1. Theory
effectiveness

2.  The literature on effects of mindfulness
training contains many methodological
weaknesses,
 Mindfulness interventions may improve pain,
stress, anxiety, depressive relapse, and
disordered eating (e.g., Kabat-Zinn, 1982;
Kabat-Zinn et al., 1992; Kristeller & Hallett,
1999; Shapiro, Schwartz, & Bonner, 1998;
Teasdale et al., 2000).
 Mindfulness Training as a Clinical
Intervention: A Conceptual and Empirical
Review by Ruth A. Baer

3.  Grant, J. A., J. Courtemanche, et al. (2011).
 Meditative practice, has been associated
with pain reduction, low pain sensitivity,
chronic pain improvement, and thickness of
pain-related cortices.
 Zen meditation is more akin to 'no appraisal'
than 'reappraisal'. This implies the cognitive
evaluation of pain may be involved in the
pain-related effects observed in meditators.
 "A non-elaborative mental stance and decoupling of
executive and pain-related cortices predicts low pain
sensitivity in Zen meditators." Pain 152(1): 150-156.

5. Ruminations re past
 (if only,
 guilt,
 shame,
 anger,
 hatred,
 revenge

6. Ruminations re present
(I wish)
Envy
Bitterness
discontent
I can’t
I don’t
I won’t

7. Ruminations re future
(what if?)
Negative predictions
Catastrophising
 Anxiety
Hopelessness

8. Relaxation
Distraction
Feeling better

9. Turning the mind
 Accepting the present
Observing
Describing
Participating
Non-judgemental stance
Wise Mind

10. Wise MindEmotional
Mind
Rational
Mind

11. when trying to change it
makes it worse;
when it can’t be changed

12. Thought Suppression
The Green Rabbit
Chocolate: Behavioural Rebound
Distress tolerance (mindful
focus)

13. Client avoidance
client resistance
 see saw

14. Therapist mindfulness
accepting one’s own
emotions and urges

15. 1. reduce avoidance
2. empower client
3. empower/relieve/relax therapist

16.  1 Non-judgmental stance
Identifying judgments in your
clients’ perspectives:
Shoulds, oughts
rephrasing non judgmentally

17. Say it just as it is:
 I can’t,
 it won’t work,
it’s impossible,
re-phrasing realistically

18. Committing to action in
parallel to pain

19. Turning the mind from
past/present/future rumination

20. 1. to act your values
2. to achieve your goals
3. to do what works (be
effective)

21. Mindfulness metaphors,
relate these to particular client
circumstances

22. Targeting when and how to be
mindful
setting ‘homework’ mindfulness
tasks
reminding and re-phrasing

23. Convincing clients not to judge
success by ‘feeling better’
Managing crises:
mindful breathing
Mindful observation

24. Practising skills in all
different settings, the
mindfulness habit

25. Taught as part of skills training
Practise in individual therapy:
 At beginning and/or end of sessions
 As coping skill e.g. during exposure
work
 As attitude /stance towards doing
hard things (acceptance)