This document discusses different aspects of internet infrastructure and standards. It describes the layers of the internet including the application layer, network access layer, and IP layer. It discusses various players that operate networks and exchange IP packets. It provides an overview of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and some of the key technologies they develop including IPv6, encryption, and protocols like BGP, SIP, and HTTP. It emphasizes how cooperation, open standards, and voluntary adoption have contributed to the growth and success of the internet.

1. www.internetsociety.org
Some Internet Topics:
Horizontals, the IETF, and IPv6
Olaf M. Kolkman
Chief Internet Technology Officer
kolkman@isoc.org

2. Central Asia Internet Symposium - 10 December 2014
The Internet: Different Players at Different Layers
2

3. Central Asia Internet Symposium - 10 December 20143

4. Central Asia Internet Symposium - 10 December 2014
• Application Layer:
Applications use IP for
connectivity
• The Network Access Layer:
Components in the Network
Access Layer deliver IP
connectivity
• The IP Layer: provides a
coherent mapping between
the layers
• (IP=Internet Protocol)
4

5. Central Asia Internet Symposium - 10 December 2014
Application Layer
• Applications are what the
users care about
• Most people conceive the
utility of the various
applications as the Internet
• E-mail and WWW are just
two applications, albeit
successful ones
• Business, voice and face
communication,
entertainment such as
videos and games
5

6. Central Asia Internet Symposium - 10 December 2014
Network Layer
• The layer that provides the
IP to the
customers
• The Internet is made up out
of many independently
operated networks that all
provide some level of
network access
• The network exchange IP
packets between each other
6

7. Central Asia Internet Symposium - 10 December 2014
Network of Networks…
7
Serving different markets

8. Central Asia Internet Symposium - 10 December 2014
Highly competitive
A EUR80 fiber cross connect:
Internet Exchange traffic:
Backbone traffic Western Europe:
Transatlantic traffic, wholesale:
Internet Transit, wholesale:
Internet Transit, retail:
Broadband Internet, consumer:
National Ethernet service:
3G mobile data, national:
GSM voice call, national:
3G mobile data, roaming low:
3G mobile data, roaming high:
GSM voice call, roaming:
SMS Text Messages:
SMS Text Messages, roaming:
$0.01
$0.25*
$0.50
$1
$2
$15
$50
$180
$11,400
$483,840
$834,000
$3,127,500
$3,338,496
$210,000,000
$1,166,400,000
The Price of Bandwidth, in bulk, per Mbps
8
Commodity
Table courtesy of Remco van Mook, Equinix
Western Europe, early-mid 2011 (based on 10Gbps or 300GB)

9. Central Asia Internet Symposium - 10 December 2014
Inter net-working and working Internet
9
Voluntary
adoption of
technology
bottom-up
innovation
Different Players
at
Different Layers
FunctionalInteroperability
Collaborationwhere needed
Competition
where possible

10. Collaborationwhere needed

11. Central Asia Internet Symposium - 10 December 2014
The Internet and Standards
11

12. Central Asia Internet Symposium - 10 December 2014
How do Standards Play a Role?
12
Browsing The Web
802.11 IEEE TCP/IP IETF
URI IETF BGP IETF
NAT Propriet HTTP IETF
CSS W3C PNG IETF
HTML W3C/ISO MPEG ISO/IEC
XML W3C ADSL ITU-T
Interoperability

13. Standardization
the Internet way
Details on:
http://open-stand.org
Cooperation
Adherence toPrinciples
Collective
Empowerment
Availability
VoluntaryAdoption
driver for innovation
Borderless
commerce

14. 1. Cooperation
Respectful cooperation between standards organizations, whereby each respects the autonomy, integrity, processes,
and intellectual property rules of the others.
2. Adherence to Principles
Adherence to the five fundamental principles of standards development:
• Due process. Decisions are made with equity and fairness among participants. No one party dominates or guides
standards development. Standards processes are transparent and opportunities exist to appeal decisions.
Processes for periodic standards review and updating are well defined.
• Broad consensus. Processes allow for all views to be considered and addressed, such that agreement can be
found across a range of interests.
• Transparency. Standards organizations provide advance public notice of proposed standards development
activities, the scope of work to be undertaken, and conditions for participation. Easily accessible records of
decisions and the materials used in reaching those decisions are provided. Public comment periods are provided
before final standards approval and adoption.
• Balance. Standards activities are not exclusively dominated by any particular person, company or interest group.
• Openness. Standards processes are open to all interested and informed parties.
3. Collective Empowerment
Commitment by affirming standards organizations and their participants to collective empowerment by striving for
standards that:
• are chosen and defined based on technical merit, as judged by the contributed expertise of each participant;
• provide global interoperability, scalability, stability, and resiliency;
• enable global competition;
• serve as building blocks for further innovation; and
• contribute to the creation of global communities, benefiting humanity.
4. Availability
Standards specifications are made accessible to all for implementation and deployment. Affirming standards
organizations have defined procedures to develop specifications that can be implemented under fair terms. Given
market diversity, fair terms may vary from royalty-free to fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory terms (FRAND).
5. Voluntary Adoption
Standards are voluntarily adopted and success is determined by the market.
Cooperation
Adherence toPrinciples
Collective
Empowerment
Availability
VoluntaryAdoption

15. Central Asia Internet Symposium - 10 December 2014
The IETF
15

16. The Internet Engineering Task Force is
a loosely self-organized group of people
who contribute to the engineering and
evolution of Internet technologies.
It is the principal body engaged in the
development of new Internet standard
specifications.
RFC4677

17. The mission of the IETF is to make the Internet work better by
producing high quality, relevant technical documents that
influence the way people design, use, and manage the Internet.

18. IETF Trust
IETF Universe
RFC Editor
IASA
IAD IAOC
IESG
Area Area Area Area Area Area
working
group
working
group
working
group
working
group
working
group
working
working
group
working
group
working
group
working
group
working
group
working
working
group
working
group
working
group
working
group
working
group
working
working
group
working
group
working
group
working
group
working
group
working
group
working
group
working
group
working
group
working
group
working
group
working
group
working
group
working
group
working
group
IETF Secretariat

19. INT
RTG
TSV
OPS
RAI
About Packets
About creating the
paths for the
packets
About managing the
networks
About the use of the
paths to provide the
end-to-end
experience
About
Real Time
Applications
APS About Application
Protocols used on
the Internet
SEC
About
Security
Protocols
(cross area)

20. Central Asia Internet Symposium - 10 December 2014
IETF Technology and the Internet
20

21. Central Asia Internet Symposium - 10 December 201421
IPv6

22. Central Asia Internet Symposium - 10 December 2014
Original(artwork:((
Ericson,(IETF91(Host(presenta:on(
IPv4(address(availability(
Poof(
22
Change: Global Growth of Connected Endpoints

23. Central Asia Internet Symposium - 10 December 201423
https://www.google.com/intl/en/ipv6/statistics.html#tab=ipv6-adoption
5% and growing faster than IPv4 Internet

24. Central Asia Internet Symposium - 10 December 201424
http://6lab.cisco.com/stats/

25. Central Asia Internet Symposium - 10 December 201425
Encryption

26. Central Asia Internet Symposium - 10 December 201426

27. Central Asia Internet Symposium - 10 December 201427
Changing Expectations: trust
User
trust
in
networks,
devices,
and
transac1ons
essen1al
in
driving
social
and
commercial
interac1on
Security,
Stability,
Confiden1ality,
Integrity,
Resiliency
and
Scalability
are
tools
to
achieve
trust

28. Statistics, Web Traffic
• HTTPS increased 4% to 17% from 2008 to 2014, for all
web traffic (Source: IIJ)

29. Pain Points and Hot Debates
• There is no single reason behind the increasing use of
encryption, but the change has a real impact on the world
• Operator business models, technical solutions for various
things, censorship will be harder (both good and bad
kind), …
• All this will cause friction
• Motives of players are not fully aligned

30. Reality Check
• “Everything is in the clear” approach is clearly unworkable
• Encryption will reduce the number of parties that see traffic
• But not eliminate them — content provider, browser vendor, CAs, proxy
provider, corporate IT department, …
• World still moves ahead on a voluntary basis on what technology is
chosen and on what technology a particular party can adopt
• Surveillance shifts, not eliminated
• Useful technical things done in different ways, not eliminated
• Some potential bad outcomes to avoid —- MITMs, regulation limiting
security, fragmentation, device control, …

31. Central Asia Internet Symposium - 10 December 201431
BGP
SIP
DNSSEC
PKIX
HTTP
TLS
RTP

32. Central Asia Internet Symposium - 10 December 2014
Questions?
32

33. Central Asia Internet Symposium - 10 December 2014
Acknowledgement
• Network topology map from ‘The Opte Project’
• Various Hourglass models produced using the Open
Source Blender, ‘Klootindustries’ CC Atribution license
• Jari Arkko for the slides on the use on encryption
• Logos and Trademarks from the respective companies
33

34. Central Asia Internet Symposium - 10 December 201434

35. Central Asia Internet Symposium - 10 December 2014
Backup Slides
35