2. 1) An antipathy based on faulty and inflexible generalizations. 2) Can be felt covertly or expressed overtly. 3) Can be direct towards a group as a whole, or toward an individual because s/he is a member of that group. Prejudice (Allport – 1954)
4. Exploitation Theory 1) Power is a Scarce Source 2) People innately want to keep their power and status 3) So people suppress the social mobility of the out-group
5. Scapegoating Theory 1) Prejudiced People are the True Victims 2) They refuse to accept basic responsibility for some society failure (defeat in war / depression) 3) So they shift focus of responsibility to an out-group
6. Authoritarian Personality Theory 1) Person comes from a strict authoritarian background 2) When that person grows up s/he wants to be the authoritarian of those around them 3) So this person subjects people in an out-group (who are seen as weaker) to their will
7. Structural Theory 1) Social climate either promotes cultural and ethnic tolerance or intolerance 2) Is their obvious equality – if not people will subjugate others around them 3) Is there a definite hierarchy with a clear pecking order?
8. What Do People Who Are Prejudice Receive From Their Prejudice?
10. Value-Expressive Function People need to have value and behavioral consistencies in viewing their own cultural values, norms, and practices as the proper & civilized ways of thinking and behaving.
11. Knowledge Function 1) It takes time and energy to create knowledge 2) People tend to want to defend their knowledge base 3) So, people view others who lack such knowledge as ignorant or deficient
12. Utilitarian Function 1) Protecting the majority (In-Group) will make things easier on their life 2) In fact, they may be rewarded for doing protecting the in-group
13. Young Children and Prejudice Adopting: Overt passing on of prejudice ideals to a child. Developing: Creating a threatening and suspicious attitude, so that the child creates her or his own prejudices out of suspicion, fear, and hatred towards another person or group of people.
18. Tolerance The capacity for or the practice of recognizing and respecting the beliefs or practices of others.
19. Liberal: Person who is critical of the status quo, who wants progressive social change Conservative: Person who wants to maintain the status quo.
20. Education and Tolerance Are educated people more tolerant? Two Reasons Why: 1) Decreases insecurity and anxiety about life. 2) They realize that the welfare of one group is related to the welfare of all groups.
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22. Intropunitiveness Feeling loathing of their in-group for the intolerance that they see their in-group having for outsiders. Fill out the scale on pages 60 & 61.
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24. Tolerance for Ambiguity Personality variable that distinguishes people who can operate effectively in communication situations in which there is a great deal of uncertainty from those who cannot operate effectively in such situations.
25. Inclusiveness Being open and welcoming to people, thoughts, ideas, beliefs, and practices that are not your own.
27. 1) We must be honest with ourselves – confront our on biases and ethnocentric attitudes. 2) We should question the contents of our stereotypes and check against our actual interactions with out-group members.
28. 3) We should understand how our negative images concerning out-group members affects our biased attitudes and interactions. 4) Use the principle of heterogeneity to break down the broad social categories.
29. 5) We should use mindful qualifying language when describing out-group/others’ behaviors. 6) We should put ourselves in frequent inter-group contact situations to become comfortable with group-based differences.
44. Three Basic Features 1) Language names experiences which determines what is socially recognized 2) Dominant discourse silences, or mutes, groups that are not in society’s mainstream – often are invisible to Dominant Culture 3) Out-groups react to being muted in different fashions
