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Lab 11 plasmodium
1. Practical Parasitology 2 nd Stage Lab 11: Malaria University of Sulaimani College of Science Department of Biology Blood-dwelling Apicomplexa: Plasmodium spp. Causative agent of malaria
11. Plasmodium life cycle Infected mosquito bites human; sporozoites migrate through bloodstream to liver of human Sporozoites undergo schizogony in liver cell; merozoites are produced Merozoites released into bloodsteam from liver may infect new red blood cells Merozoites are released when red blood cell ruptures; some merozoites infect new red blood cells, and some develop into male and female gametocytes 1 2 3 4 6 Merozoite develops into ring stage in red blood cell Ring stage Merozoites Another mosquito bites infected humnan and ingests gametocytes 7 5 Ring stage transform to the trophozoite stage and divides, producing merozoites Definitive host In mosquito’s digestive tract, gametocytes unite to form zygote 8 Male gametocyte Female gametocyte Zygote Sexual reproduction Resulting sporozoites migrate to salivary glands of mosquito 9 Sporozoites in salivary gland Asexual reproduction Intermediate host Plasmodium life cycle
12. Plasmodium vivax & Plasmodium ovale Hypnozoites Hypnozoites: _ _ Are liver dormant stages _Responsible for recurrence of malarial disease.
23. Malarial Paroxysm Periodicity the attacks occur every second day with the "tertian" parasites ( P. falciparum , P. vivax , and P. ovale ) and every third day with the "quartan" parasite (P. malariae).
Teeth chatter and the bed may rattle from the patient , s shivering. Chill Mild delirium : hallucination: confusion: fever: restlessness. Slaty
Paludisme (French)= malaria
Most of these deaths are in children aged 1 to 5 in sub-Saharan Africa, making it the biggest single infectious killer of children in the world. Malaria is endemic in over 100 sub-tropical and tropical countries. 1 million children under the age of five years in tropical Africa. Although typically an illness of tropical regions of the world, more than 1500 cases (nearly all foreign-originating) are diagnosed in the US each year.
of which P. falciparum causes the most severe form of malaria and the most deaths. and less commomly P. malariae.
Malignant because it is the most severe form and can be fatal. No exoerythrocytic stage. If erythrocytic stage eradicated relapses do not occur.
Malaria is primarily transmitted through the bite of an infected female Anopheles species mosquito. Malaria also can be transmitted via a blood transfusion or congenitally between mother and fetus, although these forms of infection are rare.
Only a small number of sporozoites are needed to cause an infection in humans (about 10 P. falciparum). Within about 15–45 minutes of inoculation, the sporozoites of all Plasmodium species reach the liver in the bloodstream and infect hepatocytes, in which asexual multiplication takes place. P. malariae infects mainly older erythrocytes, P. vivax and P. ovale prefer reticulocytes, and P. falciparum infects younger and older erythrocytes.(Kayser, 2005)
The plasmodia are sporozoa in which the sexual and asexual cycles of reproduction are completed in different host species.
http://www.ciriscience.org/ph_151-Plasmodium_falciparum_Copyright_Dennis_Kunkel_Microscopy http://www.sharinginhealth.ca/pathogens/parasites/plasmodium_spp.html Plasmodium falciparum plasmodial merozoite making initial contact with an erythrocyte (red blood cell) membrane at the beginning of erythrocyte invasion. The invasive merozoite has a distinct trilaminar membrane (brown). The merozoite cytoplasm contains a rhoptry neck or duct and rhoptry bulbs (purple), a nucleus (yellow), ribosomes (green), micronemes (rust brown) and mitochondria (pink). Malaria is caused by Plasmodium spp., parasitic single-celled protozoans called plasmodia. Malaria is spread to humans by species of tropical mosquitoes (Anopheles species). Infection spreads from the liver to the blood, where the plasmodium multiplies inside red blood cells. The plasmodial parasite reproduces asexually in the red blood cells significantly destroying many red blood cells. There are four stages of the parasite that develop in human red blood cells - merozoite stage, ring stage, trophozoite stage and schizont stage. Release of mature Plasmodium merozoites results in further infection and produces bouts of shivering fever (paroxysms) and sweating that may be fatal.
Exflaggellation process, Microgametes bud from microgametocyte (male gametocyte).
Several days to a week after onset of parasitemia, the schizogonic cycle synchronizes: in infections with P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. falciparum, a cycle is completed within 48 hours, in infections with P. malariae within 72 hours. Bouts (Attach, hort times) of fever occur at the same intervals, i.e., on day 1, then 48 hours later on day 3 (hence “malaria tertiana”) or on day 1 and then again after 72 hours on day 4 (hence “malaria quartana”). (Kayser, 2005).
About 7000 cases of imported malaria were reported in Europe in the period from 1985 to 1995, whereby the data are incomplete.
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