Local forests are socio-ecological systems that have been managed for centuries by local populations around the world through small-scale practices and local knowledge. These forests provide livelihoods and are important for local social and cultural identities. However, they have often not been properly recognized in policy frameworks. While sustainable development approaches may provide opportunities, globalization and external interventions have also threatened local forest management through issues like conflicting claims over forest resources and the prioritization of markets over local patrimonial systems. Fully understanding local forests requires examining the actors and processes shaping them across different scales of time and space.

1. From local forests to the global forest Resilience and involution of local forest systems in the globalization era Geneviève Michon For the POPULAR Group

3. West Java, Indonesia Local forests: in the humid tropics India Cameroon Ethiopia Indonesian Borneo Laos

4. Local forests: in semi-arid areas and Mediterranean regions Morocco Spain West Timor Ethiopia Burkina

5. Local forests: in temperate countries Central France

7. Revisiting domestication, the material processes: forging new trees Grafting selected varieties Planting wildings and varieties Increasing production through working on the tree form Western Chestnut Argan (Argana spinosa) tree in Morocco the visible processes the invisible processes Tree for oil production: different shapes for different nut quality Tree for goats: private Tree for goats: communal Hedges Controlling root sprouts

8. Revisiting domestication, the material processes : Engineering the ecosystem Manipulating global forest development Ffilling natural or induced gaps Manipulating regeneration

9. Revisiting domestication, the material processes : creating landscapes developing infrastructures introducing rights Creating diversity

10. Revisiting domestication, the immaterial processes: belonging to the domesticity Economy: support of livelihood Patrimony: transgenerational intentions Symbolism: linking to religion and beliefs Territory Political dimension Identity

18. Tropical Rainforest: piling up conflicting patrimonial claims Local, Customary patrimonies (family, lineage, tribes…) National Domain Historical situation: Local + State  negation, or destruction of local patrimonies for the construction of the State Forest Domain

19. Tropical Rainforest: piling up conflicting patrimonial claims World Heritage (biodiversity, carbon) BUT: reconstruction of unified « local patrimonies » as part of « the World rainforest heritage » Globalization of sustainable development norms, policies and projects New situation: Local + International, less State Local, self-organized claims Claims organized by external agents Priority: protecting the heritage

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