2. TABLE OF CONTENTS Preterite Trigger Words Car/Gar/Zar Spock Verbs Cucaracha Snake Snakey Imperfect Trigger Words Irregulares Preteritevs. Imperfect Ser vs. Estar Verbs Like Gustar Comparatives/ Superlatives Transition Words Future Trigger Words Irregulars Por Para Demonstrative Adjectives Demonstrative Pronouns Conditional Irregulars Perfect Tenses Present Past Present Perfect Irregulars Subjunctive Perfect Tan y Tanto Impersonal se Saber vs. Conocer Los Mandatos Informal/ Formal Affirmative Negative Irregular DOP & IOP Placement Nosotros Commands Mono Verbs Subjunctive Irregulars Trigger Phrases Impersonal Expressions Expressions of Emotion Conjunctions of time Demonstrative Adjectives Demonstrative Pronouns
3. PRETERITE a completed action in the past (snap shot) AR e aste o amosaron ER/ IR iisteioimosieron
4. TRIGGER WORDS el dia anterior- the day before ayer- yesterday la semanapasada- last week el fin de semanapasada- last weekend el mespasado- last month anoche- last night ya- already anteayer- day before yesterday
5. CAR/GAR/ZAR those tend to have changes to their ends in conjugation in subjunctive form carque gargue zarce this one does it for habit not becuase it has to for pronunciation
6. SPOCK VERBS the verbs Ir (to go) and ser (to be) are conjugated the same way fuifuimosuistefuisteisfuefueron the verb hacer (to make or do) is conjugated differently from the rest of the “Spock” verbs hicehicimoshicistehicisteishizohicieronthe verbs dar (to give) and ver (to see) are also conjugated the same way
7. CUCARACHA andar- anduv estar- estuv poder- pude poner-pus querer-quis saber- sup tener- tuv venir- vin conducir- conduj croducir- produj traducir- traduj decir- dij traer-trajEisteimosisteisieron“j” verbs drop the “I”- eron
8. SNAKE VERBS stem changers in the preterite only change in the 3rd person ex. dormirdurmió
9. SNAKEY VERBS stem changers in the preterite change only in the 3rd person Y is added ex. leer-leye
10. IMPERFECT actions repeated habitually actions that “set the stage” another past action telling time stating age mental states physical states to describe characteristics of people, things, or conditions AR abaabasabaábamosaban ER/IR iaiasiaiamosian
11. TRIGGER WORDS a veces- sometimes mientras- while cadadía- everyday a menudo- often muchasveces- many times todoslos días- everyday siempre- always frecuentemente- frequently
13. PRETERITE VS. IMPERFECT preterite irregulars- ir, ser, ver no definite beginning or end imperfect irregulars- spock, cucaracha definite beginning or end
14. SER VS. ESTAR ser D-description O-origin C-characteristics T-time O-occupation R-relationship P-physical characteristics E-event D-date estar H-health E-emotional L-location P-physical appearance I -ando N -ando G -ando
15. VERBS LIKE GUSTAR show emotions about something pronouns go before verb ex. Me gusta chicas. ifobjectis plural, addn ex. Les encantan las chicas. me te le nos les
20. IRREGULARS decir-dir hacer-har poner-pondr salir-saldr teneqr-tendr valer-valdr venir-vendr poder-podr querer-querr saber-sabr caber-cabr haber-habr é ás á emosán
21. POR passing through- portal general rather than specific location- portugal how long something lasts- porever the cause of something- porpose an exchange- import/export doing something in place of someone else a means of transportation
22. PARA for whom something is done- surprise paraty destination- paraguay purpose for which something is done- parachute to express an opinion- paradon (me) to compare/contrast- comparason idea or deadline- paramedic
26. IRREGULARS same as future irregulars decir-dir hacer-har poner-pondr salir-saldr teneqr-tendr valer-valdr venir-vendr poder-podr querer-querr saber-sabr caber-cabr haber-habr
27. PERFECT TENSES helping verb + past participle there are three main perfect tenses: present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect portray an action or state as completed and not in progress, from a different point of view
28. PRESENT present tense of haber w/ past participle “has” or “have” ex. He comido. he has ha hemoshan
29. PAST “had” ex. habíavivido habíahabíashabíahabíamoshabían
30. PRESENTPERFECTIRREGULARS hemospuesto- we have put hanescrito- they have written he abierto- I have opened ha muerto- she has died hanvisto- you all have seen ha dicho- you (formal) have said has vuelto- you have returned hemoshecho- we have done
32. TAN & TANTO tan forming comparisons of equalities with adjectives or adverbs: tan + adj(adverb) + como tanto forming comparisons of equalities with nouns: tanto (-a,-os,-as) + noun + como
33. IMPERSONAL SE verbs always 3rd person and followed by a direct object se + 3rd person singular ex. Se hablaespañol.
34. SABER VS. CONOCER saber to know facts information how to do something something by heart conocer to know to be familiar with people places things
35. LOS MANDATOS used to directly address someone and give them an order can be formal or informal can be nosotros can be affirmative or negative
36. INFORMAL/FORMAL informal use the present indicative Ud. form in the affirmitive use the present subjunctive tú form in the negative formal use the present subjunctive forms
37. AFFIRMATIVE the affirmative tú commands are not based on the subjunctive there is however, a list of verbs that are irregular in the affirmative tú command form that you must learn.
38. NEGATIVE to make a sentence negative, place the word "no" before the verb algo (something) nada (nothing) alguien(somebody) nadie(nobody) algún (-o, -a, -os, -as) (some, something) ningún(-o, -a, -os, -as) (no, none) siempre (always) nunca(never) jamás (never, ever) también (also) tampoco(neither, not either) o . . . o (either . . . or) ni. . . ni (neither . . . nor)
40. DOP & IOP PLACEMENT placed before verb answer the questions of who? & what? placed before verb answer the questions of to whom? & for whom?
41. NOSOTROS COMMANDS used when speaker is included, used to express lets + verb opposite nosotrosending ex. Comamosallí. for negative, just add no before verb
42. MONO VERBS with affirmative nosotros commands, the final “s” is dropped before adding the pronouns –nos or –se ex. Sentemos + nos = sentémonos but with negative nosotros commands, the pronoun comes before the verb ex. No nossentemos
43. SUBJUNCTIVE used to express everything but certainty and objectivity start w/ “yo” form of present indicative, drop the –o ending, and addthe following endings for stem-changers, formula applies but no stem change in nosotros ex. Piense, pienses, piense, pensemos, piensen for –ir stem changing verbs, the formular applies except nosotros changes to o:U, E:I ex. Durmamos, sintamos, pidamos
44. IRREGULARS car, gar, zars Tvdishes ex. dar dédesdédemosdenex. estarestéestésestéestemosesténex. irvayavayasvayavayamosvayanex. serseaseasseaseamossean
45. TRIGGER PHASES a menosque… antes que… cuando… dudarque… en cuanto… es buenoque… es imposibleque… esmaloque… quererque… sin que… negarque… hastaque… en raroque… esmejorque… esposibleque… esperarque…
47. EXPRESSIONS OF EMOTIONS Verbs/expressions of will or want which express an order, a need, a piece of advice, or a desire: aconsejarque to advise decirque to tell dejarque to let allow desearqueto desire that eshoraque it's time that esimportanteque it is important that esnecesarioque it is necessary that esperarque to hope that
48. CONJUCTIONS OF TIME presentSubjunctive - incompletedactions a menos que antes de que con tal de que después de que hasta que mientras que tan pronto como
