicellular eukaryotes have been compared with each other, but not with bacteria • Is it worthwhile to do this comparison, if not then why? • What is the basic mechanism of differentiation? • Use same methods to study microbial communities as well as multicellular systems • In particular computational methods
  • 5. Evo-Devo of Multicellularity Eukaryote Differentiation Tissue/Organ Population Differentiation Biofilm Prokaryote
  • 6. Evo-Devo of Multicellularity Eukaryote Differentiation Tissue/Organ Population Differentiation Biofilm Prokaryote
  • 7. Evo-Devo of Multicellularity Eukaryote Differentiation Tissue/Organ Population Differentiation Biofilm Prokaryote
  • 8. Cell Differentiation (in C.elegans) Developmental Biology 6th edition, Gilbert, 2000 Two modes of differentiation: 1. Asymmetric cell division • Cell polarity • Internal concentration • Structural differences 2. Induction by other cells • Diffusion via gradients • Cell to cell contact • Gap-junctions  Spatial and temporal transcription in development Hoescht dye P-granules
  • 9. Evo-Devo of Multicellularity Eukaryote Differentiation Tissue/Organ Population Differentiation Biofilm Prokaryote
  • 10. Cell Differentiation (in B.subtilis) Liu et al, Nature, 2015 • Glutamine is needed to grow (biomass) • Glutamate + Ammonium  Glutamine • Ammonium can be produced under limiting conditions  Trade off between competition and cooperation  Spatial and temporal nutrient gradients lead to differentiation
  • 11. Multicellularity Comparison Prokaryotes / Biofilms • Extrinsic signals • Spatio-temporal nutrient gradients • Reversible differentiation (all cells are the same) • Differentiation through metabolism • Quorum sensing / metabolic exchange • Darwinistic processes • Egoistic cell interest Eukaryotes / Tissues • In- and extrinsic signals • Spatio-temporal transcription factors • Re- and Irreversible differentiation • Differentiation through epigenetics • Cell to cell interactions / diffusion • Cellular Darwinism • Cellular determination
  • 12. Modeling Tissues & Communities Dependent Autonomous Mixed bag “Superorganism” model Free exchange of compounds Common objective Egoistic objective, free exchange No transparency / interactions Biofilms Tissues
  • 13. Discussion • Development of microbial communities and eukaryotic multicellularity has some common patterns (e.g. spatial-temporal gradients) • Differentiated microbes are more autonomous than differentiated (determined) cells • Darwinistic processes govern microbial communities • Different modeling approaches to represent cellular dependencies • Further reading: Cellular Darwinism
  • 14. Thank you for the attention