The document summarizes information presented by Errol Villegas at the Waste to Worth Conference on March 31, 2015 about the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District. The district implements air quality regulations for the San Joaquin Valley region, which experiences high levels of ozone and particulate pollution due to meteorological conditions and agricultural activity. Major studies conducted by the district provided insights into the formation of particulate matter such as ammonium nitrate and helped inform the district's stringent rules and incentive programs that have achieved over 80% reductions in stationary source emissions. Going forward, the district's strategy involves continuing regulations, incentives, technology advancement, and outreach efforts to further reduce health risks from air pollution.

1. Waste to Worth Conference
March 31, 2015
Errol Villegas
Program Manager – Strategies & Incentives
San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District
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2. 2
• 35 Air Quality Management Districts (AQMD) and
Air Pollution Control Districts (APCD) in California
• Implement and enforce federal, state, and local air
quality regulations for Stationary Sources
• Regulations vary between air districts, and
generally are more stringent in areas with greater
air quality challenges
• San Joaquin Valley APCD largest air district in
California – approximately 25,000 square miles

3. 3
San Joaquin Valley
•Hot, sunny summers
•VOC, NOx
•Ozone Problem
•Cool, foggy winters
•Particulate problem

4. • #1 Agricultural Region in Nation
• CA produces nearly half of US-
grown fruits, nuts and vegetables
• > 400 commodities
• 2013 CA Agricultural Production -
$46.4 billion
• 2013 CA Agricultural Exports -
$21.24 billion
• Top Commodities: Milk/Dairy
Products, Almonds, Grapes
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• Surrounding mountains
and meteorology create
ideal conditions for
trapping air pollution
• Economic challenges and
high unemployment rates
• High rate of population
growth
• I-5 and HWY 99 (Major
transportation highways)

6. • District has adopted numerous attainment plans:
– Toughest air regulations in the nation
– Adopted over 600 stringent rules and regulations
– Groundbreaking rules serve as model for others
– Over 80% reduction in stationary source emissions
• Strong incentive programs ($1 billion in public and
private investment reducing 100,000+ tons of emissions)
• Public education and participation:
– Build public support for tough measures adopted
– Urge air friendly behavior by the public
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
NOxEmissions(tonsperday)
TOTAL STATIONARY TOTAL MOBILE TOTAL AREAWIDE

10. • PM10 and PM2.5. Generally: the smaller the
particle, the greater the health impact
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11. NH3 SO2 NO Primary PM
H2SO4 HNO3
VOC
SOC
VOC = Volatile Organic Compounds (benzene, ethanol, formaldehyde, …)
SOC = semi-volatile organic compounds (mostly unknown)
Primary PM = particulate matter emitted directly from sources (trace metals
– aluminum, silicon, iron, nickel, etc, elemental carbon, organic carbon)
Emitted as Gases Emitted as Particles
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13. 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Ammonium Nitrate Carbon
Bakersfield
Fresno
Concentration(µg/m3)
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15. 15

16. • Major field study conducted in 1999-2001
• Multi-million dollar project funded by a
public/private partnership
• Provided the fundamental science behind the
District’s PM2.5 plans
• Provided the most comprehensive data and
science in the country on understanding the
origin and fate of PM2.5
• Continues to be a cornerstone of PM2.5 research
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Comparison of Ammonia and nitric acid concentrations measured at
Fresno urban site during winter 2000/2001 as part of CRPAQS

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Comparison of Ammonia and nitric acid concentrations measured at
Angioloa rural site during winter 2000/2001 as part of CRPAQS

20. • NO, NO2, NO3, N2O5, HONO, PAN, HNO3
• HNO3 + NH3 → NH4NO3
Direct Emissions Stable End Product
From Atmospheric
Chemistry
Reactive Intermediate Products
Particle Phase Nitrate
Direct Emissions
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21. 21
Nighttime/Winter Nitrate Formation
O3 O3 H2O
NO → NO2 → NO3 → N2O5 → 2HNO3
• Main Oxidant is Ozone (O3); Favors low
sunlight intensity, wet conditions

22. Ammonium nitrate will not form when [NH3]*[HNO3] < Kp
12 17 22 27 32 37
Temperature (oC)
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24. Source: Kleeman MJ, Ying Q,
Kaduwela A. Control strategies for the
reduction of airborne particulate nitrate
in California's San Joaquin Valley.
Atmospheric Environment 39: 5325-
5341, 2005.
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26. 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
AmmoniumNitrate(ug/m3)
NOxEmissions(tons/day)
NOx Emissions Ammonium Nitrate (Fresno)
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27. Regulations
*Require businesses to reduce
emissions, and enforce through
permits and other mechanisms
Incentives
*Reduce emissions through voluntary
incentive programs
*Most cost-effective emissions
reductions available
*Critical to continue securing
additional funding
Technology Advancement
*New technology needed to meet
increasingly difficult federal air quality
standards
*Promote advancement of new
technologies through incentives and
other efforts
Outreach and Policy Efforts
*Outreach to residents and
businesses to assist with rule
compliance and encourage voluntary
efforts to reduce emissions
*Adopt and pursue policy positions
through legislative and other avenues
Health
Risk
Reduction
Strategy
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28. Contact Information:
Errol Villegas
559-230-5800
errol.villegas@valleyair.org
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