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Summary of topic 2.4

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Michael Smith
Michael Smith

Environmental Systems and Societies

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Topic 2.4 Biomes
Biosphere and Biomes • Biosphere – Regions of the planet able to support life • Biome – A large patch of land with similar conditions throughout which characteristic plants are adapted to survive • You can show the positions of different biomes on a climograph
Biomes • There are 3 factors which determine a biome: – Amount of water (rainfall) – Amount of sunlight (insolation) – Temperature • All of these factors affect photosynthesis • The rate of photosynthesis determines the net primary productivity (NPP) of a system and therefore determines the location and make-up of a biome http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/ecosystems.html http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/biomes/biome_main.htm
DifferentBiomes BIOME CLIMATE ADAPATED PLANT LIFE Tropical rain forest 20oC Rainfall throughout the year. Short dryseason Verydiverse Savanna 25-35oC Semiarid– low rainfall in winter and heavy in summer Perennialgrasses Temperate deciduous forest -5 – 25oC Snow inwinterandmoderatesummer rain Richdiversityoftrees andshrubs Grassland 0 – 25oC Lowrainfall Diversegrasses,sedg es broad leaved plans Cold desert 0 – 22oC Verylowrainfall Fewspecies of plantsand shrubs Tundra -22 – 5oC Verylowrainfall Fewspeciesofshrubs ,mossesandlichens
http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/biomes/biome_main.htm
A Climograph
A Climograph
The Tri-cellular Model • The distibution of biomes can be understood by looking at patterns of atmospheric air circulation • The most used model is the ‘tri-cellular’ model:
The Tri-cellular Model • There are 3 cells types (one of each in the northern and southern hemisphere: – The Hadley Cells – The Ferrel Cells – The Polar Cells • In the Hadley Cells (close to the equator), air heats up, rises, then cools and condenses, forming large cumulonimbus (rain) clouds. Pressure is low as air rises. Due to the high temperatures and high rainfall, tropical rainforest biomes form • In the Ferrel Cells (approx 30o N and S of the equator), the air cools and starts to descend. Descending air causes high pressure. Since the air has lost its moisture, it causes desert biomes to form. • Air now heads either back to the Hadley Cell at ground level, or to polar regions as warm winds (south-westerlies in northern hemisphere and northeasterlies in the southern hemisphere). When the air reaches the poles, it forms the Polar Cells (approx. 60o N and S of the equator). The air cools as it hits colder winds. It condenses and rain falls. These conditions create temperate forest biomes.
The Tri-cellular Model
Questions 1. What is the difference between a biosphere, a biome and an ecosystem? 2. Make a table to show the following biomes, with information about insolation, precipitation and temperature for each: - Tropical rainforest - Desert - Tundra - Temperate forest 3. Which biomes have (a) the highest (b) the lowest net primary productivity? Why?

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Summary of topic 2.4

  • 2. Biosphere and Biomes • Biosphere – Regions of the planet able to support life • Biome – A large patch of land with similar conditions throughout which characteristic plants are adapted to survive • You can show the positions of different biomes on a climograph
  • 3. Biomes • There are 3 factors which determine a biome: – Amount of water (rainfall) – Amount of sunlight (insolation) – Temperature • All of these factors affect photosynthesis • The rate of photosynthesis determines the net primary productivity (NPP) of a system and therefore determines the location and make-up of a biome http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/ecosystems.html http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/biomes/biome_main.htm
  • 4. DifferentBiomes BIOME CLIMATE ADAPATED PLANT LIFE Tropical rain forest 20oC Rainfall throughout the year. Short dryseason Verydiverse Savanna 25-35oC Semiarid– low rainfall in winter and heavy in summer Perennialgrasses Temperate deciduous forest -5 – 25oC Snow inwinterandmoderatesummer rain Richdiversityoftrees andshrubs Grassland 0 – 25oC Lowrainfall Diversegrasses,sedg es broad leaved plans Cold desert 0 – 22oC Verylowrainfall Fewspecies of plantsand shrubs Tundra -22 – 5oC Verylowrainfall Fewspeciesofshrubs ,mossesandlichens
  • 8. The Tri-cellular Model • The distibution of biomes can be understood by looking at patterns of atmospheric air circulation • The most used model is the ‘tri-cellular’ model:
  • 9. The Tri-cellular Model • There are 3 cells types (one of each in the northern and southern hemisphere: – The Hadley Cells – The Ferrel Cells – The Polar Cells • In the Hadley Cells (close to the equator), air heats up, rises, then cools and condenses, forming large cumulonimbus (rain) clouds. Pressure is low as air rises. Due to the high temperatures and high rainfall, tropical rainforest biomes form • In the Ferrel Cells (approx 30o N and S of the equator), the air cools and starts to descend. Descending air causes high pressure. Since the air has lost its moisture, it causes desert biomes to form. • Air now heads either back to the Hadley Cell at ground level, or to polar regions as warm winds (south-westerlies in northern hemisphere and northeasterlies in the southern hemisphere). When the air reaches the poles, it forms the Polar Cells (approx. 60o N and S of the equator). The air cools as it hits colder winds. It condenses and rain falls. These conditions create temperate forest biomes.
  • 11. Questions 1. What is the difference between a biosphere, a biome and an ecosystem? 2. Make a table to show the following biomes, with information about insolation, precipitation and temperature for each: - Tropical rainforest - Desert - Tundra - Temperate forest 3. Which biomes have (a) the highest (b) the lowest net primary productivity? Why?