The document summarizes the results of a livestock feed resource assessment in Tanzania. It analyzes available land and feed resources, feed requirements by livestock type and production system, and estimates an annual feed balance. Key findings are that grazing land allocated is lower than reported, rangeland productivity is low due to climate and management, established pastures produce very little, and there is a large feed shortage even in normal years, indicating low livestock productivity and increased land conflicts. The assessment recommends further analyzing feed balances by production zone and considering additional feed sources to improve husbandry practices and address the feed deficit.

1. Tanzania Livestock Sector Analysis (LSA) Baseline:
Feed Resource Assessment
Tanzania Livestock Master Plan, Technical Advisory Committee (TAC)
Meeting, Colosseum Hotel, Dar Es Salaam 23 June 2016
Salim Nandonde, Nathaniel Mbwambo & Conrad Ndomba
(Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries Development)
NOT FOR CITATION

2. INTRODUCTION
The objective the assessment is to estimate;
• The amount of feed available
• The amount of feed required
• The amount/proprortions of feed balance
Although estimates is at national level, the process
consider the three Livestock production zones (i.e.
Central, Coastal-and-Lakes and Highlands) and three
weather (year) production’s situations (i.e. average,
bad and good)

3. Methodology
• Data collection were basically consultative
• Secondary data were collected for various Ministries,
institutions and departments.
• Data on Land Size and Land-use from (MLHHSD and
MNRT/TFS/NAFORMA).
• Data on crop production to estimate crop residues and
by-products (MALF, RAS-Mwz)
• Literatures search and consultations (SUA and TALIRI) for
feed’s nutritive values, productivity, availability and
requirements.
• Preliminary analysis was done to obtain intermediate
results (data) to be fed into LSIPT for the final results

4. Intermediate results
Table 1: Total Land size distribution in Tanzania*
Production Zone Size (Km2) Percentage
Central 228,768 26
Coast and Lake 351,950 40
Highlands 299,158 34
879,876 100
*Tanzania Mainland
Source: LSA

5. Table 2: Distribution of land size by land use in Tanzania (%)
Production Zones
Type of land use Central Coast and Lake
Highland
s Overall
Production Forestry 17 24 26 23
Protection forestry 10 10 12 10
Wildlife reserve 17 25 22 22
Shifting cultivation 6 7 7 7
Agriculture 29 23 19 23
Grazing Land 17 7 10 10
Built-up areas 2 2 2 2
inland water body or
swamp 1 1 1 1
Other lands 1 2 2 2
100 100 100 100

6. Table 3: Distribution of agriculture land area producing major crop residues in average
weather year (%)
Production Zones
Central Coastal and Lake Highlands
Rain-fed cereals (maize straw etc) 36 40 39
Rice (straw) 3 6 4
Groundnut (haulms etc) 4 2 3
Adventitious plants and leaves
(Banana etc)
5 14 13
Tubers (sweet potato etc) 6 13 13
55 75 73
Source: LSA

7. Table 4: Distribution of agriculture land area producing major crop residues in Tanzania in bad
weather year (%)
Production Zones
Category of crop residue
Centra
l
Coastal and
Lake Highlands
Rain-fed cereals (maize straw etc.) 18 22 20
Rice straw 2 3 2
Groundnut etc. 2 1 2
Adventitious plants and leaves
(Banana etc.) 1 8 8
Tubers (sweet potato etc.) 2 6 5
25 41 37

8. Table 5: Distribution of agricultural land area producing major crop residues in
Tanzania in good weather year (% )
Category of Crop Residue
Production Zones
Central Coastal and Lake Highlands
Rain-fed cereals (maize straw etc.) 60 72 65
Rice straw 7 10 7
Groundnut etc. 7 4 5
Adventitious plants and leaves
(Banana etc.) 11 23 18
Tubers (sweet potato etc.) 11 25 25
97 134 121

9. Table 6: The range of productivity and availability feeds
Category of feed Productivity (Tons
DM/Km2
*Availability (%)
Natural forage 200-350 30-40
Established pastures 500-1500 40-50
Rain-fed cereals straws (maize etc.) 74-114 30-50
Rice straw 146-357 30-50
Groundnut etc. 105-150 30-50
Adventitious plants and leaves (Banana etc.) 274-659 30-50
Tubers (sweet potato etc.) 87-198 30-50
Crop by products - 50-90
*considering a sustainable ecosystem
Source: LSA

10. Table 7: Daily net energy requirement for cattle over the period of 16 months
Purpose with unit
of reference
Energy req. in extensive
production (MJ)
Energy req. intensive
production (MJ)
Maintenance (day) 19.66 24.73
Movement (%) 8.26 2.47
Milk_calf (kg) 3.12 3.12
Milk_production
(kg)
3.12 3.12
Weight loss (kg) 24.85 24.85
Weight gain (kg) 31.95 31.95
Gestation (day) 5.82 5.82

11. Table 8: Daily net energy requirement for sheep and goat in a year
Purpose with unit of
reference
Net energy
requirement_Sheep
(MJ)
Net energy
requirement_Goat (MJ)
Maintenance (day) 3.37 3.19
Movement (%) 1.35 1.44
Milk_calf (kg) 4.97 3.12
Milk_production (kg) 4.97 3.12
Weight loss (kg) 17.75 17.04
Weight gain (kg) 22.72 21.30
Gestation (day) 0.71 0.71

12. Results
Table 9: Feed requirement for a herd of 100 cattle _extensive
Number kgDM/animal/year kgDM/group/year
Cow 30 3,211 96,316
Heifer 20 2,107 42,135
Heifer calf 12 945 11,337
Bull 13 3,191 41,485
Young bull 17 2,512 42,706
Calf 8 936 7,488
241,467

13. Table: 10 Feed requirement for a herd of 100 cattle _intensive*
Number kgDM/animal/year kgDM/group/year
Cow 60 3,761 225,671
Heifer 20 2,220 44,403
Heifer calf 10 911 9,114
Bull 5 2,455 12,277
Young bull 2 2,066 4,132
Calf 3 1,039 2,597
298,195
* Dairy and fattening

14. Table 11: Feed requirement for a herd of 100 sheep
Number kgDM/animal/year kgDM/group/year
Ewes 40 583 23,301
Ewe lambs 22 455 10,010
Rams 16 653 10,451
Ram lambs 22 492 10,818
54,579

15. Table 12: Computed feed requirement for a herds of 100 goats
Number kgDM/animal/year kgDM/group/year
Goats 40 546 21,859
Young female goats 22 372 8,185
Male goats 16 596 9,535
Kids 22 404 8,890
48,469

16. Table 13: Feed resources need, available and balance in a baseline year 2016
Weather Status (Year)
Average Bad Good
Quantity of feed available (x106 Tones DM) 21 10 35
Quantity of feed need (x106 Tones DM) 80 80 80
*Quantity of feed balance (x106 Tones DM) -59 -70 -45
% feed resource available against the need 26% 13% 43%
*The grain requirements for meat (pig/ poultry) and eggs production is 12% of the produced
grains
Source: LSA

17. Conclusion
• Land allocated for grazing is lower (9.1 million
Ha) than reported (>53Million Ha)
• Low “rangelands” productivity (Climate
change/poor mngt.)
• Very low production of established pasture
• Feed shortage despite “normal mortality”
implying that livestock survive by forage from
non-grazing land, thereby low productivity
(milk, meat etc.) and increasing land use
conflicts.

18. The way forward
• Analysis of feed balance in each production zone for
clarity
• Scenario analysis with inclusion of feed sources
beyond grazing land and agric. Land (e.g. production
forest); and better husbandry