Iaetsd ethernet based intelligent security system

Ethernet Based Intelligent Security System
Ch.Jagadeesh1
, Tulasi Sanath Kumar2
1
PG Student, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, ASCET, Gudur, A.P, India.
2
Asst. Professor, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, ASCET, Gudur, A.P, India
1
jagadeeshchalla1508@gmail.com
2
tulasisanath@gmail.com
Abstract:In this paper we design and implement an
embeddedsurveillance system by use of ultrasonic
signal coding ofultrasonic sensors with multiple
pyroelectric infrared sensors(PIR) to detect an
intruder in a home or a storehouse. The PIRsensors
are placed on the ceiling, and the ultrasonic
sensormodule consists of a transmitter and a receiver
which are placedin a line direction; however,
ultrasonic sensors with the samefrequency are subject
to interference by crosstalk with each otherand have a
high miss rate. To overcome these disadvantages
ofthe ultrasonic sensor, our design reduces the miss
rate from theenvironmental interference by using an
ultrasonic coding signal.Both ultrasonic sensors and
PIR sensors are managed by themajority voting
mechanism (MVM).
Index Terms:Embedded Surveillance System;
Majority VotingMechanism; PIR Sensor; Ultrasonic
Sensor
I. INTRODUCTION
Recently surveillance systems have become more
importantfor everyone’s security. The embedded
surveillance system,frequently used in a home, an
office or a factory [2-4], uses asensor triggered to
turn on a camera [5-6]. Some designs usedifferent
types of sensors to achieve reliability by means of
thedifferent features of each sensor [7-8]. In this
paper we extendour previous design not only by
using both multiple PIR sensors and ultrasonic
sensors as a sensor group, but also byusing the
MVM. Ultrasonic receivers and transmitters
arelocated at opposite ends [9-10]. However, to
reduce theinterference from other frequencies in
ultrasonic signals, weuse a coding signal to enhance
the ability to distinguish therandom interference [11].
To enhance system reliability in theexperiment, we
focus on how to improve the shortcomings ofthe
ultrasonic sensor. Some research explores the
influence ofattenuation in air and crosstalk of
ultrasonic signals by using acoding signal [12], while
some provides improvement ofthe ultrasonic signal
by using different coding signal types. Other research
uses the application of a coding signalto increase
resolution and contrast of images. Yet
anotherapproach builds a 3D image with an
ultrasonic sensor in the PNcode that solves the
problem with time delay. To enhancethe reliability of
the ultrasonic sensors group, we proposeadding to the
number of bits with coding to reduce theprobability
of code breaking.
II. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Fig. 1 shows the home embedded surveillance system
which has two groups of sensors, indoor and outdoor.
The outdoor sensor group contains a number of PIR
and pressure sensors placed near windows and doors
of a home. When the outdoor sensors sense an
intruder, the MCU is woken up and turns on the
power for the indoor PIR and ultrasonic sensors for
the Majority Voting Mechanism. When this is
completed, the decision signal passes to the
embedded board GPIO (General purpose input and
output). The software module of the power embedded
board turns on the Web camera to capture images and
user can view the images captured by the home
surveillance system.
Proceedings of International Conference on Developments in Engineering Research
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///
Fig.1.The home embedded surveillance system
with ultra-low alert & GSM modem
A. PIR Sensor
PIR is basically made of Pyroelectric sensors to
develop an electric signal in response to a change in
the incident thermal radiation. Every living body
emits some low level radiations and the hotter the
body, the more is emitted radiation. Commercial PIR
sensors typically include two IR-sensitive elements
with opposite polarization housed in a hermetically
sealed metal with a window made of IR-transmissive
material (typically coated silicon to protect the
sensing element). When the sensor is idle, both slots
detect the same amount of IR, the ambient amount
radiated from the room or walls or outdoors. When a
warm body like a human or an animal passes by, it
first intercepts one half of the PIR sensor which
causes a positive differential change between the two
halves. When the warm body leaves the sensing area,
the reverse happens, whereby the sensor generates a
negative differential change. These change pulses are
what is detected. In order to shape the FOV, i.e. Field
Of View of the sensor, the detector is equipped with
lenses in front of it. The lens used here is inexpensive
and lightweight plastic materials with transmission
characteristics suited for the desired wavelength
range. To cover much larger area, detection lens is
split up into multiple sections, each section of which
is a Fresnel lens. Fresnel lens condenses light.
Providing a larger range of IR to the sensor it can
span over several tens of degree width. Thus total
configuration improves immunity to changes in
background temperature, noise or humidity and
causes a shorter settling time of the output after a
body moved in or out the FOV. Along with
Pyroelectric sensor, a chip named Micro Power PIR
Motion Detector IC has been used. This chip takes
the output of the sensor and does some minor
processing on it to emit a digital output pulse from
the analog sensor. Schematic of PIR sensor output
waveform is shown in Fig. 2.
Fig.2.PIR sensor output waveform
B. Ultrasonic Sensor
Ultrasonic sensor is non-contact distance
measurement module, which is also compatible with
electronic brick. It’s designed for easy modular
project usage with industrial performance. A short
ultrasonic pulse is transmitted at the time 0, reflected
by an object. The senor receives this signal and
converts it to an electric signal. The next pulse can be
transmitted when the echo is faded away. This time
period is called cycle period. The recommend cycle
period should be no less than 50ms. If a 10μs width
trigger pulse is sent to the signal pin, the Ultrasonic
module will output eight 40 kHz ultrasonic signal and
detect the echo back. The measured distance is
proportional to the echo pulse width and can be
calculated by the formula above. If no obstacle is
detected, the output pin will give a 38ms high level
signal.
C. GSM Modem
Global System for Mobile communications (GSM:
originally from Group Special Mobile) is the most
popular standard for mobile phone in the world.
GSM/GPRS Smart Modem is a multi-functional,
ready to use, rugged and versatile modem that can be
embedded or plugged into any application. The Smart
Modem can be customized to various applications by
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using the standard AT commands. The modem is
fully type-approved and can directly be integrated
into your projects with any or all the features of
Voice, Data, Fax, SMS, and Internet etc.
III. WORKING CIRCUIT
The total system can be divided into three segments
A. Sensor and signal processing segment:
This segment consists of five parts: - PIR sensor
module: The PIR sensor module is fed from the
output of fixed output voltage regulator IC LM7805.
PIR positive input terminal is fed with a +5V supply
and negative terminal is grounded. PIR sensor
module output pin is connected to MCU pin. For re-
triggering purpose, a jumper (JP) is attached on the
COMMON (C) pin and HIGH (H) pin. - LM7805:
LM7805 is a fixed output voltage regulator IC. 7805
takes + 12V input and gives a fixed regulated output
voltage of +5V. - LM35: This is temperature sensor
IC rated for full -55° to + 150°C temperature range.
This is a transducer IC that takes voltage input and
gives a voltage output proportional to the ambient
temperature. +VS pin is connected to the output pin
of LM7805 and the VOUT pin is connected to one of
the analog input channels available on MCU.
- Switch: This is a mechanical switch which is of NO
(Normally Open) type.
One end of the switch is connected to the +5V supply
and the other end is connected to one of the MCU
input pins. For practical use, electronic remote
controlled switch is a better option to secure the
system operation.
- MCU: For this system, PIC 16f876A is used as the
MCU, i.e. Microcontroller unit. It has built-in
USART module which is necessary for passing AT
commands to the GSM modem.
The PIR sensor module output is tied to the pin RB I.
The output of temperature sensor IC and one end of
the mechanical switch is connected to pins RA3 and
RBO respectively.
A LED is connected to the pin RC3. The MCLRI
VPP is connected to +5 V supply. A 4 MHz crystal is
connected between OSCI an OSC2 pins. This crystal
determines the clock speed of the MCU operation.
B. Alarm segment:
This segment consists of three parts: - 74LS75: This
is a D-Latch IC. The input voltage level on D 1 is
kept unchanged on Ql and inverted on Q2. Inverted
output images the voltage level set by MCU keeping
the alarm on even when MCU is at SLEEP mode. -
Alarm: The alarm has two pins- VCC and GNO. The
power pin is connected to Ql output pin of the D-
Latch IC. The alarm can be set to ring by MCU. -
MCU: Pin RC4 of PIC 16f876A is connected to the 0
1 input of 74LS75.
C. GSM Modem interfacing segment:
As GSM modem uses serial communication to
interface with other peripherals, an interface is
needed between MCU and GSM modem. This
segment consists of four parts:
-DB9 male connector: The serial port used here is a 9
pin DB9 male connector as the GSM modem side
uses a female connector. Pin 14 and 13 of MAX232
are connected to pin 2 and 3 ofOB9 respectively. Pin
5 ofOB9 is grounded. –
MAX232: This particular IC is necessary for
increasing the voltage swing at the outputs. It takes
OV and +5V inputs and makes it a + 12V and - 12V
output voltages. This increased voltage swing is a
requirement for serial communications. Two 1 μF
capacitors are connected between pins 4, 5 and 1, 3
of MAX232. V+ and V- pins are fed from VCC and
GNO, i.e. G round through two 1 μIF capacitors.
Between VCC and GNO pins, one 10 μF capacitor is
placed.
- GSM modem: GSM modem is connected through a
DB9 female connector to the interfacing circuit.
- MCU: The VCC, i.e. power pin, TTL input and
TTL output pins of MAX232 are connected to the
pins RCO, RCI and RC2 of MCU respectively.
3.1CIRCUIT OPERATION
A. Sensor and signal processing segment:
As the jumper of PIR sensor module is placed
between C and H, the output will stay on the entire
time something is moving. The regulator IC serves
regulated +5V to the LM35 and PIR sensor module.
Prior to any operation, external interrupt is disabled
in software of MCU. When the mechanical switch is
closed, pin RBO gets an input voltage. This sets the
system to run. The analog voltage output fromLM35
is taken and converted to an equivalent binary value
which represents the ambient temperature. As PIR
sensor module does not perform satisfactorily below
15°C temperature, MCU monitors the temperature
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and light LED on pin RC3 when the temperature is
equal to or greater than the critical temperature. After
the LED is on, the MCU waits a pre-defined time for
the place to be fully evacuated. After that time is
over, the system is online. After activation of the
system, if there is any movement on that place within
the coverage region of the PIR sensor module, it
outputs a pulse which is taken as input by MCU.
MCU then waits a pre defined time and checks for
that signal again. This is done for avoiding false
triggering.
B. Alarm segment:
RC4 remains HIGH right from the beginning. Thus,
the output pin IQ of 74LS75 stays LOW and the
alarm does not ring. If the signal is still present
during the second check, MCU makes pin RC4
LOW. This makes a HIGH on IQ of 74LS75 and the
alarm rings.
C. GSM Modem interfacing segment:
MCU makes HIG H on RCO which in turn, activates
MAX232 IC. Then MCU starts sending AT
commands to the GSM modem through the pins RCI
and RC2. The commands are sent through the
interface to the modem. The modem receives the
commands and sets up a call to a pre-defined number.
The call is not disconnected until the call time - up or
the recipient disconnects the call. After the call is
disconnected, MCU goes to SLEEP, i.e. low power
consuming mode. Before going into SLEEP, MCU
enables the external interrupt in software. When the
mechanical switch is open, an interrupt occurs and
MCU is brought out of SLEEP mode.
3.2. SOFTWARE
The whole system is built around a MCU. MCU
requires to be burned with software written for
specific applications. The code is written using
ASSEMBLY language and compiled using MPLAB.
MPLAB generated a hex file which is burned using a
burner into the IC. This section demonstrates the
flowchart of the software which helps to visualize the
coding steps as shown in fig.3. At the beginning of
the program, external interrupt of MCU is disabled in
software. Therefore, any signal input on the pin RBO
cannot generate interrupt. Then, MCU looks for the
switch whether it is closed or open. When the switch
is open the signal is LOW and when the switch is
closed, the signal is HIGH on pin RBO. If the signal
is LOW, MCU repeatedly checks for the switch
status.
When the signal gets HIGH, MCU converts the
analog signal from the temperature sensor to the
binary equivalent and checks repeatedly if the
temperature of the surrounding is greater or equal to
15° Celsius. When the temperature rises to 15°
Celsius or more, MCU waits for a pre-defined time
before executing any instruction. This wait state is
introduced to ensure proper evacuation of the place
where the system is to run. After the wait state is
over, MCU starts checking for any signal from the
PIR sensor module. When there is no signal from the
sensor, MCU checks the status of the switch. If the
switch is still closed, it continues to check for sensor
signal.Wait state allows the call to be completed
successfully. After that, MCU enables the external
interrupt and goes to SLEEP mode. Enabling the
external interrupt prior to SLEEP mode ensures that
MCU will wake from the SLEEP mode whenever
there is a HIGH to LOW transition on RBO, i.e.
when the switch gets opened. When an external
interruption occurs, MCU wakes up from sleep mood
and disable the external interrupt and the program
goes to the beginning of the algorithm.
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Fig.3.Software flowchart
IV. IMPLEMENTATION AND EXPERIMENT
RESULTS
In the experiment results we found that an ultrasonic
signalwould be affected by environment sounds and
the amplitude ofthe reference voltage. Those factors
affect the transmissiondistance and the error rate of
detecting. We therefore put thetransmitter and the
receiver on both ends of the sensing areaand make
sure the intruder passes through if the outside
grouphas detected an individual.
Fig.4 shows an ultrasonic signal being interfered with
byanother ultrasonic frequency. As ultrasonic signal
interferencecauses difficulties in setting up the
amplitude of the referencevoltage of the circuit,
therefore we use the coding signal toreduce ultrasonic
signal interference based on thecharacteristics of the
ultrasonic signal.
Fig.4. Relationship between reliability and
number of bits of the ultrasonic signal code
Fig.5. Ultrasonic signal interfered by another
frequency
In Fig.6 we see that the signal has been coded by
oursystem. The coded signal is not affected by
another frequencybecause our design receives a
signal through the code insteadof through its signal’s
frequency.
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Fig.6. Our ultrasonic coding signal in the scope
Fig.7 shows the signal judgment of our experiment.
Whenjudging a coding signal, one method of our
design counts therising edge number. If the rising
edge number is equal to two, itmeans the signal is
correct. Lines A and B of Fig.7 show acoding
interval.
Fig.7. Judgment from received ultrasonic coding
signal
Fig.8 shows our design that consists of the
internalsoftware module and the home embedded
system softwaremodule. When an intruder has been
detected, the MCU wakesup the majority decision to
test the threshold and then turn onthe power supply
for the indoor sensors. If the indoor sensorsdetect no
intruder when the outdoor sensors are misjudging,the
MCU turns off the power of the indoor sensors and
goesback to the alert state. If the indoor sensors
detect an intruder,the MCU turns on the Web camera
to capture images inkeeping with the decision of the
MVM.
Fig.8. Software flowchart of embedded
surveillance system [12]
After the intruder has been detected outdoors, the
MCUsoftware submodule of the ultrasonic coding
signal is executedas shown in Fig.9. Our design
transmits the ultrasoniccoding signal, and the receiver
checks whether the codingsignal is correct or not. If
the coding signal is correct, theultrasonic sensor
group continues for some seconds to makesure that
there is no intruder. If the coding signal is not
correct,our design also starts the majority voting
mechanism (MVM)to make sure whether there is any
detection.
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Fig.9. Flowchart of detection by ultrasonic coding
signal
In the experiment the ultrasonic signal of the receiver
hasthe same direction as the transmitter, and we find
that if theamplitude of the voltage waveform has
been reduced toapproximately the same as the
comparator's reference voltageour design can work
normally. The scattering causes theamplitude of the
voltage waveform to become gradually lowerthan the
reference voltage. To increase the amplitude of
thevoltage waveform we place a PET bottle at the
front end forfocusing. Fig.9 shows the distribution of
scattering afteradding a PET bottle focus. We have
found that the ultrasonicsignal increases at the central
point and achieves the focusingeffect.
Fig.10. Curves showing distribution of scattering
after adding PET bottle focus
Fig.10 shows the arrangement of our
experimentalenvironment that detect intruders in a
suitable place. We placethe PIR sensor on the ceiling
or above the detection area.Transmitter and receiver
of the ultrasonic sensor module areplaced in a line
direction. When an intruder enters thedetection area,
the ultrasonic coding signal will be blockedand the
PIR sensors will detect temperature changes.
Fig.11. Arrangement of our experimental
environment
Table I compares our coding signal and non-coding
signal.The coding signal is not interfered with by
other frequenciesunless their patterns are similar. It is
easier to break anon-coding signal than a coding
signal. When we add to thebits of the ultrasonic
coding signal, the message type rise with2N
A non-
coding signal transmits just two types of messages,0
and 1. N means number of bits. With more message
types,more codes can be used in the same design to
decrease theprobability of breaking a signal. In our
design, when N isequal to 8, the message
combination of the ultrasonic codingsignal is 128
times better than that of non-coding signal, andthe
reliability is enhanced from 0.5 to 0.996.
TABLE I
COMPARISON OF OUR CODING SIGNAL
AND NONCODING SIGNAL
V. CONCLUSION
Our experiment shows two different types of sensors
whichare enhancing the overall sensing probability
by using theMVM to reduce the shortcomings of both
the ultrasonicsensors and the PIR sensors. By adding
an ultrasonic codingsignal our design reduces the
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miss rate of the receiver withultrasonic sensors by
different patterns, improving thereliability of the
overall system.
VI. REFERENCES
[1] Ying-Wen Bai, Chen-Chien Cheng and Zi-Li Xie,
“Use of Ultrasonic Signal Coding and PIR Sensors
toEnhance the Sensing Reliability of an
EmbeddedSurveillance System”, 2013 IEEE.
[2] Jun Hou, Chengdong Wu, Zhongjia Yuan, Jiyuan
Tan, Qiaoqiao Wangand Yun Zhou, “Research of
Intelligent Home Security SurveillanceSystem Based
on ZigBee,” International Symposium on
IntelligentInformation Technology Application
Workshops, Shanghai, 21-22 Dec.
2008, pp. 554-57.
[3] Xiangjun Zhu, Shaodong Ying and Le Ling,
“Multimedia sensornetworks design for smart home
surveillance,” Control and DecisionConference,
2008, Chinese, 2-4 July 2008, pp. 431-435.
[4] L. Lo Presti, M. La Cascia, “Real-Time Object
Detection in EmbeddedVideo Surveillance Systems,”
Ninth International Workshop on ImageAnalysis for
Multimedia Interactive Services, 7-9 May 2008,
pp.151-154.
[5] Wen-Tsuen Chen, Po-Yu Chen, Wei-Shun Lee
and Chi-Fu Huang,“Design and Implementation of a
Real Time Video Surveillance Systemwith Wireless
Sensor Networks,” VTC Spring 2008. IEEE
VehicularTechnology Conference, 11-14 May 2008,
pp. 218-222.
[6] MikkoNieminen, TomiRaty, and
MikkoLindholm, “Multi-SensorLogical Decision
Making in the Single Location Surveillance
PointSystem,” Fourth International Conference on
Systems, France, 1-6March 2009, pp. 86-90.
[7] Ying-Wen Bai, Li-Sih Shen and Zong-Han Li,
“Design andImplementation of an Embedded
Surveillance System by Use ofMultiple Ultrasonic
Sensors”, The 28th IEEE International Conferenceon
Consumer Electronics, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, 11-
13 Jan. 2010,11.1-3, pp. 501-502.
[8] Yang Cao, Huijie Zhao, Na Li and Hong Wei
“Land-CoverClassification by Airborne LIDAR Data
Fused with Aerial OpticalImages,” International
Workshop on Multi-Platform/Multi-SensorRemote
Sensing and Mapping (M2RSM), Jan. 2011, pp. 1-6.
[9] Hai-Wen Zhao, Hong Yue, and He-Gao Cai,
“Design of a DistributedUltrasonic Detecting System
Based on Multiprocessor for AutonomousMobile
Robot,” Proceedings of tbe 2007 WSEAS Int.
Conference onCircuits, Systems, Signal and
Telecommunications, Gold Coast,Australia, January
17-19, 2007, pp. 59-64.
[10] Zi-LI Xie and Zong-Han Li, “Design and
implementation of a homeembedded surveillance
system with ultra-low alert power,”
IEEETransactions on Consumer Electronics, Feb.
2011, pp. 153-159.
[11] Francesco Alonge, Marco Brancifortem and
Francesco Motta, “A novelmethod of distance
measurement based on pulse position modulationand
synchronization of chaotic signals using ultrasonic
radar systems,”IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation
and Measurement, Feb.2009, pp.318-329.
[12] ShragaShoval and Johann Borenstein, “Using
Coded Sognals to Benefitfrom Ultrasonic Sensor
Crosstalk in Mobile Robot Obstacle
Avoidance,”IEEE International Conference on
Robotics and Automation, Seoul,Korea, 21-26 May,
2001, vol.3, pp. 2879-2884.
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