Companion Planting - Kitchen Gardener, Australia

Companion Planting
This information is general in nature and should not be taken as professional advice.

Alleopathy
Allelopathy is a biological phenomenon that is characteristic of some plants, algae, bacteria, coral
and fungi by which they produce certain biochemicals that influence the growth and development of
other organisms. The biochemicals, called allelochemicals can have a beneficial or detrimental effect
on neighbouring organisms.

secondary Metabolites
They are not required for metabolism, that is the primary life processes (growth, development and
reproduction) of the allelopathic organism, thus they are secondary metabolites.

Resource Competition
The process, by which a plant acquires more of the available resources (such as nutrients, water or
light) from the environment without any chemical action on the surrounding plants is called resource
competition. This process is not negative allelopathy, but both processes can act together to enhance
the survival rate of the plant species.

For example
Buckwheat is raised for grain where a short season is available, either because it is used as a second
crop in the season, or because the climate is limiting.

Buckwheat can be reliable cover crop in summer to fit a small slot of warm season for establishment.
It establishes quickly, which suppresses summer weeds.

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Examples...

Theophrastus, who lived around 300 B.C. noticed the inhibitory effects of pigweed on alfalfa.

In China around the first century A.D. Yang and Tang described 267 plants that had pesticidal
abilities, including those with allelopathic effects. The Swiss botanist De Candolle, in 1832
suggested that crop plant exudates were responsible for an agriculture problem called soil sickness.

A study of Kochia scoparia in northern Montana by two high school students showed that when
Kochia precedes spring wheat (Triticum aestivum), it reduces the spring wheat's growth. Effects
included delayed emergence, decreased rate of growth, decreased final height and decreased average
vegetative dry weight of spring wheat plants. A larger study later showed that Kochia seems to
exhibit allelopathy on various crops in northern Montana.

Parsley should not be consumed as a drug or supplement by pregnant women. Parsley as an oil, root,

leaf, or seed could lead to uterine stimulation and preterm labor.

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Other good examples of companion planting are:

Attracting Benefitial Insects - Positive Hosting - eg Hoverfly
Plants like dill, alyssum (Brassicaceae), Iberis umbellata (Globe Candytuft), statice (plumbago),
buckwheat, chamomile, parsley, and yarrow attract Hoverfly, an insect predator that feeds on
Aphids, thrips, psyllids, scale insects, small caterpillars, and larvae of Heliotes.

Satoyama and Biodiversity - Creating an Ecosystem
Plants fulfil important roles in a mixed use agricultural landscape. See
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoyama

Another system using companion planting is the forest garden, where companion plants are
intermingled to create an actual ecosystem, emulating the interaction of up to seven levels of plants
in a forest or woodland.

There are many beneficial weeds, which can be allowed to grow alongside plants, imparting the same
kinds of benefits as mixing cultivated crops.

The mixed us landscape closest to our lifestyle is the suburbs in our townships and hinterland
properties.

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More companion uses are as follows:

Structural Benefits - Increased Trophic Level Interaction
One traditional practice of Native Americans was planting of corn (maize) and pole beans together.
The cornstalk would serve as a trellis for the beans to climb while the beans would fix nitrogen for
the corn. The inclusion of squash with these two plants completes the Three Sisters technique,
pioneered by Native American peoples.

Companions also serve to provide a 'living mulch' effect, keeping the ground moist and healthy and
preventing the growth of harmful weeds.

Protective Shelter
One type of plant may serve as a wind break or shade for another - eg corn, tomato and basil or corn,
beans and pumkins or squash.

Some plants are unpleasant to small animals, because of their spines or other features, keeping them
away from an area to be protected.

Trap Cropping

Nasturtium are well-known to attract caterpillars, therefore, planting them around vegetables such as
lettuce or cabbage protects them from damage, as egg-laying insects will tend to prefer the
nasturtium.

Hedged Investment
Multiple plants in the same space increase the odds of some yield being given, even if one category
encounters catastrophic issues.

Nitrogen Fixation
Plants that fix nitrogen in the ground, making it available to other plants eg legumes such as
broadbeans and peas.

Deterrent and Pest Suppression
Marigolds assist crops suffering from aphids (greenfly among others) through their smell being
deterrent to aphids and attractant to hoverflies (a predator of aphids). As well as repelling pest
insects, some plants can repel weeds, nematodes, or pathogenic fungi, through chemical means.

Flavor Enhancement
Some plants, especially herbs, seem to subtly change the flavor of other plants around them - no
examples cited.

Close Planting Benefits
Square foot gardening, for example, attempts to protect plants from many normal gardening
problems by packing them as closely together as possible, which is facilitated by using companion
plants, which can be closer together than normal.

Pollinator and Predator Recruitment
The use of plants that produce copious nectar and protein-rich pollen in a vegetable garden (insectary
plants) is a good way to recruit higher populations of beneficial insects that control pests. Some
insects in the adult form are nectar or pollen feeders, while in the larval form they are voracious
predators of pest insects.

Host Finding Disruption
Recent studies on host-plant finding have shown that flying pests are far less successful if their host-
plants are surrounded by any other plant or even "decoy-plants" made of green plastic, cardboard, or
any other green material.

The host-plant finding process occurs in phases:

1. The first phase is stimulation by odours characteristic to the host-plant. This induces the insect to
try to land on the plant it seeks. But insects avoid landing on brown (bare) soil. So if only the host-
plant is present, the insects will quasi-systematically find it by simply landing on the only green
thing around. This is called (from the point of view of the insect) "appropriate landing." When it does
an "inappropriate landing," it flies off to any other nearby patch of green. It eventually leaves the
area if there are too many 'inappropriate' landings.

2. The second phase of host-plant finding is for the insect to make short flights from leaf to leaf to
assess the plant's overall suitability. The number of leaf-to-leaf flights varies according to the insect
species and to the host-plant stimulus received from each leaf. The insect must accumulate sufficient
stimuli from the host-plant to lay eggs; so it must make a certain number of consecutive 'appropriate'
landings. Hence if it makes an 'inappropriate landing', the assessment of that plant is negative, and
the insect must start the process anew.

Thus it was shown that clover used as a ground cover had the same disruptive effect on eight pest
species from four different insect orders. An experiment showed that 36% of cabbage root flies laid
eggs beside cabbages growing in bare soil (which resulted in no crop), compared to only 7% beside
cabbages growing in clover (which allowed a good crop). Simple decoys made of green cardboard
also disrupted appropriate landings just as well as did the live ground cover.

This is one of the reasons why monoculture is counter-productive: pesticides effectively immunized
the pests more and more, generation after generation, while still providing ample shelter and food for
these.

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For a comprehensive List of Companion Plants
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companion_plants

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A List of Beneficial Weeds
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_beneficial_weeds

Pest-repellant
* Crow garlic -- a wild allium which repels certain insect pests and is edible
* Cocklebur -- repels armyworms
* Goldenrod -- repels some bad insects and shelters several useful predatory species
* Milkweed -- repels wireworms
* Caper Spurge -- believed to repel moles
* Neem -- repels leaf eating insects

Edible
* Cornflower various colours; can be served as edible garnish to decorate salads.
* Painter's brush weed
* Chickweed -- used in salads and also as ground cover
* Burdock -- roots are edible
* Lamb's quarters -- leaves and shoots, raw, also prevents erosion, also distracts leaf miners from
nearby crops
* Shepherd's purse -- leaves are edible and often sautéed or blanched
* Stinging nettle -- High nutritional value. Edible after cooking.
* Purslane -- prepared raw for salads or sautéed

* Watercress -- can be eaten raw or cooked; is considered a weed in some cultures
* Dandelion -- flowers can be used to make wine; leaves are edible and good for digestion; roots
sometimes used as coffee substitute
* Wild Mustard-- leaves and flowers can be eaten raw in salads.

Habitat for beneficial insects
* Clover -- attracts predatory insects, also good for soil
* Solanum -- provides cover for predatory ground beetles which hunt aphids
* Pigweed / Amaranthus -- also shelters ground beetles, breaks up hard soil, allowing other plants to
develop deeper roots
* Queen Anne's lace -- attracts predatory insects like lacewings, its seeds contain estrogen and are
used in folk/herbal medicine as a contraceptive, and its root breaks up hard soil/deadpan.
* Wild blackberry -- attracts predatory insects, and produces berries
* Motherwort -- attracts bees
* Wild mustard -- protects predatory insects
* Joe-Pye weed -- habitat for pollinators and predatory insects
* Aster -- habitat predatory insects

Shelter plants
* Normal grass can be used as ground cover, especially in nitrogenous soils
* Purslane -- can be used to protect soil from erosion

Trap Crops

Trap crops draw potential pests away from the actual crop intended for cultivation

* Multiflora Rose -- distracts Japanese beetles from good crops (This is a non-native invasive species
in North America - see link )
* Nasturtium -- attracts caterpillars and aphids, so planting them alongside or around vegetables such
as lettuce or cabbage will protect them, as the egg-laying insects will tend to prefer the nasturtium.
* mustard plant -- attracts aphids, so planting around cabbages protects them. It also attracts ladybird
beetles to multiply and spread from there.
* Cowpea -- attracts ladybird beetle, so planting around cotton fields protects them from sucking
insects. It serve as source of food and niche.

Medicinal use
* Bashful mimosa -- various herbalist uses
* Rumex -- Dock, which commonly grows in association with nettle, is rumoured to cure or ease
their sting. Crush a leaf before applying to affected area.

Other
* Cannabis -- multiple uses including hemp fiber and pulp, hemp seed, hemp oil, and the recreational
and medicinal drugs marijuana and hashish.
* Dandelion -- Breaks up dense soil, helping vegetable roots go deeper. If picked while in season,
leaves and flowers are edible as a salad component. Repels armyworms.
* Nightshade -- breaks up hardpan, allowing roots to grow deeper

* Wild Vetch -- the early cousin of the cover crop Hairy Vetch.

References
* Peterson, L.A. & Peterson, R.T. (1999). A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants: Eastern and central
North America. Houghton-Mifflin.
* Duke, J.A., Foster, S., & Peterson, R.T. (1999). A Field Guide to Medicinal Plants and Herbs of
Eastern and Central North America. Houghton-Mifflin.

* Gibbon, E. (1988). Stalking the Wild Asparagus. Alan C. Hood & Company.
* Sharma, O.P., R.C. Lavekar, K.S. Murthy and S.N. Puri. (2000). Habitat diversity and predatory
insects in cotton IPM : A case study of Maharashtra cotton eco-system. Radcliffe’s IPM world
textbook. http:// www.ipmworld.umn.edu/chapters/ sharma.htm. Minnesota University, USA

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A List of typical Relellent Plants
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_repellent_plants

Ants
* Pennyroyal
* Spearmint
* Southernwood
* Tansy.

Aphids
* Anise
* Chives
* Coriander
* Garlic
* Nasturtium
* Pennyroyal
* Petunia
* Spearmint
* Southernwood
* Tansy.

Asparagus beetle
* Tomato

Cabbage maggot
* Hemp
* Mint
* Tomato
* Rosemary
* Sage.

Cabbage Moth
* Catnip
* Celery
* Hemp
* Hyssop
* Nasturtium
* Rosemary
* Sage
* Southernwood
* Thyme
* Wormwood

Carrot fly
* Black salsify
* Coriander
* Rosemary
* Sage
* Salsify
* Wormwood.

Chinch bug
* Soybean.

Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata
* Dead nettle
* Flax
* Green beans
* Horseradish.

Cucumber beetle
* Radish
* Tansy.

Japanese beetle
* Garlic
* Pelargonium geraniums
* Larkspur, Rue
* Tansy.

Leafhopper
* Petunia.

Mexican bean beetle Epilachna varivestis
* Marigold
* Petunia

* Potato
* Rosemary
* Summer Savory.

Plum curculio
* Garlic

Rose chafer
* Onion
* Petunia.

Squash bug
* Nasturtium
* Petunia.

Striped pumpkin beetle
* Nasturtium

Whitefly
* Marigold
* Nasturtium
* Nicandra (Peruvian Ground Cherry.)

Wireworm
* White Mustard

Moths and their larvae

Cutworm
* Tansy

Fruit Tree Moth
* Southernwood

Tomato hornworm
* Borage
* Marigold
* Opal Basil

Parasitic pests

Eelworm
* French & African Marigold

Mites

* Chives
* Garlic
* Onion

Nematode
* Asparagus
* Dahlia
* Calendula, French & African Marigold, Salvis

Slugs & Snails
* Prostrate Rosemary
* Wormwood

Mammals

Moles
* Castor bean
* Mole plant
* Spurge
* Squill.

Gopher
* Castor Bean

Mice
* Mint
* Neem cake

Rabbit
* Allium Family
* Neem cake

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List of herbal insect sprays and dusts

Wormwood extract
Made by boiling 100 grams of dried wormwood in 1 liter of water for 20 minutes. Leave for a day.
Sift and add soft soap. Thin 1 at 4 before spraying

Chive extract
Made by putting fresh leaves 2-3 days in water, after which it is sifted and soft soap is added. Thin 1
at 4 before spraying.

Summer tansy dust
Made by grinding dried herb, and spreading on the ground at density of 1 gram per m². Repels root

fly

Stinging nettle extract
Made by boiling a bucket of stinging nettles for 20-30 minutes in water, sifting it and leaving it to
stand for a day. Soft soap is added at a density of 1/100 and the mixture is thinned 1 at 4 before
spraying (against aphids, caterpillars) Sometimes brown sugar, brown soap and milk is also added to
strengthen the mixture.

Daffodil extract
Made by boiling 30 grams of daffodils for 20 minutes in 1liter of water. Leave to stand for a day, add
1/100 brown soap and dilute 1 at 4 before spraying (against moulds)

Garlic extract
Made by soaking mushed garlic in water, adding soft soap at density of 1/100 (against insects)

Rhubarb extract
Made by boiling 1 kg of leaves in 2 liters of water for 20 mins, adding 1/100 soft soap, sifting it and
spraying it (against aphids)

Onion extrac
Made by leaving the leaves for a few days in water, adding 1/100 soft soap, sifting and spraying it
(against aphids and caterpillars)

Sambucus extract
Made by boiling 500 grams of leaves for 30 minutes in 1 liter of water, sifting and thinning it
(against aphids and caterpillars)

Tobacco extract
Soak old cigar butts, cigarette butts or other tobacco in water, strain, add a little dish soap and spray
for aphids, whiteflies and other insects. The active ingredient is nicotine.

Stale beer
It is put outside in a shallow container to attract garden slugs, that then crawl into the container and
drown.

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Hoverfly
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoverfly

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Suborder: Brachycera
Section: Aschiza

Superfamily: Syrphoidea
Family: Syrphidae

Type
Generalist predator

Hosts
Aphids, thrips, psyllids, scale insects, small caterpillars, and larvae of Heliotes

Description
As their common names suggest, they are often seen hovering or nectaring at flowers; the adults of
many species feed mainly on nectar and pollen, while the larvae (maggots) eat a wide range of foods.
In some species, the larvae are saprotrophs, eating decaying plant and animal matter in the soil or in
ponds and streams. In other species, the larvae are insectivores and prey on aphids, thrips, and other
plant-sucking insects.

Some adult syrphid flies are important pollinators.

Eggs are tiny, about 1mm in size, ovate-shaped, and glistening-white. These are found laid singly
and close to the developing aphid colony in the leaves, shoots, or stems of the plants. They hatch
within 2-3 days.

The larvae, known as Syrphids, are legless slug like maggots, about 1-13 mm in length depending on
their larval stages. They usually have a mottled-gray, beige, or light-green color. They lift their
pointed heads to look for preys. Once preys are located, their mouthparts suck out the contents of the
preys. Larvae are frequently found feeding on aphids in the sheltered and curled portion of leaves.
They blend well with their habitat and therefore they must be looked for closely to locate them.

Pupae are teardrops shaped and are found in the soil surface or in the plant's foliage.
Adult hoverflies are true flies with only two wings instead of four which most insects have. Adults
are large and beautiful insects about 13 mm long. They have a dark head, a dark thorax, and a banded
yellow and black abdomen. They closely resemble bees or wasps rather than flies. Their habit of
hovering like humming birds gave them the names hoverflies or flower flies. They are expert
hoverers, able to remain absolutely stationary in midair. In some species, males will hover in certain
spots to attract the attention of females while other species patrol a wider area of up to 100 yards to
feed and mate. They dart from flower to flower making them easy to distinguish from the bees and
wasps. They feed on pollen, nectar, and honeydew. They are good pollinators.
Conservation
Hoverflies are attracted to all flowering plants but even more so to small-flowered herbs like wild
mustard, coriander, dill, lupins, sunflower, and fennel. It is advisable to have multiple crops as adults
basically feed on pollen and nectar and it is advisable to allow flowering weeds such as wild carrot
and yarrow to grow between crop plants.

Hoverflies' larvae are most noticeable in the latter half of the growing season when aphids are
established.

Companion Plants
Include alyssum, Iberis umbellata, statice, buckwheat, chamomile, parsley, and yarrow.

External links

University of Florida. Beneficial organisms. woodypest.ifas.ufl.edu/beneficl.htm
Sussex Nature Web. Hoverflies. www.sussexnatureweb.btinternet.co.uk/hoverflies.html
Texas A&M University Entomology. Insect pests of Sorghum. sorghumipm.tamu.edu
ATTRA. Plants that attract beneficials. attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/farmscaping/fsappendixa.html
IPM Images. Syrphid or flower flies. www.insectimages.org/browse/subimages.cfm
UC Davis. Syrphid, flower, or hover flies. www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/NE/syrphid_flies.html

References
Ellis, B.; Bradley, F. (1996): The organic gardener's handbook of natural insect and disease control.
Rodale Press. Emmaus, Pennsylvania.
Pennington, M. (1999): Dipterists Digest. Vol. 6.
Teetes, G.; Pendleton, B. (1999): Insect pests of sorghum. Department of Entomology. Texas A&M
University.
Yepsen, R. Editor. (1984): The encyclopedia of natural insect and disease control. Rodale Press,
Emmaus, PA.

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Plants That Attract Beneficial Insects

LACEWINGS (Chrysopa spp.)

Beautiful little green or brown insects with large lacy wings. Individual white eggs are found laid on
the ends of inch-long stiff threads. It is the larvae (which look like little alligators) that destroy most
of the pests. They are sometimes called aphid lions for their habit of dining on aphids. They also feed
on mites, other small insects and insect eggs.

The lacewing, which is also attracted to well-lit windows and screens on spring and summer
evenings.

Plants that attract lacewings:

Achillea filipendulina Fern-leaf yarrow
Anethum graveolens Dill
Angelica gigas Angelica
Anthemis tinctoria Golden marguerite
Atriplex canescens Four-wing saltbush
Callirhoe involucrata Purple poppy mallow
Carum Carvi Caraway
Coriandrum sativum Coriander

Cosmos bipinnatus Cosmos white sensation
Daucus Carota Queen Anne's lace
Foeniculum vulgare Fennel
Helianthus maximilianii Prairie sunflower
Tanacetum vulgare Tansy
Taraxacum officinale Dandelion

LADYBUGS

Recognized when they are adults by most gardeners. However, the young larvae, black with orange
markings, eat more pests than the adults, and they can't fly. Yellowish eggs are laid in clusters
usually on the undersides of leaves.

Plants that attract ladybugs:

Achillea millefolium Common yarrow
Ajuga reptans Carpet bugleweed
Alyssum saxatilis Basket of Gold
Asclepias tuberosa Butterfly weed
Fagopyrum esculentum Buckwheat
Helianthus maximilianii Prairie sunflower
Penstemon strictus Rocky Mt. penstemon
Potentilla recta 'warrenii' Sulfur cinquefoil
Potentilla villosa Alpine cinquefoil
Tagetes tenuifolia Marigold - lemon gem
Taraxacum officinale Dandelion
Veronica spicata Spike speedwell
Vicia villosa Hairy vetch

HOVERFLIES

Also known as syrphid fly, hover fly or flower fly. Adults look like little bees that hover over and
dart quickly away. They don't sting! They lay eggs (white, oval, laid singly or in groups on leaves)
which hatch into green, yellow, brown, orange, or white half-inch maggots that look like caterpillars.
They raise up on their hind legs to catch and feed on aphids, mealybugs and others.

Plants that attract hoverflies:

Ajuga reptans Carpet bugleweed
Allium tanguticum Lavender globe lily
Alyssum saxatilis Basket of Gold
Aster alpinus Dwarf alpine aster
Astrantia major Masterwort
Carum Carvi Caraway
Chrysanthemum parthenium Feverfew
Lavandula angustifolia English lavender
Limnanthes douglasii Poached egg plant
Limonium latifolium Statice
Linaria vulgaris Butter and eggs
Lobelia erinus Edging lobelia
Lobularia maritima Sweet alyssum - white
Melissa officinalis Lemon balm
Mentha pulegium Pennyroyal
Mentha spicata Spearmint
Monarda fistulosa Wild bergamot
Penstemon strictus Rocky Mt. penstemon
Petroselinum crispum Parsley
Rudbeckia fulgida Gloriosa daisy
Sedum kamtschaticum Orange stonecrop
Sedum spurium & album Stonecrops
Solidago virgaurea Peter Pan goldenrod
Stachys officinalis Wood betony
Thymus serpylum coccineus Crimson thyme
Veronica spicata Spike speedwell
Zinnia elegans Zinnia - liliput

PARASITIC MINI-WASPS

Parasites of a variety of insects. They do not sting! The stingers have been adapted to allow the
females to lay their eggs in the bodies of insect pests. The eggs then hatch, and the young feed on the

pests from the inside, killing them. After they have killed the pests, they leave hollow "mummies."

Braconid wasps feed on moth, beetle and fly larvae, moth eggs, various insect pupae and adults. If
you see lots of white capsules on the backs of a caterpillar, these are the braconid cocoons--leave the
dying caterpillar alone!

Ichneumonid wasps control moth, butterfly, beetle and fly larvae and pupae. Trichogramma wasps
lay their eggs in the eggs of moths (hungry caterpillars-to-be), killing them and turning them black.

The black dot in the middle of the picture is an emerging encarsia wasp, which is hatching out of an
immature stage of a (now dead) whitefly. The wasp lays its eggs onto young whiteflies.

Plants that attract parasitic mini-wasps:

Allium tanguticum Lavender globe lily
Astrantia major Masterwort
Carum Carvi Caraway
Limonium latifolium Statice
Linaria vulgaris Butter and eggs
Lobelia erinus Edging lobelia
Lobularia maritima Sweet alyssum - white
Sedum kamtschaticum Orange stonecrop
Thymus serpylum coccineus Crimson thyme
Zinnia elegans Zinnia - liliput

TACHINID FLIES

Parasites of caterpillars (corn earworm, imported cabbage worm, cabbage looper, cutworms,
armyworms), stink bug, squash bug nymphs, beetle and fly larvae, some true bugs, and beetles.
Adults are 1/3 to 1/2 inch long. White eggs are deposited on foliage or on the body of the host (in the

picture below, the tachinid fly is approaching the larvae of an elm leaf beetle). Larvae are internal
parasites, feeding within the body of the host, sucking its body fluids to the point the pest dies.

Plants that attract tachinid flies:

Phacelia tanacetifolia Phacelia
Thymus serpyllum coccineus Crimson thyme

MINUTE PIRATE BUGS (Orius spp.)

Tiny (1/20 inch long) bugs that feed on almost any small insect or mite, including thrips, aphids,
mites, scales, whiteflies and soft-bodied arthropods, but are particularly attracted to thrips in spring.

DAMSEL BUGS (Nabis spp.)

Feed on aphids, leafhoppers, plant bugs, and even small caterpillars as adults and nymphs
(teenagers). They are usually dull brown and resemble other plant bugs that are pests. Their heads are
usually longer and narrower then most plant feeding species (the better to eat with).

BIG EYED BUGS (Geocoris spp.)

Small (1/4 inch long), grayish-beige, oval shaped) bugs with large eyes that feed on many small
insects (e.g., leaf hoppers, spider mites), insect eggs, and mites, as both nymphs and adults. Eggs are
football shaped, whitish-gray with red spots.

Plants that attract minute pirate bugs, damsel bugs and big eyed bugs:

Carum Carvi Caraway
Cosmos bipinnatus Cosmos - white sensation
Medicago sativa Alfalfa
Mentha spicata Spearmint
Solidago virgaurea Peter Pan goldenrod

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Information Sources
scpa.org.au
thebegavalley.org.au/seedsavers.html

www.oisat.org/control_methods/natural_enemies/predators/hoverfly.html
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoverfly
counties.cce.cornell.edu/chemung/publications/companion-planting.pdf
ceeldorado.ucdavis.edu/files/23196.htm
www.puyallup.wsu.edu/~Linda%20Chalker-
Scott/Horticultural%20Myths_files/Myths/Companion%20plants.pdf
ucce.ucdavis.edu/datastore/detailreport.cfm
www.didgood.com/health/naturalpestcontrol.html
www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/whri/research/integratedpestmanagement/companionplanting/biologist_
jun03.pdfHorticulture
weblogs.newsday.com/features/home/gardendetective_blog/2008/07/companion_planting_a_chemic
alf.html
www.gb0063551.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/seeog/companion/
www.ghorganics.com/page2.html
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allelopath
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_garden
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_beneficial_weeds
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_repellent_plants
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyculture
www.eartheasy.com/grow_xeriscape.htm
www.farmerfred.com/plants_that_attract_benefi.html

Sample Species
ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl
www.monticellocatalog.org/631019.html
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarrow
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsley
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckwheat
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statice

~

Companion Planting INCREASES Food Production by 250 Percent
One of the goals of research in South Africa is to look at ways to boost food production with the
practice of intercropping (companion planting, or growing crops together) a cereal grain crop, like
sorghum, with bean crops. We have been intercropping sorghum with legumes planted in row of zai
pits.

Why grow beans? Being legumes, bean crops can improve soils by converting nitrogen from the air
into forms that crops can use. The crops we are working with are quite tolerant of dry conditions and
produce vines that cover the ground, protect6ing it from the intense tropical sun and creating an
environments in which soil microorganisms, can thrive. Moreover, the legumes provide the farmer
with a harvest of dried, edible beans.

What are zai holes? The zai system originated in West Africa as a way to cope with drought and hard
encrusted soil. Drought tolerant grain crops such as sorghum or millet are planted in pits about 12
inches, 6 inches deep. With the excavated soil thrown to the downhill side, the pits act as tiny water
catchment basins, making maximum use of what little rainfall is received. Several handfuls of
manure are traditionally placed in each pit, concentrating nutrients near the crop roots.

Have we seen any benefits? The results we have so far are from year one of a sorghum-legumes
intercropping strategy within the zai system. Most of the legumes we have tried have grown very
well, but cowpea produced the most dried beans.

It increase total grain production from 400 kilograms per hectare when grown sorghum alone to
about 1400 kilograms per hectare when grown together with cowpeas.

It also increased soil nitrogen as well as nitrogen taken up by the sorghum plants.

All of this is very encouraging from the perspective of the smallholder farmer, because it means they
have a way to improve their soils while greatly increasing food production.

NATURAL SOLUTIONS in Africa by Using Companion Planting
Across East Africa, thousands of farmers are planting weeds in their maize fields (Companion
Planting). Bizarre as it sounds, their technique is actually raising yields by giving the insect pests
something else to chew on besides maize.

It is better than pesticides and a lot cheaper, said Ziadin Khan, whose idea it is.

And it has raised farm yields by 60-70 Percents.

In East Africa, maize fields face two major pests, and Khan has a solution to both. The first is an
insect called the stem borer. True to its name, it s larvae eat their way through a third of the regions'
maize most years.

But Khan discovered that the borer in even fonder of a local weed, napier grass. By planting napier
grass in their fields , farmers can lure the stem borers away from the maize and into a honey trap. For
the grass produces a sticky substance that traps and kills stem borer larvae.

The second major pest is Striga, a parasitic plant that wrecks 10 billion dollars worth damage on
maize crops every year, threating the livelihoods of one hundred million Africans.

Weeding Striga is one of the most time consuming activities for millions of African women farmers,
says Khan.

But he has an antidote: another weed, called Desmodium. It seems to release some sort of chemical
that Striga does not like. At any rate, where farmers plant Desmodium between rows of maize, Striga
will not grow.

Khan's cheap fixes for Striga and stem borer are spreading like wildfire through the fields of East
Africa.

Trials on more than 2,000 farms are finished. It is out of our hands now, says Khan's boss Hans
Herren , who is the director of the International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology in Nairobi.

The ideas are being taken up by framers in countries such as Ethiopia where we have never worked.

Khan's novel way of fighting pests is one of the host of Low-Tech Innovations boosting
production by 100 percent or more on millions of poor Thirds World farms in the past
decade.

This Sustainable Agriculture just happens to be the biggest movement in Third World Farming
today, dwarfing the tentative forays in genetic manipulation.
It seems peasant farmers have a long way to go before they exhaust the possibilities of traditional
agriculture

~

COMPANION PLANTING BOOKS
(Intercropping Gardening, Mixed Vegetables Gardening, Polycultures Gardening):

Carrots Love Tomatoes and Roses Love Garlic: Secrets of Companion Planting for Successful
Gardening; by Louise Riotte
http://www.librarything.com/work/141405
http://books.google.com/books?id=MtFvQnYDy_sC
http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37688263 bookfinder.com addall.com booksprice.com

A-Z of Companion Planting; by Pamela Allardice
http://books.google.com/books?id=OD4iHQAACAAJ

A Crash Course on Companion Planting; by Ralph Cummings
~ Nook book allbookstores.com bing.com bookfinder.com yahoo.com

Bob's Basics Companion Planting; by Bob Flowerdew
http://books.google.com/books?id=LyWr_nVIKNYC

Biological Pest Control, including: Bird, Bacillus Thuringiensis, Predation, Companion Planting,
Disease Resistance In Fruit And Vegetables, Biocide, Parasitoid, Pyrethrum, Beetle Bank, Scoliidae,
Pyrethrin, Fire Ant, Integrated Pest Management, Tansy; by Hephaestus Books
http://books.google.com/books?id=OGmQSQAACAAJ

Companion Gardening in New Zealand: Working with Mother Nature; by Judith Collins
http://books.google.com/books?id=gvJIHQAACAAJ

Companion Planting; by Jeannine Davidoff - South African Organic Gardener
http://www.blurb.com http://www.yahoo.com http://www.google.com

~
Companion Planting; by Margaret Roberts
http://books.google.com/books?id=U4FZAAAACAAJ
http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/139975988

Companion Planting; by Richard Bird
http://books.google.com/books?id=5xsGAAAACAAJ

Companion Planting and Intensive Cultivation; by Nancy Lee Maffia
http://books.google.com/books?id=cQfatgAACAAJ

Companion Planting Boost Your Garden's Health, Secure It From Pests And Grow More Vegetables;
by Ephraim Acre http://www.amazon.co.uk http://www.dealzilla.co.uk
http://www.yahoo.com http://www.google.com http://www.bing.com
~ Kindle book allbookstores.com bing.com bookfinder.com yahoo.com

Companion Planting for Australian Gardens; by Kelly Morris
http://books.google.com/books?id=OXicOO4HMFUC

Companion Planting For Beginners; by Wendi Eaton

Companion Planting for Successful Gardening; by Louise Riotte

Companion Planting for Veggies; by Annette Welsford
http://www.companionplantingguide.com http://www.librarything.com/work/8981096

Companion Planting Guide; by Julie Villani

~
Companion Planting In Australia; by Brenda Little
http://books.google.com/books?id=WcV0PQAACAAJ

Companion Planting in New Zealand; by Brenda Little
http://books.google.com/books?id=y0EtOAAACAAJ

Companion Planting Made Easy; by Editors of Organic Gardening Magazine
google.com bing.com bookfinder.com addall.com booksprice.com

Companion Planting: Successful Gardening the Organic Way; by Gertrud Franck
http://books.google.com/books?id=C7M4AQAACAAJ

Companion Plants and How to Use Them: A Guide to Planting the Right Plants to Ward off Plant
Diseases; by Helen Louise Porter Philbrick
http://books.google.com/books?id=GqyMAAAACAAJ

Complete Guide to Companion Planting: Everything You Need to Know to Make Your Garden
Successful; by Dale Mayer
http://books.google.com/books?id=32xpkvpXyvIC

Garden Companion to Native Plants. Selecting, Planting and Caring for over 400 Australian Native
Plants; by Allan Seale
http://books.google.com/books?id=mW_gPAAACAAJ

~
Good Companions: A Guide to Gardening with Plants that Help Each Other; by Bob Flowerdew
http://books.google.com/books?id=AnF5qClHJqsC

Good Neighbors: Companion Planting for Gardeners; by Anna Carr
http://books.google.com/books?id=2yNIAAAAYAAJ

Great Garden Companions: A Companion-Planting System for a Beautiful, Chemical-Free Vegetable
Garden; by Sally Jean Cunningham
http://books.google.com/books?id=bYOPlJt6SfAC

Growing Together: the A to Z of Companion Planting; by Susan Tomnay
http://books.google.com/books?id=zJafPQAACAAJ

How to Grow World Record Tomatoes: a Guinness World Record Holder, Reveals His
All-Organic Secrets. His organic methods work with other crops; by Charles Wilber
http://librarything.com/work/1752882
http://books.google.com/books?id=hQdIAAAAYAAJ
http://worldcat.org/oclc/40948283 bookfinder.com addall.com booksprice.com

Intercropping: A Step Towards Sustainability; by Haseeb ur Rehman
http://books.google.com/books?id=0a8RTwEACAAJ

Jackie French's Guide to Companion Planting in Australia and New Zealand; by Jackie French
http://books.google.com/books?id=aAvWAAAACAAJ

~
List of Companion Plants; by Frederic P Miller
http://www.alibris.com
http://books.google.com/books?id=y1EzygAACAAJ

My Garden Companion: A Complete Guide for the Beginner, With a Special Emphasis on Useful
Plants and Intensive Planting in the Wayside, Dooryard, Patio, Rooftop, and Vacant Lot ; by Jamie
Jobb
http://books.google.com/books?id=MbhFAAAAYAAJ

Organic Gardening Books, Eco Farming Books, DVD's, Newsletter and Much More
http://www.acresusa.com

Planting The Future: Saving Our Medicinal Herbs; by Rosemary Gladstar
http://books.google.com/books?id=ndk42wxMBzUC

Primer of Companion Planting: Herbs and Their Part in Good Gardening ; by Richard B. Gregg
http://books.google.com/books?id=ZtXIMAEACAAJ

Principles and Practice of Plant Conservation; by David R. Given
http://books.google.com/books?id=tHvwAAAAMAAJ

Rodale's Successful Organic Gardening: Companion Planting; by Susan McClure
http://books.google.com/books?id=nRdVNgAACAAJ

~
Sharing the Harvest: A Citizen's Guide to Community Supported Agriculture ; by Elizabeth Henderson
librarything.com/4557502 books.google.com/13sDbCIz0ooC worldcat.org/oclc/144328213
http://localharvest.org

Secrets of Companion Planting: Plants That Help, Plants That Hurt; by Brenda Little
http://books.google.com/books?id=byjoAAAACAAJ

Soil Mates: Companion Plants for Your Vegetable Garden; by Sara Alway
http://books.google.com/books?id=TV_wRQAACAAJ

South African Planting and Companion Planting Guide; by Jeannine Davidoff

Sustainable Gardening, including: Raised Bed Gardening, Energy-efficient Landscaping,
Permaculture, Masanobu Fukuoka, Companion Planting, Biological Pest Control, Leaf Mold, Spent
Mushroom Compost, Green Roof, Agroecology, Wildlife Garden, Mulch ; by Hephaestus Books
http://books.google.com/books?id=qhaLtgAACAAJ

Tending The Wild: Native American Knowledge and the Management of California's Natural
Resources; by M. Kat Anderson
http://books.google.com/books?id=WM--vVFtnvkC

The A-Z of Companion Planting; by Jayne Neville
http://books.google.com/books?id=f80bQwAACAAJ

~
The Best Gardening Ideas I Know: Foolproof way to start any seed, Compost piles that work,
Practical companion planting, More vegetables in less space, Succession planting chart, Natural
weed controls, Mulching with weeds, Midsummer feeding; by Robert Rodale
http://books.google.com/books?id=H3esPwAACAAJ

Climate Change, Intercropping, Pest Control and Beneficial Microorganisms ; by Eric Lichtfouse
http://books.google.com/books?id=RNsyKTwTfgY

Intercropping And The Scientific Basis Of Traditional Agriculture; by Donald Quayle Innis
http://books.google.com/books?id=pPk4AQAAIAAJ

The Complete Book of Herbs: A Practical Guide to Cultivating, Drying, and Cooking With More
Than 50 Herbs; by Emma Callery
http://books.google.com/books?id=GehUsea2PqcC

The Complete Guide to Companion Planting: Everything You Need to Know to Make Your Garden
Successful; by Dale Mayer
http://books.google.com/books?id=32xpkvpXyvIC

The Cook and the Gardener: A Year of Recipes and Writings for the French Countryside; by Amanda
Hesser
http://books.google.com/books?id=7mYoAAAACAAJ

~

The Ecology of Intercropping; by John H. Vandermeer
http://books.google.com/books?id=CvyyTVq_o70C

The Huge Book of Organic Gardening and Companion Planting; by Billie Rex
http://books.google.com/books?id=ZuKIZwEACAAJ

The Natural Garden: A New Zealander's Guide to Companion Gardening, Natural Pest Control and
Soil Health; by Michael Crooks
http://books.google.com/books?id=0oS6AQAACAAJ

Your Backyard Herb Garden: A Gardener's Guide to Growing Over 50 Herbs Plus How to Use Them
in Cooking, Crafts, Companion Planting and More; by Miranda Smith
http://books.google.com/books?id=Zxxm0awYC3QC
http://www.worldcat.or/oclc/34722846 bookfinder.com addall.com booksprice.com

SWAP your Books with Other People
http://www.scribd.com/doc/81071919
http://www.calameo.com/books/00115999712e89ac6bda5

~
ORGANIC GARDENING TECHNOLOGIES
INCREASING Plant Yields by over 400
PERCENT
http://www.scribd.com/doc/75160339
http://www.calameo.com/books/0010511867e619fa5b018

Remineralize your Soil ~ Healthy Soil, Healthy Plants, Healthy People
http://remineralize.org

Soil Regeneration with Volcanic Rock Dust
http://calameo.com/books/00062163120384c54b373
http://scribd.com/doc/30402511
Volcanic Rock Dust added to soil can double plant or lawn growth.

Compost Tea Making: For Organic Healthier Vegetables, Flowers, Orchards, Vineyards, Lawns; by
Marc Remillard
librarything.com/11197572 books.google.com/PZHObwAACAAJ worldcat.org/oclc/744677817

A Worm Tea Primer: how to make and use worm tea for a vibrant organic garden; by Cassandra
Truax
http://vermico.com

SoilSoup Compost Tea ~ Healthy Soil, Healthy Plants, Healthy People
http://soilsoup.com
SoilSoup Compost Tea is an excellent soil builder and organic fertilizer.
Soil Soup is very easy to handle and use.

Growing Solutions ~ Healthy Soil, Healthy Plants, Healthy People
http://www.growingsolutions.com

Zing Bokashi: Recycling Organic Waste with Effective Microorganisms (EM)
http://www.zingbokashi.co.nz

An Earth Saving Revolution (Volume 2) EM: Amazing Applications to Agricultural,
Environmental, and Medical Problems; by Dr. Teruo Higa ~ EM = Effective Microorganism
http://books.google.com/books?id=drOMQQAACAAJ

~

ORGANIC GARDENING and Eco Gardening
~ Healthy Soil, Healthy Plants, Healthy People

Advanced Aeroponics; by Chad Peterson

20 Best Small Gardens: Innovative Designs for every Site and Situation; by Tim Newbury
http://books.google.com/books?id=2i2qQgAACAAJ

101 Ideas for Veg from Small Spaces: Delicious Crops from Tiny Plots; by Jane Moore
http://books.google.com/books?id=VcYUOgAACAAJ

101 Organic Gardening Tips; by Sheri Ann Richerson
http://books.google.com/books?id=UDI-YgEACAAJ

300 of the Most Asked Questions About Organic Gardening; by Charles Gerras; Rodale Organic
Gardening Magazine
http://books.google.com/books?id=94VFAQAAIAAJ

365 Down-To-Earth Gardening Hints and Tips; by Susan McClure
http://books.google.com/books?id=EvJL7JsrCq8C

1,001 Old-Time Garden Tips: Timeless Bits of Wisdom on How to Grow Everything Organically,
from the Good Old Days When Everyone Did; by Roger Yepsen
http://books.google.com/books?id=UzQHAAAACAAJ

~
A Beginners Guide to Organic Vegetable Gardening: Introduction to Composting, Worm Farming,
No Dig Raised and Wicking Gardens Plus More; by Mel Jeffreys

A Brief Guide to Organic Gardening; by Irish Seed Savers Association
http://www.irishseedsavers.ie
http://www.google.com http://www.bing.com

A Child's Organic Garden: Grow Your Own Delicious Nutritious Foods, Australia ; by Lee Fryer
http://books.google.com/books?id=QFPfAQAACAAJ

A Guide to Organic Gardening in Australia; by Michael J. Roads
http://books.google.com/books?id=ZNGaAQAACAAJ

A Patch of Eden: America's Inner-City Gardeners; by H. Patricia Hynes
http://books.google.com/books?id=QqBHAAAAMAAJ

A Treatise on the Management of Peach and Nectarine Trees: Either in Forcing-Houses, or on Hot
and Common Walls. Containing an Effectual and Easy Process for Preventing Them from Being
Infected with Any Species of Insects; by Thomas Kyle
http://books.google.com/books?id=kTREAAAAYAAJ
http://www.echobooks.org

A Year on the Garden Path: A 52-Week Organic Gardening Guide; by Carolyn Herriot
http://books.google.com/books?id=5y9VYgEACAAJ

~
Adobe and Rammed Earth Buildings: Design and Construction; by Paul G. McHenry
http://books.google.com/books?id=q4GU71IMn3kC

Advanced Organic Gardening (Rodale's Grow-It Guides); by Anna Carr
http://books.google.com/books?id=nhrSAAAACAAJ

Advancing Biological Farming: Practicing Mineralized, Balanced Agriculture to Improve Soils and
Crops; by Gary F. Zimmer
http://books.google.com/books?id=nifUZwEACAAJ

Agriculture in the City: A Key to Sustainability in Havana, Cuba; by Maria Caridad Cruz
http://books.google.com/books?id=qySx0yq9Jd4C

Agricultural Options of the Poor: A Handbook for Those Who Serve Them; by Timothy N. Motts
http://www.echobooks.org http://www.google.com http://www.bing.com

All-Time Best Gardening Secrets; by the Editors of Organic Gardening Magazine
http://books.google.com/books?id=jpFHYAAACAAJ

Allergy-Free Gardening: The Revolutionary Guide to Healthy Landscaping; by Thomas Leo Ogren
http://books.google.com/books?id=UnAlAQAAMAAJ

~
Allotment Gardening: An Organic Guide For Beginners; by Susan Berger, the Organic Centre, Ireland
http://books.google.com/books?id=gtlYoks42I4C

Alternatives to Peat; by Pauline Pears
http://books.google.com/books?id=O6KaXwAACAAJ

Amaranth to Zai Holes: Ideas for Growing Food Under Difficult Conditions; by Laura S. Meitzner
http://books.google.com/books?id=__RHAAAAYAAJ

An Earth Saving Revolution (Volume 2) EM: Amazing Applications to Agricultural,
Environmental, and Medical Problems; by Dr. Teruo Higa ~ EM = Effective Microorganism
http://books.google.com/books?id=drOMQQAACAAJ

Any Size, Anywhere Edible Gardening: The No Yard, No Time, No Problem Way to Grow Your
Own Food; by William Moss
http://books.google.com/books?id=G2D8TmIR_agC
~ Kindle book ~ Nook book allbookstores.com bing.com bookfinder.com

Anything Grows: Ingenious Ways To Grow More Food In Front Yards, Backyards, Side Yards, In
The Suburbs, In The City, On Rooftops, Even Parking Lots; by Sheryl London
http://books.google.com/books?id=je44AQAAIAAJ

~
Apartment Gardening: Plants, Projects, and Recipes for Growing Food in Your Urban Home; by
Amy Pennington
librarything.com/11367320 books.google.com/UNa9bwAACAAJ worldcat.org/oclc/759838812

Aquaponic Gardening: A Step-By-Step Guide to Raising Vegetables; by Sylvia Bernstein
http://books.google.com/books?isbn=1550924893

Asphalt to Ecosystems: Design Ideas for Schoolyard Transformation; by Sharon Gamson Danks
http://books.google.com/books?id=GzhxmxBsn5oC

Attracting Native Pollinators: The Xerces Society Guide Protecting North America's Bees and
Butterflies
http://books.google.com/books?id=iTwPEDL3nvMC

Australia and New Zealand Guide to Compost Gardening: A Guide to Gardening Without Digging:
by David Hornblow
http://books.google.com/books?id=QyanAQAACAAJ

Backyard Farming: Growing Your Own Fresh Vegetables, Fruits, and Herbs in a Small Space; by Lee
Foster
http://books.google.com/books?id=ZINjAAAACAAJ

Back to Eden; by Jethro Kloss - he was curing cancer in the 1930's
librarything.com/86035 books.google.com/blIQgUVUy_8C worldcat.org/28157353

~
Backyard Organic Gardening in Australia; by Brenda Little
http://books.google.com/books?id=KpGlYgEACAAJ

Backyard Bounty: The Complete Guide to Year-Round Organic Gardening in the Pacific Northwest;
by Linda A Gilkeson
http://books.google.com/books?id=xSOTCeV_m4gC
~ Kindle book ~ Nook book bookfinder.com addall.com booksprice.com

Balcony Gardening : Growing Herbs and Vegetables in a Small Urban Space; by Jeff Haase
http://books.google.com/books?id=DrJ-lwEACAAJ

Basic Book of Cloche and Frame Gardening; by W E Shewell-Cooper
http://books.google.com/books?id=YYmbAAAACAAJ

Basic Book of Natural Gardening; by Wilfred Edward Shewell-Cooper
http://books.google.com/books?id=oqTpRwAACAAJ

Basic Vegetable Gardening: Small-Scale Vegetable Production in Tropical Climates; by E.D. Adams
http://www.google.com
http://www.bing.com

Best Ideas for Organic Vegetable Growing; by Glenn F. Johns
http://books.google.com/books?id=p_V-ntrP768C

~
Best Methods for Growing Fruits and Berries; by Rodale Organic Gardening Magazine
http://books.google.com/books?id=SFwrlAEACAAJ

Better Vegetable Gardens the Chinese Way: Peter Chan's Raised-Bed System; by Peter Chan
http://books.google.com/books?id=TVsjAQAAMAAJ

Bible Plants for American Gardens; by Eleanor Anthony King
http://books.google.com/books?id=M1FfDLxT_DoC

Big Ideas for Northwest Small Gardens; by Marty Wingate
http://books.google.com/books?id=66yNsFIpGNoC

Biodynamics for the Home Garden, New Zealand; by Peter Proctor
http://books.google.com/books?id=NQtlLwEACAAJ

Biofertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture; by Arun K. Sharma
http://books.google.com/books?id=d7WOAAAACAAJ

Biological Transmutations; by C. Louis Kervran
http://books.google.com/books?id=FFoGAAAACAAJ

Bioshelter Market Garden: A Permaculture Farm; by Darrell Frey
librarything.com/10703491 books.google.com/Vx8enVBW5jwC worldcat.org/oclc/601130383

~
Botanica's Organic Gardening: The Healthy Way to Live and Grow; by Judyth McLeond.
http://books.google.com/books?id=5N1yjCNM8fIC

Breaking Through Concrete: Building an Urban Farm Revival; by David Hanson
http://books.google.com/books?id=pW1r0u95OLEC

Building and Using Cold Frames; by Charles Siegchrist
http://books.google.com/books?id=_YZgFQ4fwSUC

Building Soils Naturally: Innovative Methods for Organic Gardeners; by Phil Nauta
http://books.google.com/books?id=aJdtMAEACAAJ

Building With Cob: A Step-by-step Guide; by Adam Weismann
http://books.google.com/books?id=ri45AQAAIAAJ
~ Kindle book allbookstores.com bing.com bookfinder.com

Bush-Fruits: A Horticultural Monograph of Raspberries, Blackberries, Dewberries, Currants,
Gooseberries, and Other Shrub-Like Fruits; by Fred W. Card
http://books.google.com/books?id=NHP3f3W2hH0C

Charles Dowding's Vegetable Course; by Charles Dowding
http://books.google.com/books?id=IPeNZwEACAAJ

~
Chico's Organic Gardening and Natural Living; by Frank Bucaro
http://books.google.com/books?id=G9axOAAACAAJ

City Bountiful: A Century of Community Gardening in America; by Laura J. Lawson
http://books.google.com/books?id=lgopAQAAMAAJ

City People's Book of Raising Food; by Helga Olkowski
http://books.google.com/books?id=t04WPwAACAAJ

City Permaculture, Volume 1: Sustainable Living in Small Spaces; by Earth Garden Publication
http://www.bing.com

City Permaculture, Volume 2; by Earth Garden Publication
http://www.bing.com

Clay Soil Gardening - Australasian Edition; by Michael Carr

Cold-Climate Gardening; by Lewis Hill
http://books.google.com/books?id=YYac91iUGr8C

Comfrey: Fodder, Food and Remedy, United Kingdom; by Lawrence Donegan Hills
http://books.google.com/books?id=VfQ4AQAAIAAJ

~
Comfrey Report: The Story of the World's Fastest Protein Builder and Herbal Healer; by Lawrence D.
Hills
http://books.google.com/books?id=BGc4RAAACAAJ

Commonsense Gardening in Australia: Organic Growing for All Gardeners ; by Panorama Books
http://books.google.com/books?id=MtkAuAAACAAJ

Common Sense Organic Gardening; by Warner Fremont Bower

Community Gardening, New Zealand; by Stephen Trinder
http://books.google.com/books?id=WYrpLQAACAAJ

Complete Organic Gardening: A Comprehensive Guide to Better Gardening and Increased Self
Sufficiency; by Jonathan Sturm
http://books.google.com/books?id=pFsAAQAACAAJ

Compost and Mulch Gardening; by Rodale Organic Gardening Magazine
http://books.google.com/books?id=0lrWAAAAMAAJ

Compost Gardening: A New Time-Saving System for More Flavorful Vegetables, Bountiful Blooms,
and the Richest Soil You've Ever Seen; by by Wilfred Edward Shewell-Cooper
http://books.google.com/books?id=oHJlNQAACAAJ

~
Compost, Vermicompost, and Compost Tea; by Grace Gershuny
http://books.google.com/books?id=Xub8aChfFsIC

Composting: The Ultimate Organic Guide to Recycling Your Garden, Australia; by Tim Marshall
http://books.google.com/books?id=lGpz4mFf6-QC

Composting for Manure Management; by The Staff of BioCycle
http://books.google.com/books?id=U44dAQAAMAAJ

Composting Inside And Out: The Comprehensive Guide To Reusing Trash, Saving Money And
Enjoying The Benefits Of Organic Gardening; by Stephanie Davies
http://books.google.com/books?id=ITTfPbwXyNkC

Country Wisdom and Know-How: Everything You Need To Know to Live Off the Land; by Storey
Publishing
http://books.google.com/books?id=x1wezh3aP34C

Contour Farming with Living Barriers; by World Neighbors
http://books.google.com/books?id=5sXdlAEACAAJ

Converting to Organic Farming; by Nicolas Lampkin
http://books.google.com/books?id=CPZHAAAAYAAJ

~
Converting to Organic Farming; by David Younie
http://books.google.com/books?id=1844MwEACAAJ

Converting to Organic Farming; by Hartmut Vogtmann

Creative Sustainable Gardening for the Twenty-First Century, New Zealand; by Diana Anthony

Creative Vegetable Gardening; by Joy Larkcom
http://books.google.com/books?id=lrk9PgAACAAJ

Crop Rotation and Cover Cropping: Soil Resiliency and Health on the Organic Farm; by Seth Kroeck
http://books.google.com/books?id=vp5xYRVkIzAC

Cultivating Community: Principles and Practices for Community Gardening as a Community-
Building Tool; by Karen Payne
http://books.google.com/books?id=1ELkGwAACAAJ

Desert Gardening for Beginners: How to Grow Vegetables, Flowers and Herbs in an Arid Climate; by
Cathy Cromell
http://books.google.com/books?id=zrINAAAACAAJ

~
Desert Gardening: Fruits and Vegetables; by George Brookbank
http://books.google.com/books?id=Fmzr1uGU4jkC

Desert Harvest: A Guide to Vegetable Gardening in Arid Lands; by Jane Nyhuis
http://books.google.com/books?id=AVdYpwAACAAJ

Digging Deeper: Integrating Youth Gardens into Schools and Communities, A Comprehensive
Guide; by Joseph Kiefer
http://books.google.com/books?id=Hu_ZAAAACAAJ

Don't Throw It, Grow It: 68 Windowsill Plants From Kitchen Scraps; by Millicent Selsam
http://books.google.com/books?id=71kCTjFilNMC
~ Kindle book ~ Nook book bookfinder.com addall.com booksprice.com

Down to Earth: The Absolute Beginner's Guide to Growing Organic Vegetables, New Zealand; by
David Prosser
http://books.google.com/books?id=g9K1PQAACAAJ

Dr. Shewell-Cooper's Basic Book of Fruit Growing, United Kingdom; by Wilfred Edward Shewell-
Cooper
http://books.google.com/books?id=3G2ZPAAACAAJ

~
Drip Irrigation for Every Landscape and All Climates: Helping Your Garden Flourish, While
Conserving Water; by Robert Kourik
http://books.google.com/books?id=pj5_AAAACAAJ

Earthbag Building: The Tools, Tricks and Techniques; by Kaki Hunter
http://books.google.com/books?id=5TLCbGmcGLUC

Easy Garden Projects to Make, Build, and Grow: 200 Do-It-Yourself Ideas to Help You Grow Your
Best Garden Ever, by Barbara Pleasant
http://books.google.com/books?id=y9GpDTUwG4kC

Easy Organic Gardening and Moon Planting; Lyn Bagnall
http://books.google.com/books?id=ZTgmRxGxb-0C

Eat More Dirt: Diverting and Instructive Tips for Growing and Tending an Organic Garden; by Ellen
Sandbeck
http://books.google.com/books?id=9L-bI_M_WskC

Eat the Weeds; by Ben Charles Harris
http://books.google.com/books?id=tB1FAAAAYAAJ

~
Eat Your Garden: Organic Gardening for Home and Schools; Leonie Shanahan
http://books.google.com/books?id=VwGJSQAACAAJ

ECHO Appropriate Technologies Book; by ECHO

Eco-Farm, An Acres U.S.A. Primer: The definitive guide to managing farm and ranch soil fertility,
crops, fertilizers, weeds and insects while avoiding dangerous chemicals; by Jr. Charles Walters
librarything.com/326739 books.google.com/hKodAQAAMAAJ worldcat.org/oclc/35908160

Ecological Gardening: Your Path to a Healthy Garden; by Marjorie Harris
http://books.google.com/books?id=T0jLCKrsV8AC

Edible Flower Garden; by Rosalind Creasy
http://books.google.com/books?id=AwGJVW948mwC

Edible Flowers Hydroponic Kit; by Institue of Simplified Hydroponics
carbon.org google.com bing.com yahoo.com

Edible Forest Gardens; by Dave Jacke
http://books.google.com/books?id=s_vwAAAAMAAJ

Edible Landscaping in the Desert Southwest: Wheelbarrow to Plate; by Catherine Crowley
http://books.google.com/books?id=uDio8-sC2wMC

~
Encyclopedia of Organic Gardening; by Pauline Pears, UK Garden Organic, Henry Doubleday
Research Assoc.
http://books.google.com/books?id=WywrPQAACAAJ

Enhanced Composting for Cold-Climate Biodegradation of Organic Contaminated in Soil; by James
D. Berg
http://books.google.com/books?id=9H9sHAAACAAJ

Essiac: A Native Herbal Cancer Remedy; by Cynthia B. Olsen
http://books.google.com/books?id=XdaoKpyNqjwC
~ Kindle book bookfinder.com addall.com booksprice.com

Extreme Gardening: How To Grow Organic In The Hostile Deserts; by David Owens
http://books.google.com/books?id=G2ANAAAACAAJ
~ Kindle book bookfinder.com addall.com booksprice.com

Fall and Winter Gardening: 25 Organic Vegetables to Plant and Grow for Late Season Food; by R.J.
Ruppenthal
http://books.google.com/books?id=cBO7MQEACAAJ

Fall and Winter Vegetable Gardening in the Pacific Northwest; by Oregon State University
http://books.google.com/books?id=plp1NwAACAAJ

Farm City: The Education of an Urban Farmer; by Novella Carpenter
librarything.com/11480723 books.google.com/KqUVJLLDJbQC worldcat.org/oclc/276819186

~
Farmers of Forty Centuries: Organic Farming in China, Korea, and Japan; by F. H. King
http://books.google.com/books?id=5IFxU_UP1l0C

Farming God's Way, Trainer's Reference Guide; by Grant W. Dryden
http://www.bing.com

Feed Me Right: Nutritional Know-How and Body Science; by Dee Pigneguy
http://books.google.com/books?id=KLCjPQAACAAJ

Feed Me Right Teacher's Resource: Nutritional Know-How and Body Science; by Dee Pigneguy
http://www.bing.com

Fertility without Fertilizers: A Basic Approach to Organic Garden; by Lawrence D. Hills
http://books.google.com/books?id=4_4JAQAAMAAJ

Fletcher Sims' Compost; by Charles Walters
http://books.google.com/books?id=wo0UAQAAMAAJ

Food, Not Lawns: How to Turn Your Yard into a Garden And Your Neighborhood into a
Community; by Heather Coburn Flores
http://librarything.com/work/1658215
http://books.google.com/books?id=M_DtwznYASwC

~
Food From Dryland Gardens: An Ecological, Nutritional, and Social Approach to Small-Scale
Household Food Production; by David Arthur Cleveland
http://books.google.com/books?id=1a8QAQAAMAAJ

Food Growing without Poisons; by Meta Strandberg
http://books.google.com/books?id=kMqCAAAACAAJ

Foods Jesus Ate and How to Grow Them; by Allan A. Swenson
http://books.google.com/books?id=Nx1GPwGTqz0C

Four-Season Harvest: Organic Vegetables from Your Home Garden All Year Long; by Eliot Coleman
http://books.google.com/books?id=QMHdDgkRjDkC

Fresh Food from Small Gardens, United Kingdom; by Brian George Furner
http://books.google.com/books?id=fq3aAAAACAAJ

Fresh Food from Small Spaces; by R.J. Ruppenthal
librarything.com/6347778 books.google.com/OPQXAfANf08 worldcat.org/oclc/225871288

Fresh Start Kit for Simple Hydroponics; by Institue of Simplified Hydroponics
carbon.org google.com bing.com yahoo.com

Fruit and Vegetables for Scotland: What to Grow and How to Grow It; by Kenneth Cox
http://books.google.com/books?id=iyWUtgAACAAJ

~
Fruits and Vegetables Under Glass; Apples, Apricots, Cherries, Figs, Grapes, Melons, Peaches and
Nectarines, Pears, Pineapples, Plums, Strawberries; by William Turner
http://books.google.com/books?id=E8_UygAACAAJ

Fruit for Australian Gardens: A Practical Guide to Growing Fruit at Home, Organic Methods
Included; by Paul Baxter
http://books.google.com/books?id=Ls4bAAAACAAJ

Fruits of Warm Climates; by Julia Frances Morton
http://books.google.com/books?id=pCgmAQAAMAAJ

Fruit Trees in Small Spaces: Abundant Harvests from Your Own Backyard ; by Colby Eierman
http://books.google.com/books?id=GbPHdcCktHYC

Gaia's Garden: A Guide To Home-Scale Permaculture; by Toby Hemenway
http://books.google.com/books?id=gxW0MGXha6cC

Garden Anywhere: How to Grow Gorgeous Container Gardens, Herb Gardens, Kitchen Gardens; by
Alys Fowler
http://books.google.com/books?id=JYD9OQAACAAJ

~
Garden My Heart: Organic Strategies for Backyard Sustainability; by Cecil Bothwell
http://books.google.com/books?id=alAtXrP8EAcC

Garden Wisdom and Know-How: Everything You Need to Know to Plant, Grow, and Harvest; by
Editors of Rodale Books
http://books.google.com/books?id=0vDd6X4pnY0C

Gardening Answers (Storey Country Wisdom Bulletin, Vol. A-49); by Storey Publishing
http://books.google.com/books?id=reAlzkJrLvwC

Gardening by the Foot: Mini Grow-Boxes for Maxi Yields; by Jacob R. Mittleider
http://books.google.com/books?id=GNFNewAACAAJ

Gardening Down-Under: A Guide to Healthier Soils and Plants; by Kevin Handreck
http://books.google.com/books?id=NFdY04HS9oEC

Gardening for Health and Nutrition; by John Philbrick
http://books.google.com/books?id=86Y6qCo8-tAC

Gardening for Planet Earth, New Zealand; by Dee Pigneguy
http://books.google.com/books?id=I-zjQgAACAAJ

~
Gardening for the Faint of Heart; by Robin Wheeler, Canadian Organic Growers
http://books.google.com/books?id=M5zEPQAACAAJ

Gardening in Clay Soil; by Sara Pitzer
http://books.google.com/books?id=HbODYMQNELIC

Gardening Naturally: Getting The Most from Your Organic Garden, Australia; by Ann Reilly
http://books.google.com/books?id=U2PsiASpd7IC

Gardening the Organic Way: A Central Minnesota Truck Gardener Offers Ideas and Observations ; by
David J. Schonberg
http://www.bing.com

Gardening Under Cover: A Northwest Guide to Solar Greenhouses, Cold Frames, and Cloches; by
William Head
http://books.google.com/books?id=CQhleOXhivgC

Gardening When It Counts: Growing Food in Hard Times; by Steve Solomon
http://books.google.com/books?id=lbohaJCxFnAC

Gardening with Cloches, United Kingdom; by Louis N Flawn
http://books.google.com/books?id=aFtCAAAAYAAJ

~
Gardening with Earthworms: A Manual for New Zealanders; by John Stemmer
http://books.google.com/books?id=xbHtXwAACAAJ

Gardening with Green Manures; by Pauline M. Pears
http://books.google.com/books?id=vtYfMgAACAAJ

Gardening With SPROUTS: A How-to Guide to Understanding Organic Gardening and Design; by
Daniel A Atlas
http://books.google.com/books?id=jgRMWNzvU3gC

Gardening without Peat: The Friends of the Earth Guide to Peat Alternatives ; by Graham Howell
http://books.google.com/books?id=ID8cAAAACAAJ

Gardening Without Chemicals: Grow Untreated Natural Vegetables And Fresh Garden Produce All
Year Round In Your Own Organic Garden Using These Homemade Recipes For Organic Fertilizer
And Natural Pesticides; by Henry Q. Wilson

Gardener to Gardener: 1,001 Greatest Gardening Tips Ever, the Best Hints and Techniques from the
Pages of Organic Magazine
http://books.google.com/books?id=kpoicRF6CrAC

Gaviotas: A Village to Reinvent the World; by Alan Weisman
http://books.google.com/books?id=vWR_LQys4hsC

~
Getting the Most from Your Garden: Using Advanced Intensive Gardening Techniques; by Dan
Wallace, Rodale Organic Gardening Magazine
http://books.google.com/books?id=rsP2AAAACAAJ

Getting Started in Permaculture: 50 Practical Projects to Build and Design Productive Gardens ; by
Ross Mars
http://books.google.com/books?id=0WUUHVpMSoEC

Golden Gate Gardening: The Complete Guide to Year-Round Food Gardening in the San Francisco
Bay Area and Coastal California; by Pam Peirce
http://books.google.com/books?id=TFv2PwAACAAJ

Great Garden Gadgets: Make-It-Yourself Gizmos and Projects; by Fern Marshall Bradley
http://books.google.com/books?id=0875969984

Green Harvest: A History of Organic Farming and Gardening in Australia; by Rebecca Jones
http://books.google.com/books?id=fXlumxpqbeUC

Greenhouses, Cloches and Frames; by Peter McHoy
http://books.google.com/books?id=aV0lAQAAMAAJ

Greenhouse Gardener's Companion; by Shane Smith
http://books.google.com/books?id=Onv60-c6iEIC

~
Greening of the Revolution: Cuba's Experiment with Organic Agriculture; by Peter Rossett
http://books.google.ca/books?id=JP9gAAAAMAAJ

Grow Anything Anywhere with the Garden Doctor; by Jacob R. Mittleider
http://books.google.com/books?id=5w9HAAAAYAAJ

Grow Fruit Naturally: A Hands-On Guide to Luscious, Homegrown Fruit; by Lee Reich
http://books.google.com/books?id=sQCIb5cMAHgC

Grow Great Grub: Organic Food from Small Spaces; by Gayla Trail
http://books.google.com/books?id=qXpkPgAACAAJ

Grow It, Eat it: Simple Gardening Projects and Delicious Recipes; by Royal Horticultural Society
http://books.google.com/books?id=kWQZfEXECj4C

Grow Organic: Fruit and Vegetables Fresh from Your Garden; by Nick Hamilton
http://books.google.com/books?id=q7PhFBPagggC

Grow Organic: A Simple Guide to Nova Scotia Vegetable Gardening; by Elizabeth Peirce
http://books.google.com/books?id=p7QZQwAACAAJ

~
Grow Organic, Cook Organic: Natural Food From Garden to Table, with Over 1700 Photographs ; by
Ysanne Spevack
http://books.google.com/books?id=HONoAAAACAAJ

Grow Organic, Eat Organic: A Practical Activity Book for Beginners; by Lone Morton
http://books.google.com/books?id=6GzTAAAACAAJ

Grow Organic, Eat Organic: Creative Activities; by Susan Martineau
http://www.bing.com bookfinder.com addall.com booksprice.com

Grow Your Food for Free (well almost); by Dave Hamilton
http://books.google.com/books?id=6j23cQAACAAJ

Grow Your Own: Be an Organic Farmer, Grow Vegetables in Your Back Garden, United Kingdom;
Thompson Yardley
http://books.google.com/books?id=4k9CAQAACAAJ

Grow Your Own Pizza: Gardening Plans and Recipes for Kids; by Constance Hardesty
http://books.google.com/books?id=FrreSip51z8C

Grow Your Own Vegetables; by Joy Larkcom
http://books.google.com/books?id=Z1YzE5QU7gEC

~
Growing a Garden City: How Farmers, First Graders, Counselors, Troubled Teens, Foodies, a
Homeless Shelter Chef, Single Mothers, and More Are Transforming Themselves and Their
Neighborhoods Through the Intersection of Local Agriculture and Community - and How You Can,
Too; by Jeremy N. Smith
http://books.google.com/books?id=6qleEZuwdCAC

Growing Communities: How to Build Community Through Community Gardening ; by Jeanette Abi-
Nader
http://books.google.com/books?id=wLolAAAACAAJ

Growing Community: Starting and Nurturing Community Gardens; by Claire Nettle
http://books.google.com/books?id=4o69Qp3y1f0C

Growing Food in Solar Greenhouses: A Month-By-Month Guide to Raising Vegetables, Fruit, and
Herbs Under Glass; by Delores Wolfe
http://books.google.com/books?id=mE54MwEACAAJ

Growing Food in the High Desert Country; by Julie Behrend Weinberg
http://books.google.com/books?id=hbFVCgkPR4kC

Growing Food in the Southwest Mountains: A Permaculture Approach to Home Gardening Above
6,500 Feet in Arizona, New Mexico, Southern Colorado and Southern Utah; by Lisa Rayner
http://books.google.com/books?id=4G33NlnnC24C

~
Growing Food Organically: The Key to Healthy Soil for Pest-Free Gardening and Farming; by John B.
Harris
http://books.google.com/books?id=nV3vAAAACAAJ

Growing Fruit and Herbs Organically: Step by Step to Growing Success (Australian Self-Sufficiency
Guides) by Liz Sinnamon
http://books.google.com/books?id=tJ3VPAAACAAJ

Growing Fruit and Vegetables on a Bed System the Organic Way; by Pauline Pears

Growing Fruits and Vegetables Organically: The Complete Guide to a Great-Tasting, More
Bountiful, Problem-Free Harvest; by Jean M. A. Nick
http://books.google.com/books?id=CANIAAAAYAAJ

Growing Gardeners: The Fun and Science of Organic Gardening, New Zealand ; by Dee Pigneguy
http://books.google.com/books?id=KFqOOwAACAAJ

Growing Greenhouse Crops on Straw Bales; by A Loughton
http://books.google.com/books?id=_EnHSgAACAAJ
http://www.worldcat.orgoclc/67679459

Growing Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms; by Paul Stamets
http://books.google.com/books?id=M9Mz99pAdXMC

~
Growing Great Garlic: The Definitive Guide for Organic Gardeners and Small Farmers ; by Ron L.
Engeland
http://books.google.com/books?id=hh6qNCngPyQC

Growing Green: Animal-Free Organic Techniques; by Jenny Hall
http://books.google.com/books?id=vi4aRQAACAAJ

Growing Organic: Green Tips for the New Zealand Gardener; by Philippa Jamieson

Growing Rich, Tasty Veggies in Harmony with Nature; by Jeff Van Hautte

Growing Together: School Garden Tips and Healthy Recipes; by the Organic Centre, Ireland
http://www.theorganiccentre.ie
http://www.bing.com

Growing Under Glass: Without Using Chemicals; by Sue Stickland
http://books.google.com/books?id=JzsCAAAACAAJ

Growing Under Glass: Your Guide to Greenhouse Gardening Success; by Hilery Hixon
http://books.google.com/books?id=DF_OWunf4HcC

~
Growing Under Glass (Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of Practical Gardening) ; by Kenneth
A. Beckett
http://books.google.com/books?id=kcMqGwAACAAJ

Growing Unusual Vegetables: Weird And Wonderful Vegetables And How to Grow Them; by Simon
Hickmott
http://books.google.com/books?id=USssAAAACAAJ

Growing Vegetables in South Africa - electronic book; by Darlene Roelofsen
http://www.gardeninginsouthafrica.co.za
https://www.google.com
http://www.yahoo.com

Growing Vegetables Indoors: How to Supply Your Own Organic Food Year Round ; by Steve
Meyerowitz

Growing Vegetables West of the Cascades: The Complete Guide to Organic Gardening ; by Steve
Solomon
http://books.google.com/books?id=uc4-2jATIrEC

Guide to Canadian Vegetable Gardening; by Douglas Green
http://books.google.com/books?id=QSBkPgAACAAJ

Hawaiian Organic Growing Guide: Hawaii's How-To-Grow-It Gardening Guidebook for the Tropics
and Subtropics; by Shunyam Nirav
http://books.google.com/books?id=sSpIAAAAYAAJ

~
Healthy Soil: A Guide to Organic Gardening; by Soil Association of New Zealand
http://books.google.com/books?id=FgS_PAAACAAJ

Heirloom Vegetable Gardening: A Master Gardener's Guide; by William Woys Weaver
librarything.com/376857 books.google.com/pqrTGwAACAAJ worldcat.org/oclc/34887017

Herbal Remedies of the Lumbee Indians; by Arvis Locklear Boughman
http://books.google.com/books?id=skjgx5jD4WUC

Here's Health Guide to Gardening without Chemicals: A Step-By-Step Guide to Growing Vegetable
and Soft Fruit the Organic Way; by Jack Temple
http://books.google.com/books?id=1aVSJgAACAAJ

Herbs for Australian Gardens: A Practical Guide to Growing and Using Organic Herbs; by Penny
Woodward
http://books.google.com/books?id=vJdXPgAACAAJ

Herbs for Texas; by John Howard Garrett
http://books.google.com/books?id=4pAv0O5HWOQC

High Altitude Planting: A Practical Guide to Landscaping, Gardening, and Planting Above 6,000
Feet; by Ann Barrett
http://books.google.com/books?id=0aZWVvgYfPUC

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