Aiswarya Santhosh; The Effect of COVID19 on the Agriculture Supply Chain of C...AiswaryaSanthosh6
The document discusses how the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has impacted China's agriculture supply chain. Farms producing poultry, livestock, and grain have been hit as transportation and logistics networks are disrupted. Prices for pork have risen significantly. The wildlife trade ban presents challenges for that industry. Spring crop planting may also be affected by quarantine measures limiting labor and input delivery. Purchases of US grains have occurred to fulfill trade agreements. Fruit and vegetable production amounts to over 700 million tons annually in China.
Poorva Pandya
POLICY SEMINAR
Virtual Event - COVID-19, global markets and African agricultural trade: Impacts on growth and food security
Organized by IFPRI, with support from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
SEP 17, 2020 - 09:30 AM TO 11:00 AM EDT
ICN2-Trends in Food Supply and Impacts on Food ConsumptionFAO
This document summarizes trends in global food supply and their impacts on food consumption. It notes that since 1992, incomes have risen significantly, particularly in middle-income countries. Urbanization and globalization have also increased. These trends have led to the modernization of food supply chains, including tighter vertical control by large retailers, adoption of private standards, and increased marketing of foods. While this has increased dietary diversity and made some foods more available, it has also likely contributed to rising rates of overnutrition by lowering the prices of processed foods and employing sophisticated marketing techniques. The document hypothesizes that continued policies supporting trade, investment and food system modernization could harness benefits but governments may need intervene to promote healthier diets by reformulating
Food Staple Market Dynamics: Tracking Local Millet Prices in Senegal During T...AKADEMIYA2063
- The document analyzes how COVID-19 containment measures disrupted millet markets in Senegal by restricting movement. It tracks millet prices in major production and consumption areas from March to June 2020.
- Containment measures led to a general upward trend in millet prices as supply was reduced. Prices increased more sharply in June when measures were lifted. Deficit areas saw sustained higher prices throughout.
- The author recommends the government improve food distribution programs to mitigate impacts on vulnerable households, and better plan restrictions to minimize market disruptions and ensure staple food flows between surplus and deficit regions.
Aiswarya Santhosh; The Effect of COVID19 on the Agriculture Supply Chain of C...AiswaryaSanthosh6
The document discusses how the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has impacted China's agriculture supply chain. Farms producing poultry, livestock, and grain have been hit as transportation and logistics networks are disrupted. Prices for pork have risen significantly. The wildlife trade ban presents challenges for that industry. Spring crop planting may also be affected by quarantine measures limiting labor and input delivery. Purchases of US grains have occurred to fulfill trade agreements. Fruit and vegetable production amounts to over 700 million tons annually in China.
Poorva Pandya
POLICY SEMINAR
Virtual Event - COVID-19, global markets and African agricultural trade: Impacts on growth and food security
Organized by IFPRI, with support from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
SEP 17, 2020 - 09:30 AM TO 11:00 AM EDT
ICN2-Trends in Food Supply and Impacts on Food ConsumptionFAO
This document summarizes trends in global food supply and their impacts on food consumption. It notes that since 1992, incomes have risen significantly, particularly in middle-income countries. Urbanization and globalization have also increased. These trends have led to the modernization of food supply chains, including tighter vertical control by large retailers, adoption of private standards, and increased marketing of foods. While this has increased dietary diversity and made some foods more available, it has also likely contributed to rising rates of overnutrition by lowering the prices of processed foods and employing sophisticated marketing techniques. The document hypothesizes that continued policies supporting trade, investment and food system modernization could harness benefits but governments may need intervene to promote healthier diets by reformulating
Food Staple Market Dynamics: Tracking Local Millet Prices in Senegal During T...AKADEMIYA2063
- The document analyzes how COVID-19 containment measures disrupted millet markets in Senegal by restricting movement. It tracks millet prices in major production and consumption areas from March to June 2020.
- Containment measures led to a general upward trend in millet prices as supply was reduced. Prices increased more sharply in June when measures were lifted. Deficit areas saw sustained higher prices throughout.
- The author recommends the government improve food distribution programs to mitigate impacts on vulnerable households, and better plan restrictions to minimize market disruptions and ensure staple food flows between surplus and deficit regions.
This document summarizes the impact of COVID-19 on staple food prices in Southern Africa, with a focus on maize markets in Malawi. Government restrictions to curb the pandemic disrupted markets and trade. In Malawi, maize prices in both urban and rural areas declined significantly compared to predictions as demand fell and supply rose due to recent harvests. Regional trade restrictions played a large role in price behavior across countries. Future restrictions should minimize impacts on domestic and cross-border markets to avoid harming producers and small businesses.
Bart Minten, Joey Goeb, Jon Keesecker, Derek Headey
POLICY SEMINAR
COVID-19 and Food Market Disruptions in Myanmar
OCT 15, 2020 - 09:00 AM TO 10:30 AM +0630
2020 ReSAKSS Conference - Plenary Session II—Enabling Environment for Transfo...AKADEMIYA2063
Presentation on "Aligning Macroeconomic Policies for Agricultural Transformation in Africa" Dr. Abebe Shimeles, Director of Research at African Economic Research Consortium (AERC)
Ben Belton, Yin Yin Phyu, Stuart Le Marseny, Jessica Scott
POLICY SEMINAR
Assessing the Impact of COVID-19 on Myanmar’s Livestock and Fishery Sectors
AUG 26, 2020 - 09:00 AM TO 10:30 AM MMT
COVID-19 and agricultural value chains: Impacts and adaptationsIFPRI-PIM
PIM Webinar recorded on November 29, 2021.
Presenters: Ben Belton - Global Lead, Social and Economic Inclusion, WorldFish
Diego Naziri – value chain and postharvest specialist, International Potato Center (CIP); Leader of “Nutritious Food and Value Added through Post-harvest Innovation” research flagship in the CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas (RTB)
Gashaw Tadesse Abate - Research Fellow at the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
Abut Hayat Md. Saiful Islam – Professor at Department of Agricultural Economics at Bangladesh Agricultural University in Mymensingh, Bangladesh.
Marcel Gatto – Agricultural Economist at the International Potato Center (CIP).
Humnath Bhandari - Senior Agricultural Economist and Country Representative, IRRI Bangladesh.
G.M. Monirul Alam - Professor, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh.
Full recording of the webinar available at https://bit.ly/3DN18in
The document outlines terms of reference for a study on the linkages between agricultural productivity, rural livelihoods, and trade in agriculture and trade facilitation in Malawi. The study aims to:
1) Examine trends in agricultural productivity, trade, livelihoods, and trade facilitation measures in Malawi and analyze the relationships between these factors.
2) Develop policy recommendations to advance poverty reduction and development by creating a more coherent policy framework linking agriculture, trade, and rural livelihoods.
3) Investigate how increased agricultural productivity and trade performance impact rural incomes and household food security.
Joey Goeb, Thet Hnin Aye, and Wahyu Nugroho
POLICY SEMINAR
Assessing the Impact of COVID-19 on Myanmar’s Crop Value Chains
JUL 22, 2020 - 09:00 AM TO 10:30 AM MMT
Persistence of high food prices in Eastern Africa: What role for policy?ILRI
Presented by Joseph Karugia (ReSAKSS-ECA) at the 48th meeting of the Open Forum for Agricultural Biotechnology in Africa – Kenya Chapter, Nairobi, 30 June 2011
Options for managing rice price volatility: stock and trade policiesFAO
This document discusses options for managing rice price volatility through stock and trade policies. It summarizes that while all Asian countries want to stabilize rice prices, the objectives of any policy need to be clarified. It also notes that stock and trade policies need to work together, with an emphasis on trade due to the high costs of stockholding. The document outlines factors to consider in stock and trade policy design, such as whether to procure from farmers or traders, appropriate stock levels, and how long stocks should be held. It also discusses alternative options like taxes and quotas.
Domestic support disciplines for the 21st century: A blueprint for the WTO Tw...IFPRI-PIM
The document discusses various scenarios for reforming domestic agricultural support policies through changes to limits on Overall Trade Distorting Support (OTDS) and product-specific caps. It analyzes the impacts of different scenarios on world prices, trade volumes, production, and exports of certain commodities. Key variables include the base years and methodology for calculating value of production, thresholds for developing vs developed countries, timelines for phased reductions, and treatments for special products and cotton. Modeling results are presented to compare outcomes across scenarios. Recommendations emphasize the need for simplified rules, special treatment for developing countries, and properly defined caps to avoid loopholes.
AKADEMIYA2063-Ecowas Regional Learning event: Effects of COVID-19 on Staple F...AKADEMIYA2063
The document analyzes the effects of Covid-19 on staple food prices in West Africa. It finds that prices were generally stable or declined during lockdown periods, except in production areas of some countries. However, after lockdowns were lifted, prices rose in almost all markets across the region, especially in deficit areas. The conclusions recommend ensuring minimal disruptions to commodity flows during future crises, providing food aid to vulnerable groups in a way that limits negative impacts on markets, and better targeting restrictions to control disease spread.
The Brussels Development Briefing n.47 on the subject of “Regional Trade in Africa: Drivers, Trends and Opportunities” took place on 3rd February 2017 in Brussels at the ACP Secretariat (Avenue Georges Henri 451, 1200 Brussels) from 09:00 to 13:00. This Briefing was organised by the ACP-EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), in collaboration with IFPRI, the European Commission / DEVCO, the ACP Secretariat, and CONCORD .
Chahir Zaki
POLICY SEMINAR
Virtual Event - The African Agriculture Trade Monitor 2020
Co-Organized by IFPRI and AKADEMIYA2063
OCT 20, 2020 - 09:30 AM TO 10:45 AM EDT
El documento explica la diferencia entre escalares y vectores, dando ejemplos de cada uno. Define vectores unitarios y explica cómo realizar operaciones como suma, resta, producto punto y producto vectorial con vectores. También describe el procedimiento gráfico para realizar estas operaciones y resuelve ejercicios prácticos involucrando vectores.
ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) was Microsoft's first database access technology. It provided a C interface that allowed applications to access data from different database management systems (DBMS) using a standardized call level interface. While widely adopted, it had some drawbacks including requiring a C interface and putting a burden on drivers to emulate a relational database for non-relational data sources.
This document summarizes the impact of COVID-19 on staple food prices in Southern Africa, with a focus on maize markets in Malawi. Government restrictions to curb the pandemic disrupted markets and trade. In Malawi, maize prices in both urban and rural areas declined significantly compared to predictions as demand fell and supply rose due to recent harvests. Regional trade restrictions played a large role in price behavior across countries. Future restrictions should minimize impacts on domestic and cross-border markets to avoid harming producers and small businesses.
Bart Minten, Joey Goeb, Jon Keesecker, Derek Headey
POLICY SEMINAR
COVID-19 and Food Market Disruptions in Myanmar
OCT 15, 2020 - 09:00 AM TO 10:30 AM +0630
2020 ReSAKSS Conference - Plenary Session II—Enabling Environment for Transfo...AKADEMIYA2063
Presentation on "Aligning Macroeconomic Policies for Agricultural Transformation in Africa" Dr. Abebe Shimeles, Director of Research at African Economic Research Consortium (AERC)
Ben Belton, Yin Yin Phyu, Stuart Le Marseny, Jessica Scott
POLICY SEMINAR
Assessing the Impact of COVID-19 on Myanmar’s Livestock and Fishery Sectors
AUG 26, 2020 - 09:00 AM TO 10:30 AM MMT
COVID-19 and agricultural value chains: Impacts and adaptationsIFPRI-PIM
PIM Webinar recorded on November 29, 2021.
Presenters: Ben Belton - Global Lead, Social and Economic Inclusion, WorldFish
Diego Naziri – value chain and postharvest specialist, International Potato Center (CIP); Leader of “Nutritious Food and Value Added through Post-harvest Innovation” research flagship in the CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas (RTB)
Gashaw Tadesse Abate - Research Fellow at the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
Abut Hayat Md. Saiful Islam – Professor at Department of Agricultural Economics at Bangladesh Agricultural University in Mymensingh, Bangladesh.
Marcel Gatto – Agricultural Economist at the International Potato Center (CIP).
Humnath Bhandari - Senior Agricultural Economist and Country Representative, IRRI Bangladesh.
G.M. Monirul Alam - Professor, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh.
Full recording of the webinar available at https://bit.ly/3DN18in
The document outlines terms of reference for a study on the linkages between agricultural productivity, rural livelihoods, and trade in agriculture and trade facilitation in Malawi. The study aims to:
1) Examine trends in agricultural productivity, trade, livelihoods, and trade facilitation measures in Malawi and analyze the relationships between these factors.
2) Develop policy recommendations to advance poverty reduction and development by creating a more coherent policy framework linking agriculture, trade, and rural livelihoods.
3) Investigate how increased agricultural productivity and trade performance impact rural incomes and household food security.
Joey Goeb, Thet Hnin Aye, and Wahyu Nugroho
POLICY SEMINAR
Assessing the Impact of COVID-19 on Myanmar’s Crop Value Chains
JUL 22, 2020 - 09:00 AM TO 10:30 AM MMT
Persistence of high food prices in Eastern Africa: What role for policy?ILRI
Presented by Joseph Karugia (ReSAKSS-ECA) at the 48th meeting of the Open Forum for Agricultural Biotechnology in Africa – Kenya Chapter, Nairobi, 30 June 2011
Options for managing rice price volatility: stock and trade policiesFAO
This document discusses options for managing rice price volatility through stock and trade policies. It summarizes that while all Asian countries want to stabilize rice prices, the objectives of any policy need to be clarified. It also notes that stock and trade policies need to work together, with an emphasis on trade due to the high costs of stockholding. The document outlines factors to consider in stock and trade policy design, such as whether to procure from farmers or traders, appropriate stock levels, and how long stocks should be held. It also discusses alternative options like taxes and quotas.
Domestic support disciplines for the 21st century: A blueprint for the WTO Tw...IFPRI-PIM
The document discusses various scenarios for reforming domestic agricultural support policies through changes to limits on Overall Trade Distorting Support (OTDS) and product-specific caps. It analyzes the impacts of different scenarios on world prices, trade volumes, production, and exports of certain commodities. Key variables include the base years and methodology for calculating value of production, thresholds for developing vs developed countries, timelines for phased reductions, and treatments for special products and cotton. Modeling results are presented to compare outcomes across scenarios. Recommendations emphasize the need for simplified rules, special treatment for developing countries, and properly defined caps to avoid loopholes.
AKADEMIYA2063-Ecowas Regional Learning event: Effects of COVID-19 on Staple F...AKADEMIYA2063
The document analyzes the effects of Covid-19 on staple food prices in West Africa. It finds that prices were generally stable or declined during lockdown periods, except in production areas of some countries. However, after lockdowns were lifted, prices rose in almost all markets across the region, especially in deficit areas. The conclusions recommend ensuring minimal disruptions to commodity flows during future crises, providing food aid to vulnerable groups in a way that limits negative impacts on markets, and better targeting restrictions to control disease spread.
The Brussels Development Briefing n.47 on the subject of “Regional Trade in Africa: Drivers, Trends and Opportunities” took place on 3rd February 2017 in Brussels at the ACP Secretariat (Avenue Georges Henri 451, 1200 Brussels) from 09:00 to 13:00. This Briefing was organised by the ACP-EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), in collaboration with IFPRI, the European Commission / DEVCO, the ACP Secretariat, and CONCORD .
Chahir Zaki
POLICY SEMINAR
Virtual Event - The African Agriculture Trade Monitor 2020
Co-Organized by IFPRI and AKADEMIYA2063
OCT 20, 2020 - 09:30 AM TO 10:45 AM EDT
El documento explica la diferencia entre escalares y vectores, dando ejemplos de cada uno. Define vectores unitarios y explica cómo realizar operaciones como suma, resta, producto punto y producto vectorial con vectores. También describe el procedimiento gráfico para realizar estas operaciones y resuelve ejercicios prácticos involucrando vectores.
ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) was Microsoft's first database access technology. It provided a C interface that allowed applications to access data from different database management systems (DBMS) using a standardized call level interface. While widely adopted, it had some drawbacks including requiring a C interface and putting a burden on drivers to emulate a relational database for non-relational data sources.
Diferencia de formulas para resolver problemasKike Palacio
La diferencia de fórmulas es una herramienta matemática que permite calcular el cambio entre dos expresiones algebraicas. Se utiliza para determinar cómo cambia una cantidad cuando sus variables subyacentes cambian, lo que resulta útil para modelar sistemas físicos y financieros donde las cantidades varían con el tiempo u otros factores.
Microsoft Word 2013 es un procesador de texto que ofrece una interfaz visual y funcionalidades avanzadas como un nuevo modo de lectura, uso de estilos, diccionarios personalizados y automatización de procesos. Es el procesador dominante en el Perú y se actualiza según el sistema operativo Windows. Se comercializa en diferentes ediciones a precios que van desde S/. 189.99 a S/. 699.00 a través de distribuidores como Microsoft del Perú, Mercado Libre e Infor Data.
El documento describe las transacciones en un sistema de gestión de bases de datos. Una transacción es una colección de operaciones como inserciones, borrados o actualizaciones de datos que forman una unidad lógica. Las transacciones deben cumplir las propiedades de atomicidad, consistencia, aislamiento y permanencia. Existen tres tipos de transacciones: de recuperación, actualización y mixtas. Una transacción puede estar en estados como activa, parcialmente comprometida, fallida, abortada o comprometida.
Este documento proporciona instrucciones para instalar el sistema operativo Windows XP. Explica los pasos para iniciar la instalación, formatear el disco duro, configurar el idioma y la red, y completar la instalación. También describe cómo personalizar la apariencia de Windows XP mediante la modificación del escritorio, tema y protector de pantalla, y optimizar el rendimiento cambiando los efectos visuales y el tamaño de la memoria virtual. Por último, explica cómo particionar el disco duro usando un programa de particionado.
BWB - The Next Generation of Flame PhotometersHozan Amin
This document discusses BWB Technologies, a company that designs and manufactures flame photometers. It summarizes BWB's focus on high quality, cost-effective products and industry-leading customer service. BWB has introduced a series of flame photometers and accessories that exceed expectations in specifications, usability, accuracy, and value. The document also outlines BWB's global sales and support network covering over 100 countries.
Este documento describe la evolución de las redes sociales en Internet y sus beneficios. Explica que las redes sociales permiten a las personas conectarse a nivel global para ampliar sus círculos sociales y compartir intereses. También discute cómo las redes sociales generan valor a través de la inteligencia colectiva y cómo fomentan las interacciones y la cooperación entre las personas.
Microsoft Word 2013 es considerada la mejor herramienta para procesamiento de texto, ofreciendo automatización de tareas a través de macros y la capacidad de responder y marcar comentarios. Aunque existe software libre similar, la suite Microsoft Office 2013 incluye Word y tiene costos anuales que van desde $189.99 para uso personal hasta $869.99 para uso hogareño y empresarial. Evaluaciones del Ministerio de Desarrollo e Inclusión Social y SUNAT han favorecido a Word 2013.
A well-detailed introduction on what is a learning management system (LMS) and the benefits that an LMS platform can offer to your employees, students and clients/partners.
Learn more about eLearning and online training on our blog:
http://www.talentlms.com/blog/
Flame photometry (more accurately called Flame Atomic Emission Spectrometry)is a branch of spectroscopy in which the species examined in the spectrometer are in the form of atoms
A photoelectric flame photometer is an instrument used in inorganic chemical analysis to determine the concentration of certain metal ions among them sodium, potassium, calcium and lithium.
Flame Photometry is based on measurement of intensity of the light emitted when a metal is introduced into flame.
The wavelength of colour tells what the element is (qualitative)
The colour's intensity tells us how much of the element present (quantitative)
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pentingnya pengurusan disiplin pelajar untuk menciptakan suasana kondusif di sekolah serta mengurangi kesalahan pelajar.
Performance Audit of CanIUse by PerfAuditPerfAudit
#PerfAudit, Performance Audit of CanIUse, issues related to networking and rendering performance of CanIuse are discussed along with solutions / recommendations.
The government aims to achieve price stability by using fiscal and monetary policies to control inflation. Price stability is important because it allows consumers and businesses to plan effectively and avoids unfair redistribution of wealth from inflation. However, the goal of full employment sometimes conflicts with price stability, as efforts to reduce unemployment can increase demand and prices. The Indian government monitors prices of essential commodities and intervenes using tools like the Price Stabilization Fund to moderate large fluctuations.
Trade protectionism categories of trade.pptxWanwan791232
The document outlines the key objectives of a chapter on trade protectionism. It aims to explain why governments restrict and enhance trade through policies, how pressure groups influence these policies, and the potential economic effects of intervention in trade. It will also illustrate the major ways trade is restricted, how businesses may respond to import competition, and how increasing trade complexity may shape the future. The document then provides an overview of various rationales governments use to justify restricting or supporting trade, including economic reasons like protecting jobs and promoting industrialization, as well as non-economic rationales like national security and cultural preservation. It also describes several common tools used in trade protectionism and regulation, such as tariffs, quotas, subsidies, and standards.
This document outlines the contents and key concepts from a module on strategic planning and the economic environment. It discusses how a company's revenues and costs are affected by macroeconomic factors. It also covers understanding economic indicators, supply and demand dynamics, unemployment, inflation, and the international economy. Forecasting methods and tools for environmental scanning like PEST and scenario planning are presented to help analyze threats and opportunities in the economic environment. The module aims to help managers interpret economic information and incorporate it into strategic decision-making.
Malawi National Industry Policy: Situation analysis: issues and evidence pape...IFPRIMaSSP
Industrial policy has a mixed track record at best, and governments have made costly mistakes. But industrial policy does not always fail. Indeed, government activity in markets is often the critical difference between sectors' growth and competitiveness. In this era of heightened activism as governments seek to restore economic growth, what matters is understanding what approaches are likely to work best, when and where. The worst outcome for governments is failing to do their homework and spending scarce public resources on ineffectual forays into the market. The latest economic literature on industrial policy is based on institutional and evolutionary economics. The former calls for industrial policy to be about the process of setting de facto policy; while the latter calls for it to be about the process of learning by the productive economy. Our assessment is that it should be about policy. Therefore we recommend to the Government of Malawi that the Industrial Policy to be primarily about: [1] getting the process for policy making and programming right, based on identifying and addressing binding constraints through coordinated policies and programs; [2] getting the process for productive economy learning right, based on supporting economic spill-overs and learning activities, networks and incentives; and [3] calling for policy and budgeting decisions (which set de facto policy), that are needed to address current binding constraints to industrialization, as identified in the National Export Strategy, the Diagnostic Trade Integrated Study and the background research for this Issues Paper on Industrial Policy.
This document summarizes key aspects of international trade policy and the political economy of free trade vs. protectionism. It discusses the main instruments governments use to intervene in trade, including tariffs, subsidies, import quotas, and anti-dumping policies. Both political and economic arguments for intervention are outlined, as well as counterarguments for free trade. The development of the World Trade Organization and issues in the global trading system are also summarized.
1. The document summarizes key issues in agricultural policy formulation in Africa, including the need for policy intervention and approaches to the policy process. It discusses tools for policy analysis such as the Policy Analysis Matrix and Social Accounting Matrix.
2. Key challenges in African agriculture include low investment, productivity, and trade as well as poverty and environmental degradation. Market failures provide an economic rationale for policy intervention.
3. Effective policy processes require evidence-based and inclusive decision making as well as understanding political motivations. Tools like PAM and SAM can evaluate policies' economic impacts and efficiency.
Malawi's maize market is characterized by a majority of farmers either selling maize only or both buying and selling as net sellers, with only a small percentage acting as net buyers. The role of the Malawian government in intervening in the maize market includes supporting private sector infrastructure and regulation, engaging in rules-based market interventions using criteria like price bands, and discretionary interventions which discourage private sector involvement and increase price volatility. Current maize prices in Malawi for the 2014/15 season have been far outside expectations, reflecting the thin and unpredictable nature of the market. Recommendations are made to reverse uncertainty through private sector investment incentives and predictable, rules-based government interventions to stabilize prices while still allowing intervention when
This document discusses vertical industrial policy and argues that it is an illusion for poverty reduction. It defines vertical and horizontal industrial policy. Vertical policy selectively favors certain industries while horizontal policy benefits all industries equally through public goods. The document outlines several arguments against vertical policy, including rent-seeking, information problems, inflexibility, targeting the wrong sectors, and susceptibility to shocks. It also discusses preconditions like governance, institutions, and development framework that are often lacking. Case studies of Malaysia and Sierra Leone show how horizontal policies may be better for building capabilities and innovation. The conclusion is that the best vertical policy for poverty reduction is no policy at all.
Rao 5c policies for ameliorating instability in food securitySizwan Ahammed
This document discusses policies for ameliorating instability in food security. It covers various topics such as:
- Alleviating seasonal and cyclical food insecurity through production policies, food pricing and storage stabilization, and other tools.
- Two types of shocks that can cause food insecurity - temporary shocks and chronic shocks - and household coping strategies under stress.
- A multi-pronged approach involving supply measures, targeted production supports, public works programs, and targeted food subsidies to impact household food entitlements.
- Stabilization of food supplies through production policies like irrigation and storage, as well as food pricing and storage policies using price floors, ceilings, and public stockpiles
Public grain reserves: International experience and lessons for MalawiIFPRIMaSSP
On 27 January 2017, Dr. Nicholas Minot, Deputy Division Director of IFPRI’s Markets, Trade, and Institutions Division led a seminar at IFPRI-Malawi on, “Public grain reserves: International experience and lessons for Malawi.” His presentation explored the objectives and tradeoffs of creating public grain reserves and various policy options that affect their performance and cost.
This document discusses market failures and government policy responses. It begins by defining market failure as the inefficient distribution of goods and services in the free market. It then outlines some common types of market failures including externalities, monopolies, information asymmetries, and factor immobility.
Solutions to market failures discussed include private, market-based, government-imposed, and voluntary collective action solutions. Specific government policy responses are also examined, such as fiscal policy tools like taxation and government spending, as well as monetary policy tools like interest rates and money supply management. Externalities, information problems, public goods problems, and their characteristics and solutions are defined.
The document discusses various policy strategies for ensuring food security. It identifies three broad strategies: availability and supply-oriented approaches that increase food supplies; access and demand-oriented approaches that increase demands; and utilization and outcomes-oriented approaches that improve nutrition. While all three strategies are needed, the emphasis depends on whether the main food deficit is related to supply, demand, or dietary imbalance. The document then examines key aspects of production and supply-based policy approaches as well as debates around self-sufficiency versus reliance on imports. It also discusses the roles of poverty reduction, safety nets, and nutrition interventions in achieving food security.
This chapter is intended to ensure that students understand why agricultural policies are needed in both developing and developed countries. It will also shed light on the major forces that cause policy change, reasons for government involvement in agriculture and the place of agricultural policies in the future.
Governments intervene in trade for the benefit of their citizens. Their policies aim to regulate the economy, protect domestic industries, and increase standards of living. These policies directly impact international trade and investment. Governments use protectionist policies like restrictions and subsidies to help domestic firms compete at home and abroad. They also intervene in trade for noneconomic reasons like maintaining essential industries, dealing with unfriendly countries, and preserving national culture. Governments use tariffs, quotas, subsidies and other tools to influence and control trade.
The IMF provides several important functions for its member countries:
1) It tracks global economic trends and alerts countries to potential problems.
2) It provides a forum for policy discussions between member countries.
3) It offers policy advice and financing to countries facing economic difficulties to help achieve macroeconomic stability and reduce poverty.
4) It aims to help countries take advantage of opportunities and manage challenges from globalization and economic development.
The document discusses various topics related to business environment including general environment, task environment, competitive forces, technological forces, political and legal forces. It defines general environment as external factors like inflation and demographics that indirectly affect organizations. It also discusses factors in the general environment like economic conditions, political system, ecosystem, demographics and culture. The document further elaborates on concepts like competitive forces, new entrants, substitute goods, customers, suppliers and impact of technology. It also provides an overview of different economic systems like capitalism, socialism and mixed economies.
Similar to Is Malawi's Mix of Maize Market Policies Ultimately Harming Food Security? (20)
This presentation was made by Dr. Francesco Cecchi, Assistant Professor, Development Economics Group, Wageningen University, during IFPRI Malawi brownbag seminar series on 23 November 2022.
Market Access and Quality Upgrading_Dec12_2022.pdfIFPRIMaSSP
This presentation was made by Dr. Tessa Bold, Associate Professor, Institute of International Economic Studies, Stockholm University, during IFPRI Malawi brownbag seminar series on 7 December 2022
The Effect of Extension and Marketing Interventions on Smallholder Farmers: E...IFPRIMaSSP
This presentation was made by Annemie Maertens, Reader in economics, University of Sussex, during the MwAPATA-IFPRI joint seminar series on 9 November 2022
This paper models the profitability of fertilizer use for maize farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. It uses yield trial and soil data to estimate yield responses to fertilizer across different soil and climate conditions. It then simulates profitability over 1,000 years using historical weather and price data to identify areas where fertilizer use is robustly profitable in at least 70% of years. The analysis finds great spatial variation in yield responses and profitability. Soil pH has the largest effect on both, suggesting soil amendments could improve fertilizer adoption more than subsidies which are most effective in already profitable areas.
Selling early to pay for school": a large-scale natural experiment in MalawiIFPRIMaSSP
The document summarizes a study that examines how a change in the start of the school year in Malawi from December to September impacted when agricultural households sold their crops. The study uses a natural experiment created by the school calendar change and differences across households in the number of primary school children. It finds that the calendar change induced poorer households with more school-age children to sell crops earlier in the season when prices were lower, costing them potential revenue, to have funds for new earlier school costs. The results suggest moving expenses to harvest time can have downsides by straining credit markets and forcing early crop sales during price troughs.
Adapting yet not adopting- CA in central Malawi.pdfIFPRIMaSSP
1) Researchers studied the adoption of conservation agriculture (CA) practices in Central Malawi through household surveys and satellite imagery. They found that while some farmers adopted aspects of CA like not-ridging, most fields did not meet the full CA principles of minimum soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and crop rotations.
2) The study identified two main types of CA practiced - not-ridging with mulch in situ (NR-MI) and not-ridging with additional mulch added (NR-MA). NR-MI often failed to maintain sufficient ground cover and resulted in more weeds, while NR-MA provided better yields but was not scalable to entire farms.
3) The researchers also found
Follow the Leader? A Field Experiment on Social InflueceIFPRIMaSSP
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Is Malawi's Mix of Maize Market Policies Ultimately Harming Food Security?
1. Is Malawi’s Mix of Maize Market Policies
Ultimately Harming Food Security?
Karl Pauw & Brent Edelman
Malawi Strategy Support Program, IFPRI
1 October 2015
2. Objectives
• Consider features of Malawi’s maize markets
• Evaluate effectiveness of policies in achieving
objectives of food security & price stability
• Review international experience; form
guidelines for domestic policy that improves
functioning of the market
• Reflect on responsibilities of other players,
e.g., private sector and aid agencies
3. Why do governments intervene?
• Maize is strategically important, both in terms of economic
activity and food security
• Government has a mandate to ensure adequate availability
of food at reasonable prices, especially when markets fail to
do so
• At a minimum government should:
– Invest in infrastructure
– Provide regulatory oversight & market information; and
– Promote institutions such as commodity exchanges
• But more direct interventions also common in developing
countries; for example in Malawi:
– Producer support (input subsidies & minimum farm gate prices)
– Price stabilization activities (ADMARC & NFRA)
– Restrictions on trade (export bans on maize & other crops)
4. A balancing act…
• From a food supply perspective prices should be high
enough to serve as an incentive to producers (FAO
2015)
• But food consumption inversely tracks food prices
(Kaminski et al. 2014), so from food security point of
view we prefer low prices
• We also need some degree of seasonal price variation
to encourage storage, as this helps regulate food
supply over the course of the marketing season
• But most importantly, we want price stability—or more
correctly, prices that follow predictable trends
6. Why are unpredictable prices so undesirable?
• Risk averse, resource-poor farmers become
subsistence-oriented when markets or prices are
uncertain (Fafchamps 1992; Alwang & Siegel 1999)
• Unexpected price shocks have adverse welfare
implications; consumers cannot effectively plan for the
lean season
• Unpredictability imparts major risks to seasonal
storage (Chapoto & Jayne 2009); seasonal price gaps
could widen if fewer traders are willing to engage in
temporal arbitrage
• Credit institutions become unwilling to provide finance
when crop is offered as collateral; major challenge to
warehouse receipt systems
7. Price stabilization policy approaches
• Complete reliance on markets; state role
limited to public goods investment,
regulation, institutional support, etc.
• Primary reliance on markets, but rules-based
interventions permitted in response to
undesirable market outcomes (i.e.,
predictable, transparent)
• Complete discretion to engage in markets in
an unconstrained manner, based on the
premise that private sector cannot
adequately correct market failures
8. Features of Malawi’s policy interventions [1]
• National Food Reserve Agency (NFRA)
– Price setting strategy unclear; timing of strategic grain
reserve purchases change from year to year, causing
prices to deviate from expected seasonal trend
– Contracts awarded in a non-transparent manner;
recent use of commodity exchange trade platform
commended
• ADMARC
– No publicized strategy for pricing, timing, magnitudes,
or location of transactions
– Claim to operate in remote locations not reached by
private sector; or is it a case of private sector being
discouraged?
9. Features of Malawi’s policy interventions [2]
• Export bans
– Rationale unclear:
• “Fend off perceptions of food insecurity” (Chirwa &
Chinsinga 2013)
• “Bans reflect mistrust in crop production estimates” (Jayne
& Rashid 2013)
• Protect the “huge investment in FISP” (Face of Malawi 2013)
– Decision-making process unclear and undocumented
– Maize export bans may be redundant (considering
export parity prices) or ineffective (considering porous
borders), but likely contribute to lack of commercial
cultivation of maize
– Bans on non-maize crops create disincentives to crop
diversification and directly oppose the ideals of the
national export strategy
10. Where does Malawi fit?
• Malawi’s maize market policy is more discretionary than rules-
based
• In general, price stabilization policies in Africa “only
occasionally contributed to price stability, and in many cases
has exacerbated” it (Jayne 2012)
• Policy unpredictability contributes to this country having the
most volatile maize price in the region (Chapoto & Jayne
2009)
• Discretionary policy drives the unpredictable component of
price volatility; up to 60% of overall maize price volatility in
Malawi is unpredictable (Kaminski et al. 2014)
• Rather than offering clarity, coherence and transparency to
markets, interventions in Malawi create uncertainty
11. Madagascar
• Liberalized market, but high import
tariffs to protect domestic rice
producers
• Rice production shortfall in 2004
coincided with rising world prices
and sharp currency depreciation
• Private sector slow to respond
put out tenders for commercial
imports, with possibility of tariff
rebates
• However, also set official
government sales price at below
tariff-inclusive import parity price
• Private sector imports discouraged
resulting shortfalls led to sales
rationing and parallel market at
above import parity price
Bangladesh
• Price crisis averted during
“massive” 1998 flood through
private sector importation of 2.4m
tons of rice
• Information systems: continuous
monitoring of domestic and
international prices; analysis of
traders’ letters of credit; open
dialogue with traders
Examples: Dealing with food crises
By destroying incentives for private
trade government may unintentionally
exacerbated price instability; more
transparency and openness to private
sector participation can help stabilize
prices at import parity levels (Dorosh
2008)
12. Recommendations [1]
1. Continue to invest in infrastructure, provide
regulatory oversight, and develop market
institutions
2. Adopt a rules-based approach to government
intervention
– Enable government intervention when necessary, but
only when necessary
– Buffer stock release to defend a stated ceiling price
– Marketing board purchases at stated floor price,
announced in advance
– Transparent rules for initiating state imports, or
restricting trade only under special circumstances
13. Recommendations [2]
3. Utilize markets and engage private sector trade in
price stabilization efforts, not just public sector
stocks or government trade
– Import when prices are high and vice versa
– Promote private sector participation in trade; more
cost effective and efficient
– “Thicker” markets contribute to price stability
– Public stocks can discourage private trade and are
costly
4. Strengthen statistical systems to inform rules-based
interventions
– Better and more timely production estimates and
domestic/international price information are
fundamental to transparent policymaking
Editor's Notes
On storage: Temporal price spread should be sufficient to cover the cost of storage, including physical storage costs, interest on credit (opportunity cost of funds locked into the commodity), and a risk premium. When risk is high a much higher price spread is required by storers.
In the case of we are getting mixed signals about how much maize the government procured, at which price, or how it will be distributed locally.
No incentive for private sector traders to come in and help stabilize prices.