This presentation was made by IIED associate consultant Hannah Reid at the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) in Paris on 7 December, 2015.
It was made in a side event on 'Supporting poor, vulnerable and indigenous communities'.
More details: http://pubs.iied.org/17323IIED.html
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The quality and quantity of climate finance reaching the most vulnerable
1. Dr Hannah Reid
The Quality and Quantity
of Climate Finance
reaching the Most
Vulnerable
December 2015
2. In 2014, the Executive Secretary of the
UNFCCC, Christiana Figueres, called local-level
adaptation funding “pathetically insufficient”,
and highlighted the urgent need to deliver
established funds to the local level.
Funds for local
Adaptation
2
3. • Study countries: Barbados, Cambodia, Jamaica,
Mauritius, Papua New Guinea and Sri Lanka.
• Funds studied: Special Climate Change Fund
(SCCF), Least Developed Countries Fund
(LDCF), Strategic Priority on Adaptation (SPA),
Adaptation Fund, Pilot Programme for Climate
Resilience (PPCR), Adaptation for Smallholder
Agriculture Programme (ASAP), Japan
International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and
United States Agency for International
Development (USAID).
Research Countries
And Funds Studied
3
4. • Project documentation must detail:
– exact locations of proposed activities,
– budgets for each individual activity with as little
consolidation as possible,
– names of executing entities,
– description of each activity,
– communities who will benefit.
Quantity of Funds Reaching
The Local Level
4
5. • Nepal’s National Adaptation Programme of Action
says 80%
• The Kathmandu Declaration on Financing Local
Adaptation to Climate Change says 50%
How Much Should Reach
the Local Level?
5
6. • SCCF project in Sri Lanka that integrated climate
change concerns into an existing community-led
development initiative;
• SPA project in Jamaica that financed community-
based adaptation initiatives through the Global
Environment Facility’s Small Grants Programme
(SGP);
• Adaptation Fund project in Jamaica that used a
national implementing entity (the Planning
Institute of Jamaica);
• JICA technical assistance project in Mauritius.
Which Funds Performed
well on ‘Quantity’
6
7. • Control over how finance was spent varied across
these projects
BUT…
7
8. Assessing the ‘Quality’ of Funds
Reaching the Local Level
8
Equity Funding should target the most vulnerable geographical areas and groups.
Urgency Disbursement should meet urgent needs.
Efficiency Adaptation finance should be spent on local people.
Effectiveness Interventions should reduce vulnerability and guard against maladaptation (i.e.
should not make situations worse).
Transparency Stakeholders must have information on what funding is available, how it is
deployed, and how it is used .
Accountability Actions, measures and processes are dispersed to as local a level as is
practical, and are channelled through a country’s own institutions and
systems.
Sustainability Actions must be environmentally, socially and economically sustainable, with
longer-term and scaling-up implications considered
Flexibility Results should be robust under a range of climate scenarios.
Human Rights Programmes should further principles in the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights.
Participation Planning should involve stakeholders across appropriate levels of governance
and across a civil society.
9. • Accountability: projects lacked clear complaint
and arbitration procedures. More direct access
needed.
• Urgency: delays common.
• Transparency: difficult to access information.
Principles with Room for
Improvement…
9
10. Recommendations:
10
• Apply funding according to 10 principles.
• Project documentation needs improving to
allow for tracking the flow and use of funds.
• Accountability and transparency need
particular attention.
• Community-based processes should be
routinely included in implementation plans.
• Governments should create national
knowledge centres storing information on
adaptation projects.
Climate change will affect the poorest and most vulnerable first and worst. So we must ensure they receive help.
In 2014, Christiana Figueres, called local-level adaptation funding “pathetically insufficient”, and highlighted the urgent need to deliver established funds to the local level
Finance for adaptation is increasing
But how much reaches local level
And how good is it?
This research looked at quality and quantity of funds for local adaptation in selected vulnerable countries
Countries: Barbados, Cambodia, Jamaica, Mauritius, Papua New Guinea and Sri Lanka
Funds: Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF), Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF), Strategic Priority on Adaptation (SPA), Adaptation Fund, Pilot Programme for Climate Resilience (PPCR), Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture Programme (ASAP), Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and United States Agency for International Development (USAID).
Within each country, two different flows of adaptation finance were selected so as to assess as many types of funds as possible.
Study NOT comprehensive. Few countries, two funds per country, not all funds.
To assess the quantity of funds reaching the local level project documentation must detail:
exact locations of proposed activities so stakeholders can see whether an adaptation project will affect them.
exact proposed budgets for each individual activity with as little consolidation as possible so stakeholders can see how much finance should be flowing to executing entities and for what purposes. This lets communities question and understand the proposed cost of activities, helping to guard against malpractice. If budgets change later, stakeholders should be aware that this has occurred. Currently there is much averaging out of budgets.
names of executing entities so stakeholders know who to contact regarding progress.
Activity description so local people can understand whether finance is used as intended
Communities that can expect benefits, to help track finance
We couldn’t show whether finance REACHED the local level, only if this was planned.
Nepal NAPA set precedent of 80%
Kathmandu Declaration says “At least 50 per cent of all financing for adaption should be allocated to local level actions and local communities”
Results: The proportion of finance directly benefiting local communities varied greatly across our study, ranging from 52 to 86 per cent.
Four projects out of the twelve studied surpassed the 80% per cent threshold on quantity:
SCCF project in Sri Lanka that integrated climate change concerns into an existing community-led development initiative;
SPA project in Jamaica that financed community-based adaptation initiatives through the Global Environment Facility’s Small Grants Programme (SGP);
Adaptation Fund project in Jamaica that used a national implementing entity (the Planning Institute of Jamaica);
JICA technical assistance project in Mauritius.
But control over how finances were spent varied.
Should people merely be beneficiaries?
Projects implemented using community-based processes gave communities more control over how finances were spent.
This brings us to study of QUALITY
We developed these 10 principles for assessing the quality of adaptation funding, and indicators for each: Equity, Urgency, Efficiency, Effectiveness, Transparency, Accountability, Sustainability, Flexibility, Human Rights, Participation
Projects we looked at tended to score well on:
Effectiveness because of: Use of Logical Framework / theories of change, M&E frameworks that measure vulnerability and its reduction, consistency with national sustainable development strategies, avoidance of duplication.
Flexibility
Human Rights
Projects we looked at scored reasonably well on:
Equity, although some vulnerable groups such as elderly, disable, children were not identified. Gender and indigenous groups were although this wasn’t standard practice.
Participation, although participatory M&E rarely used and whether participation was genuinely empowering remains unclear.
Efficiency (as discussed under quantity)
Sustainability: all projects considered scaling up, some did EIAs and SEAs. Post-project monitoring of impacts was weak.
Principles with room for improvement
Accountability: projects lacked clear complaint and arbitration procedures for local people. Only three projects looked at had direct access. Urgency: delays common
Transparency: Project documentation should do more to indicate:
how stakeholders can access local project/programme information;
who is implementing specific activities;
whether local people can have representatives at meetings;
And finally whether they can get meeting documentation such as minutes and a register.
Projects frequently allow local stakeholders to attend meetings, but their influence remains unknown.
Most of the projects lacked participatory budgeting and participatory M&E
Adaptation Finance Accountability Initiative did similar work (OXFAM and WRI) and also had challenges with securing the necessary info for a comprehensive assessment
Funding for climate adaptation urgently needs to reach and benefit disadvantaged and vulnerable communities. To achieve this,
funding should be allocated according to (and judged against) the 10 principles of equity, urgency, efficiency, effectiveness, transparency, accountability, sustainability, flexibility, human rights, and participatory processes.
Project documentation needs improving to allow for tracking the flow and use of funds. Precise details on which local communities will benefit, and detailed budgets for every proposed activity needed.
Accountability and transparency need particular attention. Documentation was more for donor requirements than recipients.
Community-based processes, esp. participatory M&E should be routinely included in implementation plans.
Governments should create national knowledge centres storing information on adaptation projects to help track adaptation finance. Some such centres already exist, eg. the Office of Climate Change and Development in Papua New Guinea, and the Climate Finance Skills Hub in Mauritius