Dr K.L. Rao Memorial lecture given by Dr. G.V. Rao, Former Head & Prof IIT, Delhi at 31st National Convention of Civil Enginees at Ahmedabad

1. OUR Earth - our heritage

2. To understand where we are
 Frequent floods
 Receding glaciers
 Climate change
 Carbon credits
and to help predict where we are going, it is useful
to review where we have been
Current Scenario
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3. Panch Bhuthas
 Prithvi – Mother Earth - Prakruthi
 Apas Water
 Tejo Fire
 Vayur Air
 Akash Space
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4. Kautilya
• Kautilya has described the procedure of construction of dams
for irrigation
• • The king should construct dams and canals in areas where
there is shortage of water.
• The dams may be built in partnership on hiring basis.
• If people participate in the dam building then they should be
given concession for purchase of land, wood etc
• The farmers should spare their servants and animals for
construction or share the construction cost.
• King should appoint an officer to supervise the fishing,
disposal of silt and floating objects(trees etc).

5. King Bhagirath – the first Irrigation
engineer of India
• Sir William Wilcox (The father of Irrigation Engineering) has praised
Bhagirath in following words
“Following the genius of your country, your ancient writers (Vyas in
Mahabharata) described the physical facts they were writing about in
spiritual language, but the facts were there all the same. Every Canal
which went southward, whether it has become a river like the Bhagirathi,
or remained a canal like the Mahabharata was originally a Canal.
They were lined out and dug fairly parallel to each other. They were
spaced apart that Canals should be placed. I remember quite well when I
began to line out a system of Canals for the irrigation of the country;
I was astonished to find everywhere that a so-called “dead river” on the
map was just where a canal should be place”
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6. Tanks constructed in India during
11th and 17th century A.D
Period Name
• 1010 – 1011 Arikesari Mangalam
• 1012 - 1044 Gangaikoda Cholapuram
• 11th century Bhojapura (near Bhopal )
• 11th century Rajatataka
• 11th century Bhavadeva Bhatta (WB)
• 1106 – 1107 Sindhuvalli (Mysore Dist.)
• 1219 Periyavayakkal Trichi
• 13th century Pakhala Lake Warangal, Telangana
• 1369 Porumamilla Tank, A.P
• 1409 Firangipuram Guntur Dist. A.P
• 1410 Haridra dam Vijayanagar
• 1489 Narsambwddhi Dist.Annantpur
• 1520 Nagalapura Dist Bellary
• 1521 Korragala and Basavanna Channels Dist Bellary
• 1531 – 1532 Shivsamudra lake Guddapah dist.
• 1326 Satpulah bund Delhi
• 14th century Old Jamuna Canal Delhi
• 1627 - 1657 Ravi River Canal
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7. OUR Earth - our heritage
Challenges &
Responsibilities

8.  India (Indian sub-continent)
 Long coast line (3,000 km)
 Widely varying terrain
 Geological features
 Geotechnical surprises
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11. Majuli Island – River Brahmaputra
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14. PURI BEACH EROSION
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15. PURI – Coastal area
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16. Beach Erosion near Calicut

17. Versov, Coast of Maharashtra

18. Infrastructure related to Water
Dams
Earth and Rockfill, Concrete
Canals
In clays (black), sands, rock cuts
Water ways in rivers (Brahmaputra – Min. draft)
Interlinking of reservoirs
Lift Irrigation Schemes
Tunnels
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19. Infrastructure related to Water (contd)
 Water supply systems
River Godavari to Hyderabad (250 km)
Pumped storage systems
River Krishna Haldi Neva (~ 450 km)
Floods – Control
Erosion – river and coastal
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20. GEOSYNTHETICS and
GEOSYSTEMS
IN WATER RESOURCES
Dr.G.Venkatappa Rao
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21. What Are Geosynthetics
A planar, polymeric (synthetic or natural)
material used in contact with soil/rock and/or
any other geotechnical material, for Filtration,
Drainage, Separation, Reinforcement, Protection,
Sealing .
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22. Geosynthetics –The wide variety
• Geotextiles –Woven, non-woven Filter fabrics
• Geogrids
• Geomembranes
• Geocomposites
• Geonets, Geofibres,mesh mattings, Geopipes
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Geosynthetics: types and properties
Terrafix non-
woven composite
Wovens vs. Non-wovens
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24. Geosynthetics – the functions
• Separation
• Drainage
• Filteration
• Reinforcement
• Moisture barrier
• Cushion
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27. Example of wovenGeotextiles20 Sept 2015 OUR EARTH G V RAO 27

28. ICOLD – Geotextiles & Geomembranes
in Dams
1. Geomembrane
2. Geomembrane
underdrain
3. Chimney Drain
4. Finger Drain
outlet
5. Protecting &
weighing
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29. Geotextiles & Geomembranes in Dams
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30. Maraval Dam – France (1976)
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31. Maraval Dam
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32. Principles of Filters
arrest grains
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33. O90 < (1 to 2) D90, base
Definitions- aperture of geotextile and migration of fine particles
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34. Geotextiles - comparison with granular
filters
Possible effectiveness of geotextile in filter: sieve curves and situation
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35. Valcros Dam, France
A B C
250 smm stone, 400 mm
thick
Geotextile 400
gsm
250mm stone, 400 mm
thick
6 - 40 mm gravel, 150 mm
thick
Geotextile 400
gsm
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36. Valcros Earth Dam in France
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38. Rehabilitation Of Concrete & Masonry Dams –
Geomembrane Water Proofing
• Seepage Problems Th’ Dam body
• Alternate 1-Reinforced Gunite,Steel plate
• Alternate 2-Geomembrane –
– Simple installation,
– Rapid,
– Low cost ,
– Ease of future maintenance
contd.
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39. Rehabilitation of concrete & Masonry Dams –
Geomembrane Water proofing (contd.)
• Lago Nero Dam, Italy (1929 – 1934)
• Concrete Gravity Dam – Height 40 m
• Major Remedial Works 1979
• PVC Membrane 1.93 mm
• Support - Polyester Geotextile 200 gsm
• Machanical fastening ny plates/anchor
• ADOPTED FOR OTHER DAMS IN
ITALY,FRANCE,PORTUGAL 1976 - 1991
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40. Lago Nero Concrete Dam Upstream Facing
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41. Construction Procedure
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42. State : TAMIL NADU
Owner : Tamil Nadu State Electricity Board
Distt : Coimbatore
Scheme : Pumped Storage Project (4x100 MW)
Upper Aliyar Dam
Kadamparai Dam

43. KADAMPARAI DAM
• 67 m high RandomRubble Masonry Dam 480 m
• 1984 - Commissioning
– Leakage 15 litres/min.
• 1990 – Signs of distress
• 2002 – Major problem of leakage
• 2004 – Leakage (38,000 litres/min.)
• 2005 – Membrane installed 200 - 60 litres/min.
Total Cost – Rs. 12 crores
• 10 years warranty

44. REMEDIAL MEASURES
• Racking, packing and pointing the front face mortar joints
with rich cement mortar (cement : sand ratio 1:2)
• Epoxy treatment of joints
• Vertical drilling and grouting inside the u/s face at close
intervals
• Drilling and grouting from inside the drainage gallery
• Laying of Geomembranes (M/s CARPI of Switzerland) after
emptying the reservoir
• Geomembrane
• First Layer - Geotextile 1 cm thick
(to provide mobility to seepage
water)
• Second Layer – 3-4 mm thick PVC geomembrane
Total Cost – Rs 12 crores

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46. Davis Creek earth dam in United States
(after Cancelli and Cazzuffi, 1991)
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Geotextile bags
• Geotextile bags of suitable size can be filled
with locally available sand
• Bags are encased in gabion box for integrity
of smaller units.
• Gabion box filled with geotextile bags can
be lifted and lowered to required depth
with the help crane.
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Geotextile bags in groyne construction
Vinjinzham fishing Harbour
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Geotextile bags for beach erosion protection
 Good interlock
 Durable
 Abrasion resistant
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54. Protection System with Geobags for
Majuli Island, Brahmaputra
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Geobags
 Used in Fishing Harbour at
Vinjinjham,Kerala – Specially fabricated
Coir Geotextile bags
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56. Typical Design section of erosion
control works at Farakka Project
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57. Kakrapar Canal grouted mattress
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59. 60
foto van betonmatras
Concrete mattresses
under wave action
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61. Geotextile Tubes (Geotubes)
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62. Breakwaters Using Geotubes
Haldia Port , Kolkotta
Geotube in Barge
Geotube at site
5.0m
Hydraulicfill5.0m
Geotubes
1:5:1
1:5:1
GeotextileApron
Notes:-Circumferenceofthegeotubeis9.2m
withaconsolidatedheightapproximately
equlato1.7m.
Breakwaters Using Geotubes
Haldia Port , Kolkata

63. Completed Dyke

64. A Polymer Rope Gabion..

65. Swaminarayan Mandir, Tithal
HWL
Original beach profile
5 – 20 Kg stones8
4
8 16
Polymer rope gabions

66. Swaminarayan Mandir Sea wall
During Construction

67. Projects In India Using Geoextiles In Earth Dams
1. Medha Creek Dam, Gujarat Filter layer slope
protection
2. Hiran Dam-II, Gujarat Filter layer
3. Ramman Hydroelectricity project,
West Bengal
Filter layer
4. Dharoi Earth Dam, Gujarat U/s & d/s slope
Protection
5. Salal Hydroelectric project,
Jammu
Filter layer around
the relief well.
Also in Farakka canal Bed Protection
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68. Salal Project, Jammu
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69. VISION
Sustainable
developmentGlobal
Competition
European
Challenges
•Ageing population
•Health
•Safety& Security
•Growth & Jobs
•New technologies
•New products
•Low wages
•Pollution
•Water demand
•Cost of energy
•Climate change
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70. Innovation cycles
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71. Karmayogi Sri Kanuru Lakshmana Rao20 Sept 2015 OUR EARTH G V RAO 72

72. Country’s Development and Prosperity
depended on
Self sufficiency in food, water and electricity
Utilize the River water for the above
Guiding force Mahatma Gandhi
Inspiration from Sir Arthur Cotton
Support from Pandit Nehru
temples of Modern India
PHILOSOPHY
2 0 S E P T 2 0 1 5
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75. 77
Closing remarks
• A number of concepts still need further
elaboration to achieve the level of design
quality comparable with more conventional
solutions and systems.
• For a number of systems more practical
experience is also still needed under
various hydraulic conditions.
• The realization of this need is only possible
if manufacturers, clients and researchers
cooperate closely.
Krystian W. Pilarczyk
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76. A presentation by
Sai Master
Geoenvironmental
Services Private
Limited
Serving the EnvironmentSAI MASTER ACHARYA SRI EKKIRALA BHARADWAJA20 Sept 2015 OUR EARTH G V RAO 78