Sustainability of tall buildings: structural design and intelligent technologies

Sustainability of tall buildings:
structural design and intelligent technologies
Konstantinos Gkoumas Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica
July 11 2014
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica
Faculty of Architecture (Room11B), Via Antonio Gramsci 53, Rome

Konstantinos Gkoumas
11/07/2014
Page 2
Personal profile
Appointments
2011-present Research Fellow (PostDoc), Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering
- Sapienza University of Rome. Research on dependability and energy harvesting
for structures and infrastructures.
2009-’10 Postdoctoral Fellow (German Academic Exchange Service), Institut für Numerische
und Angewandte Mathematik, Universität Göttingen, Germany.
2005-’08 Professional Engineer (part-time) at Co.Re. Ingegneria Srl., Rome.
2004-’07 PhD Student, Department of Hydraulics, Transportation and Roads - Sapienza
University of Rome.

Page 3
Sustainability
Overview
SUSTAINABILITY
SOCIAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMIC
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
“Development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs.”
(Brundtland Commission, 1987)
11/07/2014

Steel Material
• 40% of resources
from recycling
• Manufacturing
process with
controlled
environmental
impact
• Material durability
• High recycling rate
Construction
Phase
• prefabrication/
offsite manufacture
Design and Service Life
• Weight reduction of structure
• Creation of versatile spaces
• Longevity and robustness of
steel components
• Simple incorporation of
renewable energy generation
systems
End of Life
• Easy dismantling
• Reusability/Reciclability
Source: Foster + Partners Hearst Tower USA, 2000 - 2006
Page 4
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
STRUCTURES
Material
Used
Resource
Efficient
Site
Planning
Non
Pollution
Energy
Efficiency
Structural
Form
Sustainability
Use of steel and structural form
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SUSTAINABILITY
IN
STRUCTURES
Material
Used
Resource
Efficient
Site
Planning
Non
Pollution
Energy
Efficiency
Structural
Form
Sustainability
Building automation and energy harvesting
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SUSTAINABILITY
IN
STRUCTURES
Material
Used
Resource
Efficient
Site
Planning
Non
Pollution
Energy
Efficiency
Structural
Form
Sustainability
Diagrid, building automation and energy harvesting
Diagrid: double façade - chimney effect
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Sustainability
Tall buildings
Ali, M. M., Moon, K. S. (2007). Structural Development in Tall Buildings: Current Trends and Future Prospects.
Architectural Science Review, Vol. 50, pp. 205-223.
Interior structures
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Sustainability
Tall buildings
Ali, M. M., Moon, K. S. (2007). Structural Development in Tall Buildings: Current Trends and Future Prospects.
Architectural Science Review, Vol. 50, pp. 205-223.
Interior structuresExterior structures
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Page 9
Diagrid structure
Diagrid module
Mele, E., Toreno, M., Brandonisio, G. and Del Luca, A. (2014). Diagrid structures for tall buildings: case studies and design
considerations. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings. Wiley Online Library, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 124-145.
effect of gravity load
effect of overturning moment
effect of shear force
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Diagrid structure
Initial configuration and diagrid schemes
Outrigger Structure Diagrid Structures
42° 60° 75°
160m
36 m
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Original Structure:
Outrigger
Improved Structure:
Diagrid
Perimetral
Structure
Internal
Structure
Diagrid structure
Structural configuration
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SLS Dead Gk Tamp Qk Qn W+X W-X W+Y W-Y
COMB5 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 1 - - -
COMB6 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - 1 - -
COMB7 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - - 1 -
COMB8 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - - - 1
ULS Dead Gk Tamp Qk Qn W+X W-X W+Y W-Y
COMB5 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,05 0,75 1,5 - - -
COMB6 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,05 0,75 - 1,5 - -
COMB7 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,05 0,75 - - 1,5 -
COMB8 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,05 0,75 - - - 1,5
Acronym Description Color
Outrigger Outrigger Structure
Diagrid
42°
Diagrid Structure with inclination
of diagonal members of 42°
Diagrid
60°
Diagrid
75°
Outrigger 42° 60° 75°
P
(ton)
8052 6523 5931 5389
Saving
(%)
- 19 26 33
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
P(ton)
Weight
Diagrid structure
Analyses and comparisons
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Page 13
Diagrid structure
Modal analysis
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Outrigger 3.7 3.6 2.5 1.2 1.1 0.8
Diagrid 42° 3.1 3.1 1.7 1.0 1.0 0.8
Diagrid 60° 3.3 3.3 1.9 1.0 1.0 0.9
Diagrid 75° 3.7 3.6 2.8 1.3 1.2 1.2
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
T(s)
First six periods
Traslational
in Y
direction
Traslational
in X
direction
Rotational
around Z
axis
Traslational
in Y
direction
Traslational
in X
direction
Rotational
around Z
axis
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Diagrid structure
SLS - load combinations
SLS Dead Gk Tamp Qk Qn W+X W-X W+Y W-Y
COMB5 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 1 - - -
COMB6 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - 1 - -
COMB7 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - - 1 -
COMB8 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - - - 1
HORIZONTAL
DISPLACEMENTS
COMB
Outrigger
Diagrid42°
Diagrid60°
Diagrid75°
Diagrid
42°
Diagrid Structure with inclination of
diagonal members of
42°
Diagrid
60°
diagonal members of
60°
Diagrid
75°
diagonal members of
75°
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Diagrid structure
Horizontal displacements
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
0
16
32
48
64
80
96
112
128
144
160
U1 (m)
Z(m)
Diagrid 42° Diagrid 60° Outrigger Diagrid 75° SLS limit
Outrigger
Diagrid42°
Diagrid60°
Diagrid75°
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Page 16
Diagrid structure
ULS - load combinations, pushover
Outrigger
Diagrid42°
Diagrid60°
Diagrid75°
Diagrid
42°
diagonal members of
42°
Diagrid
60°
diagonal members of
60°
Diagrid
75°
diagonal members of
75°
ULS Dead Gk Tamp Qk Qn W+X W-X W+Y W-Y
DEAD 1 - - - - - - - -
VERT 1 1 1 - - - - - -
+STATIC PUSHOVER FORCES
PUSHOVER
DEAD VERT
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Diagrid structure
COMB 5 U.L.S.
DIAGRID
42°
DIAGRID
60°
DIAGRID
75°
Diagrid 42° Interior Columns
3%
97%
Shear
Interior
Columns
Diagrid
11%
89%
Normal
Interior
Columns
Diagrid
2%
97%
1%
Shear
Interior
Columns
Diagrid/
Edge
Columns
11%
45%
44%
Normal
Interior
Columns
Diagrid/
Edge
Columns
5%
95%
Shear
Interior
Columns
Diagrid
7%
93%
Normal
Interior
Columns
Diagrid
Diagrid 60°
Diagrid 75°
Interior Columns
Interior Columns
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Diagrid structure
Diagrid 60°: Pushover (YZ Sections)
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
F(kN)
U1 (m)
Pushover
Step25
Step28
Step37
Step44
Step51
Step67
Step 67Step 51Step 44Step 37Step 25
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Diagrid structure
Diagrid 60°: Pushover+Vert (YZ Sections)
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
F(kN)
U1 (m)
Pushover+Vert
Step11
Step16
Step39
Step47
Step55
Step 47 Step 55Step 39Step 11
VERT
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Diagrid structure
Comparison of capacity curves
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
F(kN)
U1 (m)
Pushover
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
U1 (m)
Pushover+Vert
Outrigger
Diagrid
42°
Diagrid
60°
Diagrid
75°
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
U1 (m)
Pushover+Dead
DEAD VERT
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Page 21
Diagrid structure
Definition of significant properties
R=Fmax
(Strength)
K=Fy/Dy
(Stiffness)
m=Dmax/Dy
(Ductility)
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Page 22
Diagrid structure
Comparison of significant properties
Outrigger Diagrid 42° Diagrid 60° Diagrid 75°
Pushover+Vert Pushover+Vert Pushover+Vert Pushover+Vert
Strength
(R) – kN
94775 110185 104972 97131
Stiffness
(K) – kN/m
77143 80615 71306 60897
Ductility
(m)
1,535 3,587 5,681 2,564
Weight
(P) - Ton
8052 6523 5931 5389
Weighted average (W.A.) of significant properties
Pushover+Vert Pushover+Vert Pushover+Vert Pushover+Vert
Strength
(R) – kN
94775 110185 104972 97131
Stiffness
(K) – kN/m
77143 80615 71306 60897
Ductility
(m)
1,535 3,587 5,681 2,564
Weight
(P) - Ton
8052 6523 5931 5389
W.A. 4,20 5,97 7,25 5,08
11/07/2014

Page 23
Diagrid structure
Comparison of Mechanical Properties
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
R/R0
K/K0
m/m0
1,2 ((P0-
P)/P0+1)
Pushover+Vert
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Page 24
Diagrid structure
Diagrid 60°: Robustness checks
D1,L1
D1,L2
D2,L1
D2,L2
D3,L1
D3,L2
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
F(kN)
U1 (m)
Pushover
D1,L1
D1,L2
D2,L1
D2,L2
D3,L1
D3,L2
INTATTA
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Page 25
Diagrid
Future research – apply simplified robustness indexes (1)
Olmati, P., Gkoumas, K., Brando, F. and Cao, L., (2013). Consequence-based robustness assessment of a steel truss bridge.
Steel and Composite Structures, Vol. (14), No (4), pp. 379-395.
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Page 26
Diagrid
Kun λi
un
Eigenvalues
Kdam λi
dam
Consequence factor
Robustness index
Nafday, A.M. (2011), “Consequence-based structural design approach for black swan events”, Structural Safety, Vol. 33, No.
(1), pp. 108-114.
Olmati, P., Gkoumas, K., Brando, F. and Cao, L., (2013). Consequence-based robustness assessment of a steel truss bridge.
Steel and Composite Structures, Vol. (14), No (4), pp. 379-395.
11/07/2014

Page 27
Diagrid
d1
d2d3
d4
d5
d7
d6
37
59
42 45
35 38
23
63
41
58 55
65 62
77
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Robustness%
Scenario
Cf max Robustness
42 45
35 38
23
58 55
65 62
77
3 4 5 6 7
Scenario
Cf max Robustness
83 87 88
53
60
86
64
17 13 12
47
40
14
36
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Robustness%
Scenario
Cf max Robustness
Damage scenario Damage scenario
d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7
Pier 6Pier 7
North
Pier 6
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Page 28
Energy harvesting
Introduction
Fonte:
11/07/2014

Page 29
Energy Harvesting (EH) can be defined as the sum of all those
processes that allow to capture the freely available energy in the
environment and convert it in (electric) energy that can be used or
stored.
Resources
Sun
Water
Wind
Temperature differential
Mechanical vibrations
Acoustic waves
Magnetic fields
Extraction systems
Magnetic Induction
Electrostatic
Piezoelectric
Photovoltaic
Thermal Energy
Radiofrequency
Radiant Energy
Energy harvesting
Sources
Harvesting Conversion
Use
Storage
Energy harvesting is the process of extracting energy from the environment or
from a surrounding system and converting it to useable electrical energy.
11/07/2014

Page 30
Image courtesy of
enocean-alliance®
http://www.enocean-alliance.org
Energy sustainability
BAS (Building Automation Systems)
• EH devices are used for powering remote monitoring sensors (e.g. temperature
sensors, air quality sensors), also those placed inside heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning (HVAC) ducts.
• These sensors are very important for the minimization of energy consumption in
large buildings
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Page 31
Energy sustainability
BAS (Building Automation Systems)
Currently:
• Power is provided by batteries or EH devices based on thermal or RF methods
• Sensors work intermittently (to consume less power ~ 100µW)
An EH sensor based on piezoelectric material has several advantages being capable to
provide up to 10-15 times more power than currently used devices leading to additional
applications or longer operation time.
Image courtesy of
enocean-alliance®
http://www.enocean-alliance.org
11/07/2014

Page 32
Piezoelectric energy harvesting
Design of a piezoelectric bender - issues
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Page 33
Piezoelectric bender with tip mass
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Page 34
Piezoelectric bender
Principal bibliography
Weinstein, L. A., Cacan, M. R., So, P. M. and Wrigth, P. K.
(2012). Vortex shedding induced energy harvesting from
piezoelectric materials in heating, ventilation and air
conditioning flows. Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 21,
10pp.
Wu, N., Wang, Q. and Xie, X. (2013). Wind energy
harvesting with a piezoelectric harvester. Smart Materials
and Structures, Vol. 22, No. 9.
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Page 35
The vortex shedding effect
A body, immersed in a current
flow, produces a wake made of
vortices that periodically detach
alternatively from the body itself
with a frequency ns.
AVOID THE DRAWBACK: By setting the aerodynamic fin to undergo in VS regime it is possible to obtain the
maximum efficiency in terms of energy extraction
CNR-DT 207/2008
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Page 36
Design of a bender made of a certain material with a
piezoelectric patch, which can experiment the resonance
(lock-in) with the external force deriving from the
Vortex Shedding phenomenon.
The lock-in conditions produce the highest level of power.
Dimensions
Materials
Configurations
Dimensions
Added mass
Design points
Parametric analyses
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Page 37
Parametric analyses
LEAD ZIRCONATE TITANATE
Density ρ 7800 kg/m3
Young Modulus E 6.6 x103 N/m2
Poisson ratio υ 0.2
Relative dielectric
constant kT
3
1800
Permittivity ε 1.602 x10-8 F/m
Piezoelectric constant
d31
-190 x10-12 m/V (C/N)
ELEMENTS DIMENSIONS VALUES (m)
BENDER
l 0.06÷0.2 m
b 0.001÷0.08 m
d 0.02÷0.05 m
a 0.01
PIEZOELECTRIC
PATCH
l1 0.0286
b1 0.0017
d1 0.0127
ADDED MASS
l2 variable
b2 0.01
d2 d
MATERIAL E (N/m2) ρ (kg/m3)
Aluminum
Lead
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Page 38
Voltage output for different bender lengths
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
ΔV2(V)
t (s) (x10-3)
ΔV2 (Length)
l=0.15
l=0.16
l=0.17
l=0.18
l=0.19
l=0.20
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Page 39
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
CriticalVelocity(m/s)
d (m)
Critical Velocity (Width)
The Critical Velocity increases
with the thickness and the width, it
decreases with the length.
0
5
10
15
20
0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008
b (m)
Critical Velocity (Thickness)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
l (m)
Critical Velocity (Length)
Parametric analyses
Operational velocity range
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Page 40
Mass (material) parametric analyses – aluminum bender
High frequencies
High critical
velocities
Operational velocity range
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Page 41
Tip-mass parametric analyses
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
MassLegnth(m)
Critical Velocity (m/s)
Mass length (vcr)
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.2
Masslength(m)
l (m)
Mass Length (Bender Length)
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.003 0.0035 0.004 0.0045 0.005 0.0055 0.006
Masslength(m)
b (m)
Mass Length (Bender Thickness)
vcr = 3,5 m/s
vcr = 3,5 m/s
vcr = 2-5 m/s
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Page 42
FICTICIOUS MATERIAL
Young Modulus
E
3.45 x1010 N/m2
Density ρ 7000 kg/m3
Power output
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Page 43
Future research (1)
From: NSF Proposal 2013, MECHANICAL MODELS OF LOADS AND DEVICES FOR GREEN ENERGY
HARVESTING AND SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS
Paolo Bocchini (Lehigh University), Konstantinos Gkoumas and Francesco Petrini
Air flow
FAPED
Flow
Activated
Piezo
Electric
Devices
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Page 44
Future research (2)
SAPEB
Squeezing
Activated
Piezo
Electric
Bearings
F
F
SAPEB
Kim, S-H, Ahn, J-H, Chung, H-M and Kang, H-W (2011). Analysis of piezoelectric effects on various loading conditions for
energy harvesting in a bridge system, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, Vol. 167, No (2), pp. 468-483.
Ha, D-H, Kim, D, Choo, J.F. and Goo, N.S. (2011). Energy harvesting and monitoring using bridge bearing with built-in
piezoelectric material. The 7th International Conference on Networked Computing (INC), pp. 129 – 132.
From: NSF Proposal 2013, MECHANICAL MODELS OF LOADS AND DEVICES FOR GREEN ENERGY
HARVESTING AND SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS
Paolo Bocchini (Lehigh University), Konstantinos Gkoumas and Francesco Petrini
11/07/2014

Page 45
Thank you!
11/07/2014

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