Biology notes for summative assessment

DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISM

Contents

Ø It is essential to understand the interrelationships
among different groups of organisms.

Introduction

Ø It forms a bone for the development of other
biological sciences.

Historical Account

Ø It projects a picture of all life forms at a glance.

3. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT ::

Virus

Aristotale classified animals on basis of habitat (land
water and air). He further classified the animals on
basis of presence of RBC into Anaima and Ehaima.
Enaima was classified into ovipara (egg layers) and
vivipara (Dirth to young).

Five Kingdom Classification
q Monera
q Protista
q Plantae

3.1 Two Kingdom Classification :
Father of taxonomy - Carolus Linnaeus. He preposed
following kingdoms.

q Fungi
q Animalia

(A) Plantae Ø Which included Bacteria, Fungi, Algae, Mosses,
Liverworts, Ferns, Conifers and Flowering plants.

1. CLASSIFICATION ::

(B) Animalia -

Definition :

Ø Included Protozoan, Sponges, Jelly fishes,
Worms, Crabs, Insects, Millipedes, Centipedes,
Spiders, Snails, Star fishes, Snakes, Frogs, Birds
and Mammals.

The method of arranging organisms into groups on
sets on the basis of similarities and differences is
called classification.

2. TAXONOMY OR SYSTEMATICS ::

3.2 Three Kingdom Classification :
Ø This was suggested by german biologist,
E. Haeckel in 1866.

Definition :
The taxonomy or systematics is the study of diversity
and kind of organisms and the evolutionary
relationship among them.

Ø As some microscopic single celled forms were
unlike plants or animals altogether and could not
be placed in earlier system, thus three kingdom
system was proposed. It includes (1) plantae,
(2) Animalia, (3) Protista ... contained all single
celled organisms like protozoans and unicellular
algae.

Importance of Classification :
Ø It makes the study of wide variety of organisms
easy.

Biology - Diversity in Living Organism

37

q Sibling species : Related species which are

3.3 Four Kingdom Classification :

reproductively isolated bat morphologically
similar.

Ø This was developed by Copeland in 1966.
Ø As prokaryotes (Organisms without true nucleus)
were different from eukaryotes (organism with
true nucleus), a new group, monera was
formed.

q Eademic species : A species restricted to a
given area.

(B) Binomial Nomenclature :

3.4 Five Kingdom Classification :

Ø Proposed by Carolus Linnaeus.

Ø This most favoured scheme was proposed by
R.H. Whittaker in 1969. Fungi could not find
a suitable place in earlier system of classifications
and thus whittaker’s five kingdom theory found
favour amongst most biologists.

Ø According to this system of nomenclature, each
animal or plant is given two names : the first one
is the generic name and the second one is the
name of the species.
Ø Scientific names are always in Latin.

Ø This classification includes :
(a) Plantae
(c) Fungi

Ø The first letter of the generic name is always
capitalized and that of the specific name is written
in small letter. For example, the scientific name of
frog is Rana tigrina, in which Rana is the
generic name and tigrina is the name of the
species.

(b) Animalia
(d) Protista

(e) Monera.

3.5 Six Kingdom Classification :
Ø It was proposed by Woese, Kandler and Wealis
(1990). They divided monera into Archae bacteria
and Eubacteria.

4. VIRUES ::
Ø The study of viruses is known as virology.

(A) Taxonomic Categories :

Ø Viruses belong to intermediate zone between
living and non-living worlds.

Kingdom
Subkingdom

Ø Their size varies from 10-250 nm.

Phylum (division in plants)

Ø Viruses have an extermely basic structure, made
up of a central core of either a DNA or RNA
strand.

Class
Order
Family

Ø This is covered by a protein coat called capsid.
ü
ï
ï
ý (1)
ï
ï
(2) þ

Genus
Species

q Species Concept :
Ø Species is the basic unit of taxonomy.

ü
(3) ï
ï
ý
ï
ï
þ

Ø Mayr defined species as groups of interbreeding
natural populations that are reproductively
isolated from each other group.

(4)

q Sympatric : Species inhabiting the same
geographical area are sympatric.

(5)

q Allopatric

: Spcies inhibiting different geographical areas are allopatric.

(1) Head (DNA covered With protein coat)
(2) Collar, (3) Neck, (4) Tail, (5) End plate
FIG - STRUCTURE OFA BACTERIOPHAGE

38


(C) Kingdom Fungi :

Ø The viruses do not have any cytoplasm or other
metabolic machinery. They depend entirely on
the metabolic enzymes of the host cell. Hence
they are termed obligate parasites.

Ø Fungi are multicelled, non photosynthetic
organism.
Ø Some fungi are microscopic while others can be
seen with the naked eyes.

Ø Viruses infect almost every kind of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells.

Ø Some fungi are unicellular while others are
multicellular consisting of numerous filaments
known as hyphae.

Ø Inside the living cells, the viruses behave as
living structures as they multiply and grow.
Ø Once outside the organisms, viruses behave as
non-living entities.

Ø The hyphae branch profusely and from a network
called mycelium.

Ø Viruses infect a variety of organisms. Viruses
infecting blue green algae are called
Cyanophages .

Ø Since fungi Lack chlorophyll they can’t
synthesise their own food and therefore they
either lead a parasitic or sporophytic life.

Ø Bacteriophages are viruses that infect
bacteria and mycophages infect the fungi.

Ø The Parasitic fungi may infect the host
superficially or they may penetrate the host
tissues (Ectoparasite and endoparasite).

Ø Some example are in man, Rhinovirus is the common
cold virus. The dreaded AIDS disease is also
caused by HIV (Human Immuno Deficiency Virus).

Ø The fungi develop haustoria which help in
absorption of nutrients from the host. Ex. mucor

(D) Kingdom Animalia :

5. FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION ::

Ø It includes multicellular animals.

(A) Kingdom Monera :

Ø Example : Salpa, doliolum, lamprey, shark,
lizard, snake, frog, parrot, whale, bat, man, cow
kangaroo.

Ø It consists of unicellular prokaryotic organisms.
Ø Ex. - blue green algae and bacteria.

(B) Kingdom Protista :

6. PLANT
K INGDOM
PLANTAE) ::

Ø Kingdom protista include unicellular eukaryotic
organisms. Protists are mostly aquatic eukaryotic
microorganisms.

(KINGDOM

Plant Kingdom
Sub kingdom

Ø They possess cilia, flagella or pseudopodia for
Locomotion.
Ø Protists have immense reproductive potential. The
reproduce asexually or sexually.

Cryptogamae
(Naked Embryo
called spores)

Ø Ex - Diatoms (Navicula), Dinoffagellates
(Gonyaulax), Slime moulds (fuligo) and
Protozoans (Amoeba, Paramecium etc.)

Phanerogamae
(Seed with embryo
and food)

6.1 Sub Kingdom - Cryptogamae :

Ø It includes multicelled green plants and algae.

Ø It includes - Flowerless, Seedless plants.

Ø The members of this kingdom are nonmotile,
terrestrial, multicellular that contain chlorophyll
and produce their own organic compounds.

Ø Cryptogamae further divided into three

division Cryptogamae

Ø All plant cells have a cellulosic cell wall. Ex.
Spirogyra, Selaginella, Pinus, dicot or monocot
plant, liverworts, mosses.


Thallophyta

39

Bryophyta

Pteridophyta

(A) Division Thallophyta :

ALGAE

Ø Most primitive and simple plants. The plant body
is not differentiated into stem, root and leaves,
but it is in the form of an undivided thallus.

1 Cell wall is made up
of cellulose.

Lichens

q Algae -

Grows fast in dark or
dim light.

5 All the members are
autotrophic.

Fungi

Chlorophyll is absent

4 Grows fast in bright
light.

Thallophytes

Food material is stored
in the form of glycogen
or oil.

3 Members contain
chlorophyll.

Ø Sex organs are simple, single-celled and there is
no embryo formation after fertilization.

Cell wall is made up
of fungal cellulose
and chitin

2 Food material is
stored usually in the
form of starch.

Ø Mechanical and conducting tissues are absent
(i.e., there is no vascular system)

Algae

FUNGI

Fungi are heterotrophic,
i.e. either saprophytic
or parasitic

Ø Most algae are water-growing or aquatic, both
marine and fresh water, some are terrestrial, i.e.
live on land near moist places.

q Lichens -

Ø They are autotrophic, i.e., manufacture their own
food. Reserve food is generally starch.

Ø Lichens grow on rocks, tree-trunks, and even on
the ground. They are very hardy.

Ø The plant body may be unicellular
(Chlamydomonas), colonial (Volvox), filamentous
(Ulothrix, Spirogyra).

Ø In lichens, algae and fungi live in symbiosis,
(mutualism), i.e., they coexist for mutual benefit.
Ø The algae component of the lichen is known as
phycobiont and the fungal
component as mycobiont.
Ø The fungus absorbs water and
mineral matter and supplies it to
the algae. The algae, in true,
prepares food and supplies it to
the fungus.

Chlamydomonas

Ø Lichen are most sensitive to SO2 Foliose lichen
pollution.

q Fungi -

Ø Crustose lichens (e.g. Rhizocarbon, Graphics);
foliose lichens (e.g. Parmelia, Collema) and
fruticose lichens (e.g. Aletoria, Usnea)

Ø Simple non-green plants which are not
photosynthetic. They are heterotrophic.
Ø They may be unicellular (yeast) or filamentous
(most fungi). The body of a multicellular and
filamentous fungus is called a
mycelium.

(B) Division Bryophyta :
Ø Bryophytes are small multicellular green land
plants.

Ø Fungi have a cell wall containing a
mixture of chitin and cellulose.

Ø These simplest land plants are
confined to shady damp places.

Ø The reserve food is glycogen.

Ø They

Ø Slime mold; Bread mould (Rhizopus,
Mucor, yeast).

are

also

called

amphibians of the plant
kingdom.

Rhizopus

40

Riccia


Ø Their plant body is a flat, green thallus in
liverworts (Riccia, Marchantia)

PTERIDOPHYTES
1 Vascular tissue are
present but
secondary growth
is absent.

Ø Examples : Riccia, Marchantia, Anthoceros.

(C) Division Pteridophyta :
Ø They are found mainly in shady or damp places.
Ø The plant body is made up of root, stem and
leaves.

Ovule and seeds are
formed.

(E) Angiospermae :

developed

Ø Angiosperms are highly evolved plants and they
produce seeds that are enclosed within the fruit.

Ø These plants have no flowers and
do not produce seeds.

Ø The reproductive organs are aggregated in a
flower.
Angiosperms

Ø Sex organs are multicellular and
jacketed by sterile cells.
Ø Club mosses - Selaginella, Dryopteris
Lycopodium (“ground pine”);
horsetails - Equisetum; and ferns - Marsilea.
Ø Sub

kingdom- Phanerogamae
Spermatophyta

Dicotyledonae
(Dicots)

or

Monocotyledonae
(Monocots)

q Dicotyledonae Ø The seeds produced by these plants
have embryos with two fleshy leaves,
the cotyledons.

Ø Phanerogamae includes higher plants that bear
flowers and seeds.
Ø The plant body is differentiated into root, stem
and leaves.

Ø Their leaves have reticulate venation, with a
network of veins.

Ø Vascular system are well developed.

Ø The root system has a prominent tap root.

Ø Sex organs are multicellular.

Examples : Pea (Pisum sativum), potato

Ø An embryo develops from fertilized egg.

(Solanum tuberosum), sunflower (Helianthus
annuus), rose (Rosa indica), banyan (Ficus
religiosa), neem (Melia indica), apple (Malus
silvestris).

Spermatophyta
Sub kingdom
Gymnospermae

Vascular tissues are
present and secondary
growth is present.

2 Ovule and seeds are
not formed.

Ø In them a true vascular system is absent.

Ø They have well
vascular system.

GYMNOSPERMS

Angiospermae

(D) Gymnospermae:
Ø The seeds produced by these plants are naked
and are not enclosed within fruits.
(i) Cycadae, e.g. Cycas etc.
(ii) Coniferae, e.g. Pinus,
Cedrus, Ginkgo, etc.

Parallel Pinnate Reticulate Pinnate
VENTION IN LEAVES

Cycas


41

q Monocotyledonae -

Ø Solitary or colonial, free living or parasitic or
symbiotic.

Ø The seeds of these plants have only one
cotyledon.

Ø Osmoregulation by contractile vacuole.
Ø Body shape may be irregular, spherical, oval,
elongated or flattened.

Ø Their leaves have parallel venation.
Ø The root system consists of similar
fibrous roots.

Ø Cytoplasm differentiated into outer ectoplasm
and inner endoplasm.

Ø The vascular bundles are scattered and
closed (i.e. lack cambium). Secondary
growth does not occur.

Ø Locomotion by finger-like pseudopodia, flagella
or cilia.
Ø Examples - Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium
and Plasmodium.

Ø Examples : Maize (Zea mays), Wheat (Triticum
vulgare), rice (Oryza sativa), onion (Allium cepa),
sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), barley
(Hordeum vulgare), banana (Pandanus), Coconut
and grasses.

MONOCOTS

Fig - Amoeba

DICOTS

7.2 Phylum - Porifera :

1. Parallel venation is
present in leaf.

Reticulate venation is
present in leaf.

2 Embryo consists of
only one cotyledon.

Embryo consists of
two cotyledons.

Ø Sessile (stalk-less), sedentary (attached to the
substratum), and marine except one group that
lives in fresh water.

3. Example - Maize

Example - Pea

Ø Simplest multicellular, diploblastic animals.
Ø Have organisation at cellular colony level. Thus,
cells are loosely held together and do not form
tissues.

7. CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS ::
Animal Kingdom
Protozoa (Unicellular or
cellular organisms)

Ø Asymmetrical or radially symmetrical. Sponges
may be vase-like, rounded, sac-like branched.

Metazoa
(Multicellular organisms)

Ø Body is perforated by numerous pores, the ostia
that open into a canal system having canals and
chambers lined with collared flagellated cells or
choanocytes.

Terms :
Protostomia - Blastopore forms mouth.
Deuterostomia - Blastopore forms anus.
Coelom - Cavity between alimentary canal and body
wall.

Pseudocoelom - False coelom
Eucoelom - True coelom lined with mesoderm.

Fig- Sycon

The Salient Features and Common
Examples of Certain Main Phyla of Kingdom
Animalia are as Follows :

Ø Examples - Sycon, Euplectella, (Venus flower
basket) Spongilla (Fresh water sponge).

7.3 Phylum - Cnidaria (Coelenterata) :

7.1 Phylum - Protozoa :

Ø Aquatic, mostly marine, a few such as Hydra are
fresh water solitary or colonial forms.

Ø Unicellular mostly aquatic animals.

42


KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Protozoa

Metazoa
Eumetazoa

Parazoa

Protozoa

Porifera
Radiata

Bilateria

Cnidaria
Ctenophora

Protostomia
Acoelomata

Pseudocoelomata
Aschelminthes

Platyhelminthes

Deuterostomia

Coelomata

Echinodermata

Hemichordata

Chordata

Annelida
Arthropoda
Mollusca

Ø Cnidarians or coelenterates are multicellular,
diploblastic animals with tissue grade of
organisation.

Ø Digestive cavity (when present) with a single
opening, the mouth (anus is absent).

Ø Body shows radial symmetry.

Ø Circulatory and respiratory system and skeleton
are absent.

Ø Suckers and hooks are usually present.

Ø Possese speci a li zed cell s
(cnidoblasts) bearing stinging
organoids called nematocysts.
Nematocysts serve the functions
of pa ra l ysin g t he pr ey by
injecting poison or to hold the
Fig - Hydra
prey.

Ø Excretory system consists of blind tubules called
protonephridia.
Ø Examples : Dugesia (Planaria), Fasciola (liver
fluke), Schistosoma (Blood fluke), Taenia solium
(Pork Tape worm).

Ø Exhibit the phenomenon of polymorphism
(Ex- Physalia).
Ø Body shows two main forms, the polyps and the
medusae.
Ø Examples - Hydra, Obelia (sea fur) , Aurelia(jelly
fish), Metridium (sea anemone).

7.4 Phylum - Platyhelminthes :

Fig - Taenia solium

Ø Bilaterally symmetrical and dorsoventrally
flattended animals.

7.5 Phylum - Aschelminthes or nematoda
Ø They are parasitic or free-living.

Ø Body thin, soft, leaf-like or ribbon-like.


43

Ø Example : Palemon (Prawn), Daphnia (water
flea), Limulus (King crab), Palamnaeus (Scorpion)

Ø They
are
triploblastic,
unsegmented and show bilateral
symmetry.

7.8 Phylum - Mollusca :

Ø Body cavity is not a true coelom.

Ø They have soft, unsegmented body.

Ø Alimentary canal is complete.

Ø Body is divided into three regions (head visceral
mass and ventral foot).

Ø Sexes are separate.
Ø Examples : Ascaris (Round
worm), Enterobius (Pin worm),
Wuchereria (filaria worm)

Ø Outer surface is covered by a hard calcareous
shell.
Ascaris
lumbricoides

Ø Respiration is by gills called
ctenidia.

Ø They occur in moist soil, fresh water and sea.

Ø The sexes are usually separate.

Ø They are elongated, with segmented body and
bilateral symmetry.

Ø Examples : Chiton, Pila (Snail),
Unio (Fresh water mussel),
Octopus (Devil fish).

7.6 Phylum - Annelida :

Ø First animals with true body cavity (coelom).

Fig - Pila

7.9 Phylum - Echinodermata :

Ø Body
bears
lateral
appendages for locomotion
in the form of chitinous setae
or parapodia.

Ø They are marine, gregarious (live in groups) and
free-living animals.
Ø Shape may be star-like, spherical or elongate.

Ø Examples : Nereis (sand
worm) Aphrodite (sea mouse),
Pheretima (earthworm),
Hirudinaria (Cattle leech)
Fig - Earthworm

Ø Body surface is covered all over by calcareous
spines.
Ø Aristotle’s lantern for mastication.
Ø Their symmetry is radial in adults but bilateral in
larvae.

7.7 Phylum - Arthropoda :

Ø Tube feet for locomotion.

Ø Body is covered with a thick chitinous covering.

Ø These are unsegmented.

Ø Respiration through general body surface, by
gills, air tubes (tracheae) or book-lungs.

Ø Body cavity is modified into a water-vascular
systemor ambulacral system with tube like
outward
extension
for
locomotion, called tube feet.

Ø Body segments are grouped into two regionscephalothorax (head and thorax together and
abdomen, or three regions-head, thorax and
abdomen.

Ø Examples : Asterias (Star
fish), Echinus (Sea urchin),
Holothuria (Sea cucumber),
Fig- Star fish
Antedon (Feather star)

Ø Triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical and
metamerically segmented animals.
Ø Each body segment usually bears paired lateral
and jointed legs or appendages.

7.10 Phylum - Chordata
Ø Chordata are characterized by following basic
features :
Ø A dorsal, hollow, tubular nerve cord.
Ø Notochord present.
Ø Gill slits in the pharynx.
Ø Tail behind the anal opening.
Ø Ventral heart.

Fig - Prawn

44


Fig - Herdamania
CHORDATA

7.13 Subphylum - Cephalochordata :

Hemichordata
Cephalochordata
Urochordata

Ø Fish-like, metamerically segmented, headless
coelomate animals which retain notochord, dorsal
tubular nerve cord and pharyngeal gill-slits
throughout life.

Vertebrata

Acraniata

Agnatha Gnathostomata

7.11 Phylum Hemichordata :

Ø Notochord and nerve cord (without a distinet
brain) extend the entire length of body possess
post anal tail.

Ø Body soft, unsegmented worm-like and bilaterally
symmetrical. These animals possess a
combination of invertebrate (nonchordate) and
chordate characters.

Ø Exoskeleton, head, jaws and paired fins are
absent.

Ø Body is divided into proboscis, collar and trunk.

Ø Pharynx large and perforated by numerous gillslits.

Ø These animals resemble chordates only in having
pharyngeal gill-clefts and they lack notochord
and true dorsal nerve cord.

Ø Examples : Amphioxus or Branchiostoma
(lancelet)

Ø Buccal diverticulum
earlier regarded as
“notochord” is present
in proboscis.
Þ Exclusively marine,
solitary or colonial,
mostly tubicolous and
detritus feeders like the
earthworms.
Þ Example :
Balanoglossus (acorn
worm or tongue worm).

Fig - Amphioxus

9. GROUP - VERTEBRATA ::
Ø It includes the majority of chordates.
Ø Head is well differentiated.
Fig - Balanoglossus

Ø Nervous system and endoskeleton are highly
developed.
Ø Notochord is replaced by a jointed vertebral
column. There are two pairs of appendages.

7.12 Subphylum - Urochordata :

Ø Respiration is by gills in aquatic animals and by
lungs in land animals.

Þ Body is unsegmented and usually adults lack
tail.
Þ Body is covered by a tunic. Notochord occurs in
tail in larval forms only.

9.1 Subgroup - Agnatha :
Ø Animals having vertebral column and cranium.
Most primitive vetebrates.

Þ Pharynx has several gill slit.
Þ Examples : Herdmania (Sea squirt).

Ø No jaws; mouth suctorial.
Ø No lateral appendages or fins.

9.2 Subgroup - Cyclostomata :
Ø Body long, elongated and eel-like.
Ø Skin, soft, slimy, smooth and scaleless.
Ø Mouth round, suctorial and without jaws. They
are ectoparasites and use mouth to stick to the
back of the other fish.


45

Ø Single and median nostril present.

Ø Body is generally spindle-shaped.

Ø Examples : Petromyzon (lamprey), Myxine
(hagfish).

Ø Skin is either naked or covered with cycloid or
ctenoid scales.
Ø Mouth is usually terminal (anterior) in position.

Fig -

Ø Example : Labeo (rohu, carp), Catla (katla),
Hilsa, Ophiocephalu (channa or snakeheads),
Clarias (mangri)

Myxine

Gnathostomata
Pisces

Tetropoda

Fig - Clarias

Aves
Chondrichthyes
Amphibia
Mammalia
Reptilia
Osteichthyes

10.3 Class - Amphibia :
Ø In evolutionary terms, amphibians form the first
group among the chordates to live out of water
and to comprise first four-legged (tetrapod) land
vertebrates. They live on land but lay their eggs
in water. Amphibians are vertebrates leading two
lives.

10. PISCES ::
Ø Aquatic vertebrates which respire by gills and
move with help of fins. Heart 2 chanbered.

10.1 Class - Chondrichthyes :
Ø Marine fishes with completely cartilaginous
endoskeleton. They are generally large in size
(up to 10-20 meters long)

Ø These cold blooded animals live partly in fresh
water and partly on land (moist places).
Ø Skin is smooth or rough, moist, slimy, glandular
and mostly without scales.

Ø Body is either laterally compressed and spindleshaped or dorsoventrally flattened and disc shaped.

Ø Heart 3 chambered.

Ø Mouth ventral in position.

Ø Body with distinct head and trunk, no neck.

Ø Skin is tough and covered with minute placoid
scales.

Ø Two pairs of pentadactyl (five digit) limbs are
present. Digits or toes
without claws. Limbs may
be absent in some cases.

Ø Respiration by gills. Five or seven pairs of gills
open outside by means of gill-slits. The gill-slits
are not covered by gill-cover or operculum.

Ø Example : Ichthyophis,
Amphiuma (congo ell),
Salamandra, Ambystoma,
Fig - Bufo
Necturus, Rana (bull
frog), Bufo (toad), Hyla (tree-frog).

Ø Example : Scoliodon (dog-fish, Indian shark),
Sphyrna (hammer-headed shark), Torpedo (electric
ray), Trygon (sting ray), Pristis (saw-fish)

10.4 Class - Reptilia :
Ø Cold-blooded, terrestrial or aquatic vertebrates
with body covered with dry water-proof skin
having horny scales or scute plates.

Fig - Scoliodon
10.2 Class - Osteichthyes :

Ø Heart 3½ chambered. Crocodyles have 4
chambered heart.

Ø Marine and fresh-water fishes with partly or
wholly bony endoskeleton.

Ø Body varies in form and is usually divided into

Ø Size varies from 10 mm to 4 meters.

46


head, neck, trunk and tail.
Ø Limbs tetrapodous pentadacytle (five-toed) type
with clawed digits (limbs are absent snakes and
some lizards).
Ø Tympanum small and depressed.
Ø Teeth are present in all reptiles except in tortoises
and turtles.

Fig - Passer (house sparrow)
10.6 Class - Mammalia :

Ø Example : Kachuga (roofed-terrapin), Testudo
(land-tortoise), Uromastix (sand-lizard),
Hemidactylus (wall lizard), Calotes (gardenlizard), Draco (flying-lizard) Chamaeleon, Cobra
etc.

Ø Mammals are warm-blooded and most evolved
animals of Animal kingdom.
Ø Hairs and subcutaneous fat form an insulating
layer. Cutaneous glands such as sweat glands
and sebaceous (oil) glands are abundant.
Ø Diapharg present.
Ø Females have milk-producing mammary glands
which secrete milk for the nourishment of the
young.

Fig - Cobra
10.5 Class - Aves :

Ø 7 servical vertebrae (except whale, dolphin).
Ø External ear (pinnae) present.

Ø Warm-blooded, tetrapodous vertebrates (birds)
with various flight adaptations.

Ø Example : Macropus (kangaroo), Erinaceous
(hedgehog), Talpa (mole), Sorex (shrew),
Pteropus (flying fox), Bat, Manis (scaly ant-eater),
Hystrix (porcupine), Funambulus (squirrel) Rattus
(rat), Oryctolagus (rabbit), camel (ship of dbert).

Ø Size ranges from smallest humming bird to largest
ostrich.
Ø Horny scales persist on the feet but feathers
cover most of the body. Cutaneous glands are
absent.
Ø Boat-shaped body is divisible into head, neck,
trunk and tail.
Ø Fore-limbs modified into wings for flight. Kiwis
have vestigial wings.
Ø Example : Gallus (chicken), Passer (house
sparrow), Corvus (crow), Columba (pigeon),
Psittacula (parrot), Pavo (peafowl peacock),
Eudynamys (koel), Bubo (owl)


Fig - Camel

47

EXERCISE - 1

Q.16

Q.1

Name the kingdoms according to the Linnaeus
classification ?

Q.2

Who introduced the Five-kingdom classification ?

Q.3

What is the causal agent of AIDS ?

Q.4

What type of animals are included in monera ?

Q.6

Distinguish pteridohytes and Gymnopserms with
exaples ?

Who proposed Binomial nomenclature ?

Q.5

Give the general characters and classification of
Phanerogames ?

Q.17

A. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPES QUESTIONS

Name two Gymnosperm plants ?

D. FILL IN THE BLANKS
Virus is connecting link between ................ and
......................

Q.19

................ is remembered as the father of
taxonomy.

Q.20

Ambulacral system is characteristic of ................

Q.21

Q.7

Q.18

Non-seed bearing vascular plant are ............

Q.22

Protozoa are .................. and ............. animals.

Give two example of Arthropoda ?

B. SHORT ANSWER TYPES QUESTIONS
(About 30–40 words)

E. TRUE OR FALSE

Q.8

What are bryophytes ?

Q.9

Write important characters of viruses ?

Q.23

Viruses do not have an independent metabolism.

Q.10

What are lichens ?

Q.24

Aves are cold - blooded animals.

Q.11

Differentiate between dicotyledonae and
monocotyledonae plants ?

Q.25

Kiwis is flightless birds.

Q.26

Hedgehog belongs to class mammalia.

Q.27

In thallophyta mechanical and conducting tissues
are absent.

Q.28

Fungi are Autotropic.

Q.29

Pteridophyta plants have no flowers and do not
produce seeds.

Q.12

What are the sub phyllum of chordata ? Give
examples.

C. LONG ANSWER TYPES QUESTIONS
(More than 60–70 word)
Q.13

Write down the main characters of the kingdom
monera or protista ?

Q.14

List the distinguishing features of the phylum
chordata ? Mention its classes with one example
each.

Q.15

F. SINGLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Q.30

Write down important characters of the phylumPlatyhelminthes ?

48

Whittaker failed to give any place to one of the
following in his classification (a) Cyanobacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Slime moulds
(d) all above


Q.31

Q.32

Parazoa of includes (a) Protozoans
(b) Porifera
(c) Parasites of invertebrates (mosozoa)
(d) None above

G. MATCH THE COLUMNS
Q.40

Column - I

Column - II

1.

a.

Lamprey

2.

Jawless vertebrate

b.

Salamander

3.

Amphibian

c.

Salmon

4.

Cartilaginous fish

d.

Snake

5.

Flightless bird

e.

Shark

f.

Viruses are essentially made up of (a) Proteins and nucleic acid
(b) Proteins and carbohydrates
(c) Lipids and nucleic acids
(d) Starch, proteins and lipid

Limbless reptile

Ostrich

H. FILL THE BOX WITH APPROPRIATE WORD
Q.33

Q.34

Q.35

Prokaryotes are included in the group (a) Monera
(b) Basidiomycetes
(c) Bryophytes
(d) Tracheophyta

Q.41
Q.42

Four kingdom system of classification was given
by (a) Copeland
(b) Whittaker
(c) Linnoeus
(d) Von mohl

Q.43

A branch of biology which deals with the
identification, nomenclature and classification of
organisms is called (a) Morphology
(b) Ecology
(c) Taxonomy
(d) Phytogeography

Q.39

The following questions consist of two statement
each : assertion (A) and reason (R). To answer these
questions, mark the correct alternative as described
below :
(a) If both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A.
(b) If both A and R are true but R is not correct
explanation of A.
(c) If A is false but R is true.
(d) If both A and R are false.
Q.45

Binomial nomenclature was introduced by (a) John Ray
(b) A. P. deCandolle
(c) A. L. de Jussion
(d) Carolus Linnaeus


Kiwi is found in -

I. ASSERTION-REASON TYPE QUESTIONS

Vascular bundle are found in (a) Thallophyta
(b) Bryophyta
(c) Pteridophyta
(d) Lichens

Q.38

Petromyzon is example of -

Q.44

Which of the following organism has characters
of both animals and plants (a) Blue-green algae (b) Euglena
(c) Moss
(d) Cycas

Q.37

Segmented worms with complete digestive tract
originated in phylum -

Which group of plants are called “Amphibians
of plant world” (a) Bryophyta
(b) Gymnosperms
(c) Algae
(d) Fungi

Q.36

Agnatha has no -

49

A : Scoliodon is called dog fish.
R : It has a developed sense of smell.

EXERCISE - 2

A. SINGLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Q.1

Q.2

Q.3

Algae are (a) Autotropic
(c) Both

Q.9

(b) Heterotropic
(d) None

In larval stage which symmetry is present in
echinodermata (a) Radial
(b) Biradial
(c) Bilateral
(d) None of these

B. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Chlamydomonas is the example of (a) Algae
(b) Fungi
(c) Lichens
(d) None

Q.10

Q.11

Which class is called amphibians of the plant
kingdom (a) Thallophyta
(b) Bryophyta
(c) Pteridophyta
(d) Gymnosperm

Which of the following groups of animals is
found in marine habitat (a) Some fishes
(b) Echinoderms
(c) Whale
(d) None of these
Which statement is correct (a) Thallophyta has no vascular system
(b) Fungi have a cell wall containing a mixture of
chitin and cellulose
(c) Cycas is the example of pteridophyta
(d) Rose is the example of monocotyledonae

Q.4

Example of pteridophyta is (a) Selaginella
(b) Cycas
(c) Pinus
(d) None

Q.5

Cnidoblasts is characterstic feature of (a) Coelenterata
(b) Porifera
(c) Protozoa
(d) Arthropoda

Q.12

True coelon is found in (a) Annelida
(b) Nematoda
(c) Cnidaria
(d) All above

Q.6

Palemon (prawn) is the example of (a) Arthropoda
(b) Annelida
(c) Coelenterata
(d) Protozoa

Q.13

Q.7

Four chambered heart is found in (a) Draco
(b) Hemidactylus
(c) Tortoises and turtles
(d) Rocodyle

In the five kingdom system of classification
developed by Robert Whittaker, members of the
kingdom animalia are heterothophic, eukaryotic
and (a) Multicellular
(b) Motile
(c) Either unicellular and multicellular
(d) None of these

Q.14

Which mammal can fly (a) Bat
(b) Lizard
(c) Sparrow
(d) None

Q.15

Which does not belong to class coelenterata (a) Hydra
(b) Aurelia
(c) Metridium
(d) Euplectella

Q.8

In mollusca respiratory organ is called (a) Ctenidia
(b) Lungs
(c) Book-lungs
(d) All the above

50


Q.16

Which animal is included Aves (a) Kangroo
(b) Hedgehog
(c) Penguin
(d) Bat

Q.17

PASSAGE 1 (Q.20 TO Q. 23)
An amimals are marine and have tube feet for
locomotion. A well developed system of camals is
present for movement of water in the body. Larva and
adult have different symmetry.

Warm - blooded animals are (a) Reptilia
(b) Fish
(c) Aves
(d) Amphibia

Q.18

C. PASSAGE BASED QUESTIONS

Example of Amphibia is (a) Amphioxus
(b) Myxine
(c) Amphicma
(d) Ambyostoma

Q.19

Q.20

Q.21


What is the symmetry in larva and adult of such
animals ?

Q.23

51

What is name of the system of canals ?

Q.22

Respiration in arthropods occurs through (a) Body surface
(b) Booklungs
(c) Gill
(d) Lungs

Animals with alive character belong to which
phylum ?

Name two examples and their common names ?

v ANSWER v
EXERCISE -1


1.
2.
3.

30. b
34. a
38. c

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Plant kingdom, Animal kingdom.
Robert H. Whittaker
AIDS is caused by Human Immuno-deficiency virus
(HIV).
Monera
Plantae
Unicellular, eukaryotic organisms
Cycas, Pinus
Palemon (Prown), Limulus (King crab)

32. a
36. b

33. a
37. c

40. 1-d, 2-a, 3-b, 4-e, 5-f
41. Jows
43. cyclostomata

18.
19.
20.
21.
22.

31. b
35. a
39. d

An living world, non-living world.
Carolus linnaeus
Echinodermata
Pteriophyte
Unicellular and aquatic.

42. Annelida
44. New Zealand

45. a

E. TRUE OR FALSE
23. True
26. True
29. True

24. False
27. True

25. True
28. False

EXERCISE -2


1. a

2. a

3. b

4. a


6. a

7. d

8. a

9. c

5. a

20. Echinodermata
21. Ambulacral system or water vascular system.
22. Larva - Bilateral and
Adult - Radially symmetrical.
23. Asterias (star fish)
Echinus (sea urchin)

10. a, b, c 11. a, b
14. a
15. d
18. c
19. a, b, c

12. a
16. c

13. a, b
17. c

52


IMMUNITY AND HUMAN DISEASES

Edward Jenner is known as father of

Contents

immunology.

Antigen - Foreign substance which initiates

Introduction

imume respouse.

Types of Immunity

Types of Immunity :

Diseases

Immunity is of two basic types, innate and acquired.

(A) Innate Immunity :

Protozoan
Viral

Innate immunity is also known as inborn
immunity. It is present from birth.

Bacterial

Innate immunity is the first line of defence in
most organisms, whether plants or animals.

Deficiency

The immunity remains throughout life.
Contact with pathogen or its antigen is not
essential.
Innate immunity is inheritable.

1. IMMUNITY ::

It protects the individual from contraction of
diseases of other organisms.

Definition :
Immunity (L. Immunis = free), is a natural or acquired
resistance of an individual to development of
pathological condition even after having received
infective dose of virulent pathogen, its or an allergen.
“Immunity is the resistance of body to effect of certain
pathogenic microorganism.’’

(B) Acquired Immunity :
Acquired immunity develops only on exposure
to the concerned microorganism.
It develops during life time.
The acquired immunity can be short lived or life
long.

Immune System : Is a complex system of the

Contact with pathogen or its antigen is essential.

body including cellular and molecular components
which has the primary function of distinguishing self
from nonself and defence against infections agents,
foreign substances and cancer.

Acquired immunity cannot be passed to the next
generation.

2. COMPONENT OF IMMUNCE SYSTEM

Immunology : (L. Immunis free, logos-study) is

Immune system has two components, humoral and
cell mediated.

the branch of biology which deals with the study of
immune system and immune responses. Study of
structure and function of immue system is called
immunology.

(A) Humoral Immune System :
The antibodies are formed by B-Lymphocytes.
These are specific for antigens.

Biology - Immunity and Human Diseases

53

Some of the diseases caused by intrinsic sources
are -

(B) Cell Mediated Immune System :
This system defends the body against pathogens
including fungi and protists which enter the body.
This system also reacts against tissue transplants
and against body’s own cells that have become
cancerous.

Cardiac failure
Kidney failure
Osteoporosis (Pore in bones)
Myopia or short sightedness

It is component of Immune system which consist
of T-Lymphocytes.

Sickle cell anaemia etc.

The system provides cellular Immunity. It
functions against pathogen which pass into host
cells, the Immune system also operates against
cancer cells and transplants. It also activates
B-Lymophocytes.

(B) Extrinsic or Internal Factor :
The factors causing diseases and existing outside
the human body are called extrinsic or external
factors.
The important extrinsic factors which upset
human health are the following -

3. DISEASE ::

Unbalanced diet

Disease is defined as the malfunctioning of the
organs of the human body.

Diseases causing micro-organism such as
viruses, bacteria, fungi etc.

Sickness, illness, ailment as disease is a disorder
that affects an organism.

Environmental pollutants.
Tobacco, alcohol and narcotic drugs.

The term disease means DIS-EASE or without
ease or discomfort.

Extrinsic factors affect the health of our body by
interfering with normal fuctioning of the body
system.

3.1 Sources of Disease :
Generally, factors affecting health may be divided
into following groups -

Some of diseases caused by extrinsic factors are–
Kwashiorkor

(a) Intrinsic factors and

Marasmus

(b) Extrinsic factors

Night blindness

(A) Intrinsic or Internal Factors :

Beri Beri etc.

The disease causing factors which exist with in
the human body are called intrinsic factors.

Types of Diseases :

The important intrinsic factors which affect
human health are the following -

Diseases

Malfunctioning or improper functioning of
various body parts.

Congenital diseases

Acquired diseases

Genetic disorders
Hormonal imbalances
Malfunctioning of immune system

Communicable
or
infectious diseases

The diseases caused by intrinsic sources or
factors are called organic or metabolic
diseases.

54

Non-communicable
or
non infectious diseases


4.1 Diseases Caused by Protozoans :

Human diseases are broadly grouped into two
categories -

(A) Malaria :

(A) Congenital Diseases :
General Introduction -

These diseases are those which are present since
birth.

Malaria is caused by a protozoan parasite
Plasmodium. This disease spreads through the
bite of an insect vector-the female Anopheles
mosquito which feeds on human blood. (Male
Anopheles mosquito feeds upon nectar. Thus
does not spread malaria).

(B) Acquired Diseases :
These diseases are those which develop after
birth.

(B) Acquired Diseases :
Acquired diseases can be broadly classified into two
types Communicable

Symptoms Main symptom of malaria include headache,
nausea, muscular pain and fever at regular
intervals.

Non-communicable

Communicable or-Infectious Diseases These diseases are caused by some biological
agents or pathogens.

Prevention - We can protect us from the bite

Pathogens such as Virus, Bacteria, Protozoans
and Fungi.

Wire-gauze should be used on doors and
windows of our houses to prevent entry of
mosquitoes.

of mosquitoes by following methods :

Those infectious diseases are communicated from
diseases person to healthy person they are
known as communicable diseases.

Insect-repellents (e.g., Odomas) should be used
to prevent mosquito-bite.
Mosquito larvae should be killed by sprinkling
kerosene oil on large-sized water bodies. Some
larvivorous fishes such as Gambusia, Minnows
or trouts or birds (e.g., ducks) can be introduced
in water bodies.

Examples - Malaria, Influenza, Jaundice, AIDS
etc.

Non-Communicable
Infectious Diseases :

Diseases

or

Adult mosquitoes can be killed by spraying
insecticides (e.g., BHC, Malathion) on the walls
of human dwellings.

These are not spread from infected person to
healthy person.
Non communicable diseases may be caused from
deficiency diseases, degenerative diseases,
cancer and metabolic disorders.

Treatment A drug named Quinine, which is extracted from
the bark of Cinchona tree, is used to treat a
person suffering from malaria.

Several non communicable diseases caused due
to the deficiency of nutrients are called nutritional
deficiency diseases or nutritional disorders.

(B) Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping sickness) -

Examples - Marasmus and Kwashiorkor
(deficiency of proteins) Rickets, Goiter, Beri-Beri
etc.

Cause - Trypanosomiasis is caused by
Trypanosoma.
Life Cycle of Trypanosoma - Life cycle of

4. DIFFERENT TYPES OF DISEASES
CAUSED DUE TO INFECTION BY
MICRO ORGANISMS ::


Trypanosoma is digenetic.

55

Primary host is Man (Dogs and pigs are also
found with Trypanosoma)

Symptoms of trypanosomiasis varies according

Secondary host is Glossina (Tse - Tse fly)

to presence of Trypanosoma in blood, lymph and
cerebrospinal fluid.

Glossina is a blood sucking insect.

Trypanosoma in blood causes very high fever.
Trypanosoma in lymph results in swelling of neck
and armpit.

(C) Kala-azar :
Kala azar is caused by Leishmania donovani.

Trypanosoma in cerebrospinal fluid causes,
weakness mental dullness, severe headache,
muscle spasm, fremor of hands, pain stiffness in
neck, excessive drowsiness etc.

L.donovani is a parasite in human blood mainly
found in blood capillaries of visceral organs.

Note : The parasite mainly attacks the
endothelial cells of blood vessel and lymphatics

Following are the medicines used in the
treatment of trypanosomiasis.

Epidemiology - Kala azar spread from infected
person to healthy person through vector sandfly

(i) Suramine

Following are the symptoms of Kala azar.

(ii)

Lomadine

(iii) Bayer 205

(Phlebotomus).

(iv)

Pentamidine

Note : Yet no vaccine is available for

(i) Fever

trypanosomiasis.

(ii) Enlargement of the spleen and liver

4.2 Diseases Caused by Viruses :

(iii) Rheumatic pain


Note : Leishmania tropica causes oriental sore.

Influenza is commonly called flu.

Types of Fever :
Mainly of two types which are as follows :

It is an international disease and is caused by
influenza virus (Myxovirus influenzae).

(I) Gambian fever

Symptoms -

(II) Rhodesian fever

The common symptoms of influenza disease are
sudden onset of chills, discharge from the nose,
sneezing, fever, muscular pains and general
weakness. Fever last three days in adults.

Gambian Fever Gambian fever is also called west African sleeping
sickness.

Prevention -

Gambian fever is caused by- Trypanosoma
gambiense

We should try to keep away from flue patients.

Gambian fever spread by both sexes of Tse-Tse
fly (Glossina palpalis)

Control -

Gambian fever mainly occurs in west and central
Africa

Ammantadine and Rimatidine are recommenede
for the treatment of influenza.

(A) Jaundice/Hepatitis :

Rhodesian Fever Rhodesian fever is also called East Africans
sleeping sickness.

General Introduction Jaundice or hepatitis is the disease of liver.

Rhodesian fever is caused by T. rhodesiense.

Jaundice is caused by viral infection.

R.fever spread by Glossina moisitans

The types of hepatitis are : Hepatitis A, Hepatitis
B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D, Hepatitis E or
Hepatitis G.

Epidemiology - From infected man to healthy
man by Tse-Tse fly.

56


Hepatitis is spread mostly by food and water
contaminated with hepatitis virus.

Compulsory immunization of dogs and cats
should be done. Pet dogs should be vaccinated
with anti rabies vaccine.

Symptoms -

A rabid animal shows excessive salivation and
tries to seek isolation after bite and so such an
animal should be killed.

High temperature, headache, fatigue, general
weakness, and joint pains.
Loss of appetite (called anorexia) with a feeling
of nausea and vomiting.

Rabies can be treated by “Pasteur’s
treatment” (discovered by Louis Pasteur) in
which a course of 14 vaccines was given.

Appearance of irritating rashes on body.
Dark yellow urine.

Currently five anti-rabies vaccines are prescribed
at an interval of 0-3-7-14-30 days of dog bite.

Light coloured stool after 3 to 10 days of infection.

(C) AIDS (Acquired Immuno deficiency
syndrome) :

Prevention Use chlorinated, boiled and ozonized water.


Proper cleaning of hands after handling bed and
vessels of the patient.

AIDS stands for “Acquired Immuno Deficiency
Syndrome” (It is a fatal disease). The disease of
AIDS is caused by retrovirus (a RNA virus)
known as Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Control Application of interferon injection on the
advice of the doctor will control the diseases.

AIDS virus attacks white blood cells, (WBCs) or
lymphocytes (T4 helper cells) of human beings
and weakens the human body’s immunity or
self-defence mechanism.

For an early cure, it is essential that patient of
jaundice should take adequate rest.

(B) Rabies/Hydrophobia :

Transmission -

The bite of a rabid dog (mad dog) and some
other rabid mammals such as monkeys, cats or
rabbits may cause rabies, which is fatal.

The AIDS disease usually spreads through
unprotected sexual contact with an infected
person carrying AIDS virus. Thus, AIDS is a
sexually transmitted viral disease.

Rabies is a viral disease caused by a rabies virus
which is present in the saliva of the infected
animals.

internal viral
protein

Symptoms -

protein of
envelope

Rabies is characterized by severe headache, high
fever, painful contraction of muscles of throat
and chest (due to which there is difficulty in
swallowing).
The patient feels restless, does excessive
salivation, has a chocking feeling and finds
difficulty in taking in even liquid food.

reproductive enzymes
(reverse transcriptase)

Prevention Wash the wound with carbolic soap and clean
water immediately after the bite. Apply antiseptic
medicine.


RNA (Genetic material)

Structure of HIV or AIDS virus

57

Without nerve impulse the muscles fail to work
and Shrink in children, so commonly called
“Infantile paralysis”.

The AIDS disease also spreads through the
transfusion of blood contaminated with AIDS virus.
The AIDS disease also spreads through the use
of infected needles for injections (i.e., sharing of
infected injection needles which have not been
sterilized).

Control :
Oral vaccines are available (developed by Jonas
Salk and Albert Sabin, 1940) to Protect babies
from polio attack.

An AIDS infected mother can transmit the virus
to her child during pregnancy or during birth
(i.e., by mother’s blood).

Public pulse polio Immunization programe is
organized in India for eradicating polio.

Symptoms -

4.3 Diseases Caused by Bacteria :

Swollen lymph nodes.

(i) Tuberculosis (T.B.)

Decreased count of blood platelets causing
haemorrhage and fever.

(ii) Cholera

(iii)

Typhoid

(iv) Diarrhoea

(v)

Anthrax

Sweating at night and weight loss.

(i) Tuberculosis :

Severe damage to brain which may lead to loss of
memory, ability to speak and even think.


Prevention -

Tuberculosis was first discovered by German
scientist Robert Koch in 1882.

The common razor at the barbers shop should
not be used.

T.B. is an infectious disease which is
communicated from one person to another
directly or indirectly.

A blood donor should be first tested HIV
negative.

Tuberculosis is caused by bacterium called
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Disposable needles and syringes should be used.
Sexual contact with unknown people should be
avoided.

The bacterium releases a toxin called tuberculin.
T.B. can affect all parts of body such as lungs,
lymph glands, bones, intestine, etc.

Control Till date there is no effective treatment for AIDS.
Indinavir drug is used.

Symptoms The patient of tuberculosis feels sick and weak.

(D) Poliomyelitis (Polio) :

There is a loss of appetite and weight.

Poliomyelitis has been found throughout the
world since ancient times and occurs only in
humans.

There are following two specific sites of
tuberculosis infection.

Prevention -

The polio virus (with single stranded RNA)
belong to picornavirus group and is one of the
smallest known (10mµ is in diameter) virus.

Immunization with BCG (Bacillus-Calamite-Guerin)
vaccination is the best way to prevent from
tuberculosis.

Polio virus enters the body through food and
water, multiplies in the cells of the intestinal wall
and the infection spread to the lymphatic System
and blood stream.

Patient should be kept in properly ventilated
room.

Control :
The tuberculosis can be cured by the following
six essential drugs.

On reaching the CNS, the virus destroys the
dorsal horn cells of the spinal cord which control
the activities of the muscles.

1. Rifampicin (RMP), 2. INH, 3. Streptomycin, 4.
Pyrazinamide, 5. Ethambutol and

58


6. Thiacetazone.

The bacteria spread through faecal matter by
house flies.

Thus, T.B can be controlled by the use of
antitubercular therapy (ATT).

Symptoms -

(ii) Cholera :

Headache and typhoid fever which rises maximum
in the afternoon. The temperature increases each
day in the first week.

General Introduction Cholera is an acute infectious disease caused by
a bacterium Vibrio cholera.

High fever in the second week. Fever gradually
decline during 3rd and 4th day.

It is caused due to neglection in personal hygiene
and sanitation. It is common during the days of
floods.

Prevention Proper sanitation and disposal of faecal matter
prevents infection.

Flies, contaminated water and contaminated food
are the main transmitting agents of cholera.

TAB-vaccination provides immunity for 3 years.
Typhoral oral vaccine also prevents typhoid.

Symptoms -

(iv) Diarrhoea :

Frequent vomiting with feeling of nausea.
Painless watery diarrhoea.


Diarrhoea, results in dehydration, weight loss
and cramps in the muscles.

Diarrhoea is an abnormally frequent discharge of
semisolid or fluid faeces.

Patient’s eyes becomes sunken.

There may be blood and mucus in the stools.

Prevention -

Persistent vomiting and loose stools cause
dehydration and shock.

Persons should be immunized by standard cholera
vaccine.

Blood pressure may fall, pulse rate increases and
temperature rise.

Only boiled water and well-cooked food should
be used in areas which are chloroprene.
ORS (Oral Rehydration Solution) should
be used immediately

The causative agents of diarrhoea are mainly
bacteria such as. E. coli, Clostridium botulinum,
Salmonella etc.

Careful personal hygiene should be maintained.

Symptoms -

Control -

Patients become irritable due to frequent loose
motions and vomiting.

ORS should be fed to the patient immediately.

Sunken eyes with a pinched nose.

Effective antibiotics under the proper medical
supervision should be used.

Tongue appears to be dry.
Sudden weight loss with weak pulse rate.

(iii)Typhoid :

Little or no urine; urine starts becoming dark
yellow.


Prevention -

Typhoid is most common infectious or
communicable disease of India.

Boil water before drinking. This kills bacteria and
other organisms responsible for causing
diarrhoea.

Typhoid is caused by a rod-shaped and motile
bacterium, called Salmonella typhi.

Protect eatables from dirt, flies and cockroaches,
etc., by covering them.

Infection takes place by the oral route through
ingestion of food, milk or water contaminated by
contact with faecal matter of the typhoid patient.


59

Wash all vegetables and fruits properly before
use.

5. NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS
DEFICIENCY DISEASES ::

OR

Use clean air-tight containers for the storage of
food.
During diarrhoea, infants should be breast-fed, if
possible.

Control :
Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) should be given
continuously to prevent dehydration.
Consult a qualified doctor at the earliest to start
anti-microbial and anti-diarrhoeal drugs.
Give complete bed rest to the patient.
Use isbagol husk with water or curd.

(v) Anthrax :
General Introduction :
Anthrax is a bacterial disease affecting several
wild and domestic animals, e.g. cattle sheep, goat,
etc.

A disease which is caused due to lack of a
nutrient such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins,
minerals or vitamins in our diet is called a
deficiency disease.

It can also infect human beings when exposed to
infected animals and is caused by the bacterium
Bacillus anthracis.

In other words it can be said that a disease
which arises due to the lack of adequate and
balanced food is called a deficiency disease,
Deficiency diseases are also called nutritional

Symptoms and forms of anthrax :
Cutaneous : It is not a common infection,
however, if not treated timely and properly, it
man result; into death.

disorders.

Inhalation : Anthrax may also be caused due

The deficiency diseases are of following three
types –

to inhalation. Initial symptoms are similar to that
of common cold.

Protein-Energy deficiency diseases or ProteinEnergy Malnutrition (PEM);

Intestinal : Symptoms of this form of anthrax
are excessive pain, loss of appetite, nausea,
vomiting and ultimately blood vomiting.

Vitamin deficiency;
Mineral deficiency.

Prevention : A complete course of anthrax

5.1 Protein-Energy deficiency diseases

vaccination which includes four subcutaneous
injections should be taken.

5.2 Vitamin deficiency diseases
5.3 Mineral deficiency diseases

Control : Proper antibiotic, as per the advise
of a qualified doctor, should be taken.

5.1 Protein-Energy Deficiency Diseases :
Deficiency of proteins, carbohydrates and fats
result’s in protein-energy malnutrition
(PEM) .

60


PEM occurs more frequently among infants and
young children between 1 to 5 year of age.
Two common forms of PEM are Kwashiorkor and
Marasmus.

(A) Kwashiorkor :
Kwashiorkor is the common protein deficiency
disease of children.

Fig. Marasmus

Kwashiorkor is an African word from Ghana which
means ‘neglected child’.

Symptoms :
Wasting of muscles observed.
Ribs becomes prominent.
Dry, thin and wrinkled skin is observed.
Diarrhoea is a very common symptom.

Prevention :
A protein-rich diet should be given.
Besides this, the diet should also contain
sufficient amount of carbohydrates and fats.
In case of unavailability of mother’s milk, the
child should be given pure and undiluted cow’s
milk.

Fig. Kwashiorkor

Symptoms -

Control :

Swollen abdomen with cracked and scaly skin.

Babies should be breast-fed as long as possible.

Limbs become thin.

5.2 Vitamins Deficiency Diseases :

Oedema and Diarrhoea.
Retardation in brain and mental development.

Prevention -

Vitamins are organic compounds which are
always taken along with food in small amounts.

Sufficient amount of protein-rich diet should be
given.

Absence of these in diet for prolonged periods
may cause deficiency diseases.

A diet with a combination of wheat, gram,
peanuts, soybean and jaggery gives satisfactory
results to cure Kwashiorkor.

Diseases caused by the deficiency of vitamins
are Scurvy, Rickets, Beri Beri, Pellagra and
Xerophthalmia.
On the vitamins solubility vitamins deficiency
diseases are two types –

(B) Marasmus :

(A) Deficiency of Fat Soluble Vitamins :

Like Kwashiorkor, Marasmus is also a disease
affecting children below the age of five.

(B) Deficiency of Water Soluble Vitamins :
(A) Diseases Caused by Deficiency of
Soluble Vitamins A & D -

It is caused due to protein-energy malnutrition
which develops in infants during the first few
months.


(I) Xerophthalmia

61

(II) Rickets

(I) Xerophthalmia or Night Blindness :
General Introduction Xerophthalmia is caused by the deficiency of a
fat-soluble vitamin, called vitamin A or retinol.
Retinol is a fat-soluble vitamin and is required to
maintain general health and vigour of epithelial
cells of our eyes, skin and hair and thus,
contributes to general growth our body.

Fig. Rickets (bow leg)

Symptoms :

Prevention/Control :

Retarded growth, atrophy, keratinization, in the
epithelial cells.

Vitamin D prevents rickets by helping the body
to absorb calcium.

Dry and scaly skin (dermatosis).

Human skin contains a large amount of a
compound called 7-dehydrocholesterol .
When ultraviolet rays of sunlight falls on our
skin, then this compound is converted into
vitamin- D. In our country the new born babies
are exposed to sunlight every day. This is done
to produce vitamin D which will prevent rickets.

Shortage of vitamin A disables a person from
seeing in dim light or in dark, a condition called
Nyctalopia or Night blindness.
Eye disease due to retinal deficiency, called
keratomalacia.


(B) Diseases Caused by Deficiency of Water
Soluble Vitamins B and C :

Carrot and milk are the two best available sources
of vitamin A, and are thus highly useful for the
improvement of vision and in curing night
blindness.

(Ι )
Ι

Beri-beri

(Ι Ι )
Ι

Pellagra or 4D-Syndrome

(ΙΙΙ) Scurvy
Ι

Other good sources of vitamin A are green leafy
vegetables, pumpkin, mango, fish liver oil and
liver.

(Ι ) Beri-beri :
Ι

(Ι Ι ) Rickets :
Ι

Beri-beri was first observed amongst Japanese
seamen who generally fed with a diet of polished
rice.

General Introduction Deficiency of vitamin D or Calciferol in the
diet causes increased loss of Ca 2+ in urine
therefore, no calcium ion (Ca2+) gets deposited
in the bone.

It was then investigate that the polished or
dehusked rice is deficient in vitamin B.
Beriberi occurs mainly in areas where polished
rice is the staple diet of the people.

Disease of bones called rickets in children and
Osteomalacia in adults.

Polished rice since it causes a deficiency of
vitamin B1 or Thiamine in our body.

Symptoms Bones of children suffering from rickets become
thin, soft and weak due to poor deposition of
calcium and phosphorus in them.

Symptoms -

The signs of rickets in children are bow legs
(bent legs) due to deformation in long bones (leg
bones).

Extreme weakness, headache and dizziness.

Waterlogging of the tissues resulting in severe
pain in legs, and oedema.
Loss of appetite is also occur.
Paralysis of some body parts may also occur.

62



Prevention/Control -

A-diet rich in vitamin B1 should be taken.

Diet supplemented with following plant sources
viz., cereal husk, peas, beans, green leafy
vegetables, coffee and animal sources viz., liver,
fish, milk, egg yolk will either prevent or control
the disease.

The food items rich in vitamin B1 include grain
cereals, beans, groundnuts, green vegetables,
soybean, milk and seafood.

(Ι Ι ) Pellagra or 4D-Syndrome :
Ι

(ΙΙΙ) Scurvy :
Ι



The deficiency of vitamin B4 or niacin

Deficiency of vitamin-C in the diet causes a
deficiency disease, called scurvy.

(= nicotinic acid) in the diet causes a disease
called pellagra.

Vitamin C deficient persons usually include the
homeless, alcoholic, lonely house bound women
and bottle fed babies.

Pellagra is an Italian word which means rough
skin.

Symptoms -

Vitamin C promotes collagen (= protein) synthesis
and collagen is a main component of connective
tissues which are present in the walls of blood
vessels.

Pellagra disease is characterized by four D’s
(called 4D syndrome). i.e. four grouped of
symptoms are(i) Dermatitis

(ii) Diarrhoea

(iii) Dementia

(iv) Death

Symptoms :
Swelling and bleeding of gums.
Loosening of the teeth, which eventually may
fall out.
Pain in the joints.

pigments

General weakness and fatigue.

A

B

with pellagra
normal
Fig. Symptoms of pellagra on the skin of
hands of a patient.

Fig. Swollen, spongy gums and loose
teeth as a result of chronic
vitamin C deeficiency.

Dermatitis means inflammation of the skin and it
is characterized by skin eczema.


Diarrnoea means loose motion which is due to
disturbances of digestive tract.

Scurvy can be cured by giving vitamin C-rich
diet.

Dementia means psychological disturbances or
mental degeneration and its symptoms include
depression, irritability and delirium.

All citrus fruits, e.g. lime, lemon, oranges, amla,
etc., are a good source of vitamin C.
Vitamin C is destroyed by heating and, therefore,
uncooked vegetables are very rich in vitamin C.


63

5.3 Minerals Deficiency Diseases :
Deficiency or lack of various minerals in the
human diet gives rise to different diseases.
Some of the mineral deficiency diseases are :
Anaemia, Goitre.

(I) Anaemia :
This is the disease caused by deficiency of iron,
which is required to form the protein–
Haemoglobin present in red blood cells in our
body.

Fig. Goitre
In children, deficiency of iodine results in a
disease called cretinism or infantile

Anaemic patients, percentage haemoglobin (Hb)
will be low in blood.

myxedema.

The main function of Hb is to transport O2 from
lungs to various parts of the body.

Deficiency of dietary iodine in adults leads to a
disease is called goitre.

Symptoms :

Prevention/Control -

A person suffering from anaemia, becomes pale,
loses appetite and feels tired.

Sea food, leafy vegetables, water, iodized salt,
etc. are rich in iodine, diet supplemented with
them will restore normal function of thyroid.

Liver, eggs, molasses, cereal, pulses, leafy
vegetables, egg plant, apple, banana, guava are
rich in iron.

Besides, intra muscular injection of iodized oil
(mostly poppy-seed oil) or oral sodium iodate
tablet developed by ICMR has been found to be
effective against goitre.

Disease can be prevented or can be controlled,
by including iron containing vegetables and
fruits in the daily diet.

Efforts of ICMR are also on to develop common
salt fortified with iron and iodine, i.e. “two-inone’ salt to check the disease.

(II) Goitre :

6. VACCINATION :

Goitre is an endemic disease which is caused
due to deficiency of a mineral, called iodine in
human diet.

The first true vaccine consisting of weakened
micro organisms against chicken cholera was
developed in 1880 by the french Scientist Louis

Iodine is an important constituent of a hormones
called thyroxin which is secreted by an endocrine
gland called thyroid gland.

Posteur.
Vaccine is a preparation of killed, inactivated or
attenuated (weakend) microorganism or toxoids
induce immunity.

Symptoms Retarded growth.

The vaccination is a process of conferring
immunity by administering a vaccine.

Mental disability.

Vaccination is a technique to develop immunity
without infection. Weakend (attenuated) or dead
pathogens, or portion of pathogens, are injected

Abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland
(called goitre).

64


into a person who is required to be made immune.
The pathogens given in a vaccine are unable to
cause the disease, but are sufficient to stimulate
the formation of antibodies by the host’s immune
system that recognize the antigens. Thus, a
vaccinated person develops immunity against the
pathogen without contracting the disease.

Often 2 or 3 additional doses needed to generate
adequate immunity.
There are called booster doses.
Small pox was the first disease to be eliminated
by vaccination.
It is also the first disease to be officially declared
wiped out by human efforts.

Todays, vaccines are available against small pox,
cholera, measles, mumps, polio & rabies.


65

EXERCISE - 1


Q.20

Q.4

What is Immunity.

Q.5

What is the cause of rabbies ?

Q.6

Name the disease the child will not suffer from
if BCG vaccine is given.

Give an account of malaria, giving its cause,
vector, symptoms and control measures.

Q.21

Name two diseases caused by bacteria.

What is beri-beri, mention its symptoms and how
can it be prevented.

Give two minerals deficiency diseases.

Name the causal organism of AIDS.

Q.3

What is rickets ? how can it be prevented ?

Q.19

Q.2

What do you understand about Intrinsic or
Extrinsic factors of disease.

Q.18

Name the pathogen of Cholera.

What is communicable and non-communicable
diseases. Give example of each.

Q.17

Q.1

Q.16

Q.7

What is the full form of PEM.

Q.8

Deficiency of
Xerophthalmia.

which

Vitamin

causes
Q.22
Q.23

Anaemia is caused by the deficiency of ........

Q.24

Deficiency of vitamins D in adults causes .........

Q.25

Deficiency of thiamin leads to a disease called
.............

Q.26


Deficiency of riboflavin results in .........

Deficiency of iron in the food leads to ........

Q.9

What are the cause (i.e., causative organisms) of
the following diseases :
(i) Flu
(ii) Hepatitis
(iii) Rabies
(iv) T.B.

Q.10

What are congenital diseases.

Q.11

What are the symptoms of Influenza.

Q.12

Name the disease caused by Vitamin C deficiency.
What are the sources of this Vitamin ?

E. TRUE OR FALSE
Q.27

Children need not be immunized.

Q.28

Tuberculosis was first discovered by Robert koch.

Q.13

Name the source of Vitamin A.

Q.29

Congenital diseases are present since birth.

Q.14

What is the symptoms of typhoid.

Q.30

Anthrax is a bacterial disease.


Q.31

AIDS spreads by handshake with infected
person.

Q.32

Vitamin C is obtained in excess from milk.

Q.33

Rickets is a PEM disease.

(More than 60–70 words)
Q.15

Describe types of immunity.

66


Q.34

Q.35

Q.45

Deficiency of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin
D in diet of a child leads to osteomalacia.

Q.36

BCG-vaccine is used for preventing (A) Cholera
(B) Tuberculosis
(C) Measles
(D) Tetanus

Q.46

Beri-beri disease occurs due to deficiency of
thiamine in diet.

Which of the following is not a sexually
transmitted disease (A) Tuberculosis
(B) Syphilis
(C) Gonorrhoea
(D) AIDS

We should always eat polished rice to stay
healthy.

Q.37

Jaundice is disease of (A) Kidney
(B) Liver
(C) Pancreas
(D) Duodenum

Q.39

Column - II

1.

Pellagra

a.

Thiamin

Rickets

b.

Retinol

3.

Xerophthalmia

c.

Cyanocobalamine

4.

Pernicious anaemia

d.

Calciferol

5.

Beri-beri

e.

Niacin

f.

Immuno–deficiency syndrome could develop due
to (A) Defective liver
(B) Defective thymus
(C) AIDS Virus
(D) Weak immune system.

Column - I

2.
Q.38

Q.47

Ascorbic acid


Lack of Iodine causes (A) Goitre
(B) Fluorosis
(C) Anaenia
(D) Osteomalacia

Q.48

Other name of rabies -

Q.49
Q.40

Q.41

AIDS virus attack -

AIDS virus cannot be transmitted to another
person by (A) Blood transfusion
(B) Shaking hands
(C) Sexual contact
(D) Infected needles

Q.50

Vitamin-C deficiency causes -

Q.51

Iodine deficiency causes -

T.B. is cured by (A) Steptomycin
(C) Griseofulvin


(B) Ubiquinone
(D) Encitol

Q.42

Which of the following is a bacterial diseases (A) Sickle-cell anaemia (B) Cholera
(C) Cancer
(D) Goitre

Q.43

Among the following a communicable disease
is (A) Diabetes
(B) Diphtheria
(C) Hypertension
(D) Kwashiorkor.

Q.44

The following questions consist of two statement
each : assertion (A) and reason (R). To answer these
questions, mark the correct alternative as described
below :
(a) If both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A.
(b) If both A and R are true but R is not correct
explanation of A.
(c) If A is false but R is true.
(d) If both A and R are false.

One stands the risk of dehydration in (A) Jaundice
(B) Pneumonia
(C) Malaria
(D) Diarrhoea


Q.52

67

A : Iodine is an important component of diet.
R : Deficiency of iodine causes Goitre.

Q.53

A : Deficiency of vitamin B1 causes Beri-beri

Q.55

R : Whole wheat bread and dalia are the richest
source of vitamin B1.
Q.54

A : Anthrax is caused due to vibrio cholerae.
R : Symptoms of anthrax includes loose motion
vomiting leading to dehydration.

A : Vitamin C is called ascorbic acid.

Q.56

R : Cod liver oil is a rich source of vitamin C.

A : Communicable diseases can spread by means
of air, water, food & physical contact.
R : Malaria is an example of communicable
diseases.

68


EXERCISE - 2

Q.1

Q.9

Q.10

The opposite to innate Immunity is (A) Phagocytosis
(B) Passive immunity
(C) Acquired immunity
(D) None of these.

Q.2

The study of resistance to disease is called (A) Pathology
(B) Ccytology
(C) Immunology
(D) None of these.

Which one is correct statement (A) Sunshine vitamin is vitamin C
(B) Antixerophthalmic and undisturbed vitamins
are B and C
(C) Prolonged deficiency of nicotinic acid
produces pellagra
(D) Vitamins A, D, E, K are water soluble

Humoral-immune system comprises (A) B lymphocytes
(B) Blood
(C) T Lymphocyte
(D) Monocytes.

Q.3

Blood capillaries can easily rupture due to the
deficiency of (A) Vitamin A
(B) Vitamin C
(C) Vitamin D
(D) Vitamin K


Q.4

Oral vaccine prevents the attack of (A) Typhoid
(B) Polio
(C) Tetanus
(D) Cholera

Q.11

Which one of the diseases is not communicable
(A) Typhoid
(B) Cancer
(C) Measles
(D) Leukemia

Q.5

Causative agent of T.B. is (A) Salmonella
(B) Mycobacterium
(C) Streptococcus
(D) Pneumococcus

Q.12

Q.6

Which of the following is a bacterial disease(A) Poliomyelitis
(B) Filariasis
(C) Tetanus
(D) Malaria

AIDS is mainly caused by (A) Sexual intercourse
(B) Bacteria
(C) Through placental transfusion
(D) Protozoa

Q.13

Which is insoluble in water -

Q.7

Q.8

(A) Retinol
(C) Calciferol

Typhoid is caused by (A) Escherichia
(B) Giardia
(C) Salmonella
(D) Shigella

Q.14

69

Which of the following is water soluble (A) Vitamin A
(B) Vitamin B
(C) Vitamin D
(D) Vitamin C

Q.15

Which of the following pairs is characterized by
swollen lips, thick pigmented skin of hands and
legs and irritability (A) Thiamine deficiencies - Beri-beri
(B) Protein deficiency - Kwashiorkor
(C) Nictoinamide deficiency - Pellagra
(D) Iodine deficiency - Goitre


(B) Thiamine
(D) Ascorbic acid

Anaemia is caused due to deficiency of (A) Sodium
(B) Iron
(C) Calcium
(D) Cyanocobalamin

Q.17

AIDS virus attacks on (A) Red blood cells (R.B.Cs)
(B) T4 helper cells
(C) Both
(D) None of these.

Q.18

Immuno-deficiency syndrome could develop due
to (A) HLA
(B) HCG
(C) HIV
(D) MHC

Q.19


AIDS spread by (A) Homosexuality
(B) Immoral way of life
(C) Infected needles and syringes
(D) All the above

AIDS stands for “Acquired Immuno Deficiency
Syndrome” (It is a fatal disease). The disease of
AIDS is caused by a pathogen. Causal organism of
AIDS attacks white blood cells, (WBCs) of human
beings and weakens the human body’s immunity or
self-defence mechanism.
The AIDS disease usually spreads through several
means including unprotected, sexual contact.The
disease can also spreads through the transfusion of
blood contaminated with AIDS virus.
Q.16

The disease of AIDS is caused by (A) Bacteria
(B) Virus
(C) Fungi
(D) None of these

70


ANSWER
EXERCISE -1


1.

Vibro–chloera

37. B

38. C

39. A

40. B

2.

HIV (Human Immuno–deficiency Virus).

41. A

42. B

43. B

44. D

3.

Cholera, Tuberculosis (T.B.).

45. B

46. A

4.

The resistance of the body to the effect of certain
pathgenic micro organism.


5.

Bite by a rabid dog.

6.

Tuberculosis (TB).

7.

Protein-energy malnutrition.

8.

Vitamin A

47. 1-e, 2-d, 3-c, 4-b, 5-a,
48. Hydrophobia

49. T4 helper cell


50. Rickets, Beri-beri

51. Goiter, Anaemia

22. Cheilosis

23. Iron


24. Osteomalacia

25. Beri-beri

52. A

53. B

55. D

26. Microcytic anaemia

54. C

56. A

E. TRUE OR FALSE
27. False

28. True

29. True

30. True

31. False

32. False

33. False

34. True

35. False

36. False

EXERCISE -2


1. C
4. B
7. C
10. C


2. A
5. B
8. C

3. C
6. C
9. B

16. B

11. B, D
14. B, D

12. A, C
15. B, D

13. A, C


71

17. B

18. C

19. D

NATURAL RESOURCES

3. EXHAUSTIBLE RESOURCES ::
Contents

Ø These resources have limited supply on the earth
are therefore, liable to be exhausted if used in
discrimately.

Introduction

Exhaustible resources are of two types :

Inexhaustibel Resources

(A) Nonrenewable energy resources

Exhaustible Resources

(B) Renewable energy resources.

Wild Life Resources

(A) Non-Renewable or Conventional Energy
resources -

Biogeochemical Cycles

Ø It is directly or Indirectly from the sun and
present in limited quantity. Ex. Coal & Petroleum
(Fossil fuels) which cannot be renewed and
produce a lot of air pollution and water pollution.

1. INTRODUCTION ::

(B) Renewable or Non-Conventional Energy
Resources :

Definition :
The stock of the nature such as air, water, soil, coal,
minerals, animals and plants are useful to mankind in
many ways. They are termed as natural resources.

Ø These are solar radiation, wind power, hydel
power, biomass and nuclear power. They are
pollution free sources of energy which can be
renewed in nature.

Types of Natural Resources :

“The energy received from sun in the form
of heat and light is known as solar energy.”

Natural resources are broadly classified into following
two categories :

Inexhaustible Resources

q Fossil fuel -

Exhaustible Resources

Ø Fossil fuels are remains organisms embedded in
the surface of the earth with high carbon,
hydrogen contents which are used by man as
fuels.

2. INEXHAUSTIBLE RESOURCES ::
Ø These resources are present in unlimited quantity
in the nature and they are not likely to be
exhausted by human activities.

Ø These are those energy resources which are
extracted from the earth eg. coal, oil, natural gas
and petroleum have resulted from the decay of
dead plants & animals in the absence of oxygen.
Fossils means the remains of living things, so
these fuels have been named as fossil fuel.

Ø Solar energy, wind power, tidal power, rainfall
and even atomic energy are classified as
inexhaustible resources.

72

Biology - Natural Resources

Types of Inexaustible Resources :

mainly of methane which is produced when
organic matter decays under anaerobic
conditions. Cow-dung, faecal matter and other
biodegradable wastes are allowed to decay under
anaerobic conditions in digesters equipped with
device to collect methane thus formed. Biogas is
produced by the degradation of biological matter
by the bacterial action in the absence of free
oxygen.

q Air Ø Total volume of air present in atmosphere
consists of 78 per cent nitrogen, 21 per cent
oxygen and 1 per cent other gases such as carbon
dioxide ammonia, methane, hydrogen, ozone and
noble gases such as neon, helium, krypton, xenon
and radon.

q Water -

q The average composition of biogas is :

Ø The seas, oceans, rivers, streams, lakes, pools,
polar ice caps, water vapour, etc. form the hydrosphere.

Ø CH4 (Methane) 50 - 60 %

Ø Water is of two types : Salt water (sea) and fresh
water.

Ø H2 (Hydrogen) 5 - 10 %

Ø CO2 (Carbon di oxide) 30 - 40 %
Ø N2 (Nitrogen) 2 - 6 %

Ø Fresh water : It is an unlimited natural
resource. Its quality is often degraded but not
quantity. Fresh water is obtained from the
following three naturel sources :

Ø H2S (Hydrogen sulphide) traces

4. WILD LIFE RESOURCES :
Flora term is used for plant species and fauna for
animal species which occur in domesticated and living
in a natural habitat and constitute important
renewable natural resources.

(a) Rain water,
(b) Surface water (surface flow) or
(c) Ground water.

4.1 Conservation of Wild Life :

Types of Exhaustible Resources :

Wild life plays an important role in biosphere, and
thus be should be conserved. Some important
measures for conserving wildlife are mentioned below:

q Soil Ø The superficial layer that covers large areas of
the earth’s crust is called soil. It consists of
mineral particles, decaying and decayed organic
materials, living organisms, air and water and
acts as a medium for plant growth, supporting
them and supplying them with nutrients. It is
also a habitat for numerous animals and microorganisms. Soil is actually exhaustible but
maintainable natural resource.

Ø Natural habitat should be protected by bringing
up more National Parks, Sanctuaries and
Biosphere Reserves.
Ø Successful captivity breeding programme should
be introduced to maintain plant and animal
species.
Ø Public awareness programme like Van Mahotsava,
should be taken with all sincerity.

Ø The word ‘soil’ is derived from a Latin word
‘solum’ meaning earthly material in which plants
grow. Soil is a stratified mixture of inorganic and
organic materials, both of which are
decomoposition products. The soil forming rocks
by fragmentation or weathering.

Ø Government should pass legislations to protect
wildlife.
Ø Poaching should be checked.
Ø Heavy penalties should be imposed on traders
of furs, skins and feathers.

q Biogas -

Ø Forests should be conserved by afforestation.

Ø Biogas “A mixture of gases is produced by the
anaerobic degradation of animal and agricultural
wastes, it is called bio-gas.” Biogas consists

Ø Agro-forestry programme should be implemented.


Ø Ornamental and aesthetic trees should be planted
more.

73

Ø Loss of habitat is major cause of dlotruction of
wild life.

Ø Some important Wildlife Sancturies are given in
table :

(A) National Parks :

4.2 Biosphere Reserves :

These are strictly reserved area. At present there are
89 National Parks in India. It is about 1 % of India’s
total geographical area. In National Parks activities
(Forestry, Cultivation or grazing) are not permitted.

The Biosphere Reserves are a special category of
protected areas of land or coastal environment,
wherein people are in integral component of the
system.

The Jim Corbett National Park near Nainital
was the first National Park established in India.
Notable among then are Kaziranga. National Park for
Asiatic Lion, Corbett National Park & Kanha National
Park.

Roles of Biosphere Reserves :
(A) Conservation :
Ø To ensure the conservation of landscapes,
ecosystems, species and genetic resources. It
also encourages traditional resources use.

Some important National Park of India are given in
table :

(B) Development :

(B) Sanctuaries :

Ø To promote economic development which is
culturally, socially and ecologically sustainable.

It is protection of fauna only. Operations such as
collection of minor forest products & private
ownerships rights, harvesting of timber are allowed
provided they do not affect the animals adversely. At
present there are 492 Wild life Sancturies in our
countary. Out of 581 National Parks & Sancturies 17
havebeen selected for ‘Project Tiger’. The

(C) Scientific Research, Monitoring and
Education :
Ø The aim is to provide support for research,
monitoring, education and information exchange
related to local national and global issues of
conservation and development.

Bharatpur Sanctuary is world famous for
Avifaura.
Some Important National Parks
S.No.

Name and Location

1.

Kaziranga National Park

2.

Corbett National park

3.

Gir National Park

State

Area
(sq km)

Assam

430

Rhinoceros, Barking deer.

U.P.

525

Tiger, Panther, Nilgai, Sambhar, King Cobra,

1,412

Asiatic lion, Panther, Sambhar, Nilgai, Chital,

Gujarat

Important animals found

4-horned antelope, Crocodile, Partridge.
4.

Kanha National Park

Madhya
Pradesh

940

Tiger, Panther, Chital, Chinkara, Four horned deer,
Langur, Sloth bear, Crocodile, Pea-fowl.

5.

Bandipur National Park

Karnataka

874

Elephant, tiger, Leopard, Chital, Panther,

6.

Desert National Park,
Jaisalmer

Rajasthan

3,000

Great Indian Bustard, Black buck, chinkara.

74


Some Important Sancturies of India
S.No.

Name and Location

State

Important Animals found

1.

Annamalai Sanctuary

Tamil Nadu

Elephant, Tiger, Panther, Sambhar,
Spotted deer, Sloth bear,

2.

Keoladeo Ghana Bird
Sanctuary, Bharatpur

Rajasthan

Siberian crane, Egrets herons,
Spoons bill, Great indian bustard etc.

3.

Dachigam Sanctuary,

Jammu
& Kashmir

Hangul or Kashmir Stag, Musk deer,
Black bear, Brown bear.

4.

Mudumalai Wildlife
Sanctuary,

Tamil Nadu

Elephant, Sambhar, Chital, Barking deer,
Flying squirrel, Wild dog, Wild cat, Civet,
Sloth bear, Monitor lizard

5.

Nagarjuna Sagar
Sanctuary,

Andhra
Pradesh

Tiger, Panther, Wild bear, Chital, Nilgai,
Sambhar, Black buck, Fox jackal,
Wolf, Crocodile

6.

Periyar Sanctuary

Kerala

Elephants, Gaur, Leopard, Sloth bear,
Sambhar, Hornbill, egret.
It is famous for elephants

7.

Chilka lake bird Sanctuary

Orissa

Water Dowls, ducks, Cranes, Golden plovers

8.

Manas Wildlife Sanctuary,
Assam

Tiger, Panther, Rhino, Gaur, Wild buffalo,
Sambhar, Swamp deer, Wild dog

q Biosphere Reserve in India :

q Endangered (E) : These species are in danger
of extinction of the causal factors continue to
operate.

14 Areas have been marked to be declared as
Biosphere Reserves in India. Of these, the following
9 have been so far notified.

q Vulnerable (V) : These species are likely to
enter into endangered category if the causal factor
continue operate.

Ø Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve
Ø Nanda Devi in Uttar Pradesh

q Rare species (R) : Species with small world

Ø Nokrek Biosphere Reserve

population that are not present endangered or
vulnerable but are at risk.

Ø Uttarakhand Biosphere Reserve
Ø Kanger valley Biosphere Reserve
Ø Manas Biosphere Reserve

4. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES ::

Ø Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve

Ø Biogenetic elements (macro-, micro- & other
elements) flow from the environment into and out
of the plant in a cyclic manner.

Ø Sunderbans Biosphere Reserve
Ø Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve

q Red Data Book :

Ø This flow of nutrients from abiotic to biotic
components of the ecosystem and vice-versa
constitute the biogeochemical cycles.

Intenational Union of Conservation of
Nature & Natural Resources (IUCN) has
classified threatened species of plants & animals
according to the degree of danger as -


75

Clouds

Snow, Hail,
Sleet, Rain

Transpiration

Evaporation

Evaporation
Local Rain

Run off

Ponds & Lakes

Rivers

Plants

Sea

Animals
Ocean

Soil
GRAVITATIONAL WATER

The Water Cycle

5.1 Hydrological or Water Cycle :

Atmospheric Oxygen
O2

A Wonder Liquid -

Organic Molecules
C6H12O6

Ø Water on earth is cycled by two processes,
evaporation and precipitation.
Ø The atmospheric precipitation occurs in the form of
snow, hail or sleet etc. The run off water is finally
collected in ocean through rivers.

OXYGEN CYCLE
Photosynthesis

Respiration

Ø Some water remains solid in the form of snow which
gradually melts and reaches the sea.
Ø Soil water is used by plants and most of it again
reaches the atmosphere through transpiration.

CO2

Ø Animals consume water directly from water bodies
& also the gravitational water.

H2O

Ø By evaporation, the water returns to atmosphere
and cycle is repeated.

5.3 Carbon Cycle :
Ø CO2 is 0.03% in atmosphere, which is utilized by
producers in photosynthesis for making food.

5.2 Oxygen Cycle :

Ø From producers, it goes to consumers and then
through decomposers into atmosphere.

Ø Oxygen required for respiration is plants and
animals enters into body from the sorrounding
environment. Oxygen back to environment in the
form of CO2 and water. Oxygen enters through
plants as CO2 and water during photosynthesis.
It is released in the form of molecular oxygen.

Ø The producers, consumers & decomposers may be
converted into fossil fuel (petrol, coal etc.) or form
carbonate rock after death.
Ø By way of respiration the biotic component returns
CO2 to atmosphere.

76


nthesis
Photosy
Chemosynthesis

Producers

Respiration

Death

Consumers

Vo

us

n,
tio

Lime Rock

n

Decomposers

ca l Comb
us
e mi
tio
n

CO2 in water

De
co
mp
os
iti
o

Ch

o
an
lc

th e rin g
We a
&

CO2 in
Atmosphere

on
usti
omb thesis
C
n
tosy
Pho

Death & Decay
Co

Fossil fuel
Peat, Coal, Oil, Co2, Rock

m

b

The Carbon Cycle
Ø CO2 may get dissolved in water. The lime rocks also
contribute to CO2 in water. The aquatic producer
use this CO2 for photosynthesis and return it by
respiration.

Ø In living organisms nitrogen is important
constituent of protein and nucleic acid.
Ø The N2 cycle has five important steps -

(A) Nitrogen Fixation :

Ø By combustion of fossil fuel & also by volcanic
activity, CO2 is returned to the atmosphere.

Ø Conversion of N2 gas into its compounds like
nitrates & nitrites is called N2 fixation. It is done
either non-biologically by lightening or biologically
by symbiotic or free- living bacteria.

5.4 Nitrogen Cycle :
Ø The atmosphere is the source of N2 where it is
about 79%. Plant cannot use N2 directly.

De
nit
rifi
cat
ion

Nitrate in Soil
Nitrate in Plants
NH3 in Plants

Nitrification

Combustion

al
gic on
olo ti
Bi Fixa
N2

Nitrate & Nitrite
in Soil

l
ica
og n
iol atio
n B ix
No N 2F

N2 in
Atmosphere

Amino acid in Plants
Protein in Plants

NH3 in Soil
Amm-onification

Animals
Organic
Death
Nitrogenous
Compound in Soil

The NitrogenCycle
The Nitrogen Cycle


77

Death

(B) Assimilation of Nitrogen :

(D) Nitrification :

Ø N2 cannot be used by plants directly. They absorb
it in the form of nitrate. Nitrate later on reduced to
ammonia which provide amino (–NH2) group. It is
important part of proteins.

Ø Ammonia is converted into nitrite by Nitrosomonas
bacteria, and Nitrobacter convert nitrite into nitrate.
This nitrate again can be absorbed by plant & thus
cycled back.

(C) Ammonification :

(E) Denitrification :

Ø Dead plant & animal protein and their waste like
urea & uric acid converted to ammonia by some
ammonifying bacteria in soil. e.g. Bacillus
mycoides, B. vulgaris & B. ramosus etc.

Ø Some denitrifying bacteria like Pseudomonas reduce
nitrate into nitrogen gas in soil. This gas is again
back to environment.

78


EXERCISE - 1
Q.18

Q.1

Name any one denitryfying bacteria ?

Q.3

Name any two biosphere reserve found in
India ?

Q.4

Define Sanctury ?

Q.5


Write any two examples of fossil fuel ?

Q.2

What is a Biosphere Reserve ?

What are endangered species ?

Q.19
Q.20

Natural resources are broadly classified into
inexhaustible & ......................

Q.21

Biogas consists mainly of ..................... .

Q.22

The superficial layer that covers large areas of
the earth’s crust is called ................ .

Q.23


Most biotic resources are ...................

Ammonia is converted into nitrite by .............
bacteria.

Q.6

Write a short note on fossil fuel ?

E. TRUE OR FALSE

Q.7

Distinguish between renewable & non-renewable
resources ?

Q.24

Nitrogen cannot be used by plants directly.

Q.8

What are Biosphere Reserve ?

Q.25

By evaporation, the water returns to atmosphere.

Q.9

Distinguish between inexhaustible & exhaustible
resources. ?

Q.26

Pseudomonas convert nitrite into nitrate.

Q.27

Minerals can be metallic or non-metallic.

Q.10

Write a short note on oxygen cycle ?

Q.28

Q.11

Expla in the va lue of Biogas as Na tural
Resources ?

Vulnerable species are with small world
population.

Q.29

Sanctuary is protection of fauna only.

Give an account on water cycle ?

Q.30

The Bharatpur Sanctuary is world famous for
Avifauna.

Q.31

Ammonifying bacteria are Bacillus mycoides &
B. vulgaris.

Q.32

Renewable Resources are coal & petroleum.

Q.12

(More than 60–70 words)
Q.13

Discuss carbon cycle ?

Q.14

Give an account of nitrogen cycle in the
environment ?


Q.15

Describe various renewable sources of energy ?

Q.33

Q.16

What is Red data book ? Describe its significance.

Q.17

Write a short note on Sancturies in India ?


79

Most of the water on the earth surface is found
in (A) Oceans and seas
(B) Underground
(C) Rivers
(D) Lakes

Q.34

Natural habitat can be protected by creating (A) National Parks
(B) Sanctuaries
(C) Biosphere Reserves (D) All of these

Q.35

Biogas is a good fuel because it is (A) Cheap fuel
(B) Non-polluting fuel
(C) Convenient fuel
(D) All of these

Q.37

Q.41

Exhaustible resources are (A) Water
(B) Fossil fuels
(C) Minerals
(D) All

Q.36


National Park associated with Rhinoceros is (A) Kaziranga
(B) Ranthambore
(C) Corbett
(D) Valley of flowers

Q.38

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Q.42

Q.43

–

Gir forest is in

–

Which of the following is a non renewable source
(A) Water
(B) Forest
(C) Wild-life
(D) Fossil fuels

Q.40

Conversion of N2 gas into its components like
nitrates & nitrites

First National Park of India is (A) Kanha National Park
(B) Periyar National Park
(C) Corbett National Park
(D) Bandipur National Park

Q.39

Match the column –
Column - I
Column - II
Fe, Cu
a. Nitrosomonas
Denitrification
b. Non-metallic minerals
Nitrification
c. Bacillus mycoides
Alluvial soil
d. Rich in Al(OH)3
Ammonification
e. Pseudomonas
Sand, Stone
f. Metallic minerals

Chilka lake is situated in (A) Andhra Pradesh
(B) Orissa
(C) Gujarat
(D) Assam

80


EXERCISE - 2



Q.1

Q.10

The total earth covered by water is about (A) 73 % (B) 50 %
(C) 92 %
(D) 70 %

Q.11

Fossil fuels and metallic minerals are (A) Renewable resources
(B) Inexhaustible resources
(C) Nonrenewable resources
(D) None of these

Floods can be controlled by (A) Replacement of trees (B) Deforestation
(C) Reforestation
(D) None of these

Q.12

The renewable source of energy is (A) Coal
(B) Petroleum
(C) Biomass
(D) Kerosene

The important energy resource which originate
from photosynthetic activity of green plants is (A) Dendrothermal
(B) Biogas
(C) Tidal energy
(D) None of these

Q.13

Inexhaustible, non-conventional energy source
is (A) Coal
(B) Tidal
(C) Wind
(D) None of these

Q.2

Q.3

Q.4

Q.5

One of the most important natural resources of
energy is (A) Electricity
(B) Fossil fuels
(C) Biogas
(D) Nuclear fission

The Ranthambore National Park is located in (A) Maharashtra
(B) Uttar Pradesh
(C) Gujrat
(D) Rajasthan


Forest and wildlife are which kind of natural
resources (A) Renewable
(B) Non-renewable
(C) Inexhaustible
(D) None above

Q.6

The ‘threatened species’ refers to the species
which are (A) Endangered
(B) Vulnerable
(C) Rare
(D) All of these

Q.7

The most exploited nonrenewable resource is–
(A) Water
(B) Petroleum
(C) Electricity
(D) All above

Q.8

The leguminous plants contain nodules in their roots
which contain symbiotic (mutualistic) bacterium has
enzymes to convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen
salts (e.g. nitrates). These nitrogen salts persist in the
soil and such a soil, which is enriched by the nitrogen,
is ready to support the next cereal crop. The conversion
of nitrogen gas of atmosphere into nitrogen compounds,
which can be utilised by leguminous plants and other
plants, is called nitrogen fixation. Nitrate is used by
plant, animals and pass out as ammonia Ammonia is
then turned to nitrites and then to nitrogen.

The natural source of energy which is most
important is (A) Atomic energy
(B) Biogas
(C) Sunlight
(D) Fossil fuels

Q.9

Q.16
Q.17


What is the role of Nitrosomonas ?

Q.19

Name a bacteria which convert N2 ?

Q.20

81

Name a free-living bacterium capable of fixing
atmospheric nitrogen ?

Q.18

Identify the correct match between tiger reserve
and its state (A) Corbett - Madhya Pradesh
(B) Eriyar - Orissa
(C) Manas - Assam
(D) Bandipur - Tamil Nadu

Name leguminous plants ?

What is X ?

v ANSWER v
EXERCISE -1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

27. True
30. True

Coal, Petroleum.
Pseudomonas.
Nilgiri, Nandadavi
In is protection of Fauna.
Danger of extinction.

28. False
31. True

29. True
32. False

33. A
36. D
39. C

34. D
37. A
40. B

35. D
38. C

19. Renewable
21. Methane
23. Nitrosomonas

20. Exhaustible
22. Soil

41. 1-g, 2-f, 3-a, 4-d, 5-c, 6-b

E. TRUE OR FALSE
24. True

25. True

42. Nitrogen fixation
43. Gujrat

26. False

EXERCISE -2


1. B
4. D
7. B

10. A,C

2. C
5. A
8. C

3. C
6. D
9. C

82

11. A,B

12. B,C


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