2. INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
• Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UW-ASN) consist of a
variable number of sensors and vehicles that are deployed to
perform collaborative monitoring tasks over a given area.
• Wireless Underwater Acoustic Networking is the enabling
technology for the applications of oceanographic data
collection, pollution monitoring, offshore exploration and
tactical surveillance applications.
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3. UW-ASN ARCHITECTURE
Two-dimensional Underwater Sensor Networks
uw-sinks are equipped with two acoustic transceivers, namely a
horizontal and a vertical transceiver.
Sensors can be connected to uw-sinks via direct links or through
multi-hop paths.
Direct links are very likely to reduce the network throughput.
In case of multi-hop paths the data produced by a source sensor is
relayed by intermediate sensors until it reaches the uw-sink.
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4. Architecture for 2D UW-ASN
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5. Contd….
Three dimensional underwater networks
• Three-dimensional Underwater Sensor Networks are used to
detect and observe phenomena.
• In this network sensor nodes float at different depths in order
to observe a given phenomenon.
• One possible solution would be to attach each uw-sensor
node to a surface buoy.
• The buoy pushes the sensor towards the ocean surface.
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6. Architecture for 3D UW-ASN
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7. BASICS OF ACOUSTIC COMMUNICATIONS
Underwater acoustic communications are mainly influenced by path
loss, noise, multi-path, Doppler spread, high and variable propagation
delay.
1 PATH LOSS:
Attenuation
Geometric Spreading
2 Noise:
Man made noise
Ambient Noise
3. Multi-path:
Multi-path propagation
The multi-path geometry
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8. Contd…
4. High delay and delay variance:
• The propagation speed and large propagation delay
• The very high delay variance
5. Doppler spread:
• The Doppler frequency spread
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9. A PROTOCOL STACK FOR UW-AS
COMMUNICATIONS
Physical Layer
1.Non-coherent modulation
2.coherent modulation
Data Link Layer
1.contention free
FDMA and TDMA
2.non-contension free
ALOHA and CSMA
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10. Contd…...
Network Layer
1.Proactive protocols
2.Reactive protocols
3.Geographical routing protocols
Transport Layer
1.Flow control
2.Congestion control
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11. Major challenges in the design of
UW-ASN
• Battery power
• Available bandwidth
• Channel characteristics
• High bit error rates
• Underwater sensors are prone to failures
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12. Advantages and Disadvantages
• Advantages
1. Predict the disasters with the system and
provide efficient solutions
2. understand Impact to global environment
• Disadvantage
UWSNs are expensive
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13. Conclusion
The ultimate objective of this study is to
encourage the development of new advanced
communications techniques for efficient
underwater communication and networking for
enhanced ocean monitoring and exploration
applications.
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14. References
[1] M. Stojanovic, “Acoustic (underwater) communications,” in
Encyclopaedia of Telecommunications, J. G. Proakis, Ed. John Wiley and
Sons, 2003.
[2] J. Proakis, J. Rice, E. Sozer, and M. Stojanovic, “Shallow water acoustic
networks,” in Encyclopaedia of Telecommunications, J. G. Proakis, Ed. John
Wiley and Sons, 2003.
[3] J. G. Proakis, E. M. Sozer, J. A. Rice, and M. Stojanovic, “Shallow water
acoustic networks,” IEEE Communications Magazine, pp. 114– 119, Nov.
2001.
[4] L. Freitag and M. Stojanovic, “Acoustic communications for regional
undersea observatories,” in Proceedings of Oceanology International,
London, U.K., mar 2002.
[5] I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, and E. Cayirci, “Wireless
sensor networks: A survey,” Computer Networks (Elsevier) Journal, vol.
38, no. 4, pp. 393–422, Mar. 2002.
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