Integrating empowerment in the Dairy Goat and Root Crop Production project in...
Public Sector Value for Value Chain Development
1. Public Sector Value for Value
Chain Development:
The role of the Public Sector in the long-term sustainability
and scaling up of Value Chain Development Initiatives
Marco
Bartholdy
54252
Lavanya
Katyal
49375
Amaka
Ogbonna
57656
Andrew
Mutegi
Paito
48556
This
presenta,on
is
based
on
research
conducted
on
behalf
of
the
LSE
for
CARE
Interna,onal
UK
THE
LONDON
SCHOOL
OF
ECONOMICS
AND
POLITICAL
SCIENCE
2. Structure
1. Conceptual
framework
• The
role
of
the
public
sector
• BoRom-‐up
approach
• Value
Chain
Development
• Scaling
up
2. Methodology
3. Case
studies
• Cocoa
Life
• Strengthening
the
Dairy
Value
Chain
• Pathways
4. Discussion
and
consolidaUon
of
findings
4. The role of the public sector
• Free
market
• Addressing
government
failure
• Economic
efficiency
• Need
for
government
support
• Addressing
market
failures
• Reduce
inequaliUes
• Delivering
public
goods
• Rodrik’s
diagnosUc
approach
(2010)
• Need
to
choose
“the
right
model
(and
remedy)
for
specific
realiUes”
Sources:
Rodrik
(2010);
Krugman
and
Wells
(2006);
Sen
(1999)
5. Bottom-up approach
• State-‐led,
top-‐down
policies
can
create
inequaliUes
• E.g.
East
Asia
(Ali,
2007)
• Need
to
support
small
and
informal
enterprises
• Inclusive
growth
• Huge
economic
opportunity
(Prahalad,
2006)
• Poverty
reducUon
• PosiUve
effects
along
the
enUre
supply
chain
6. Value Chain Development
• CARE’s
approach
• Strengthen
the
weakest
links
in
the
chain
• Establish
partnerships
with
other
value
chain
actors
(McKague
&
Siddiquee,
2014)
• CreaUng
Shared
Value
(Porter
and
Kramer,
2011)
• The
public
sector
is
able
to:
• Create
sustainability
• Scale
up
iniUaUves
• Our
research
has
looked
at
this
in
3
case
studies
Consumers
Retailers
Distributors
Processors
Coops,
Traders
Small-‐holders
Input
suppliers
7. Scaling up
• The
extension
of
a
VCD
iniUaUve
to
more
people
and
communiUes
acUve
in
the
value
chain
QuanUtaUve
• Expansion
by
increasing
the
scope
of
acUvity
FuncUonal
• PosiUve
engagement
with
poliUcal
processes
and
other
stake-‐holder
groups
PoliUcal
• The
involvement
of
exisUng
insUtuUons
or
the
creaUon
of
new
insUtuUons.
InsUtuUonal
Source:
Uvin
(1995)
8. Methodology
• Research
methods
• 10
interviews
with
CARE
staff
• Analysis
of
project
documents
• Broader
literature
review
• 3
case
studies
of
VCD
iniUaUves
vary
across:
• Scope
of
project
objecUves
• Key
drivers
of
the
projects
• Level
of
decentralizaUon
• Land
access
• Income
level
Programme
First
round
interviewees
Cocoa
Life
Programme
Administrator
SDVC
Project
Manager
Pathways
Project
Manager
Programme
Second
round
interviewees
Cocoa
Life
Project
Coordinator
(Ghana)
Project
Manager
(Côte
d’Ivoire)
Governance
Advisor
(West
Africa)
SDVC
Extension
Agent
(Bangladesh)
Pathways
Project
Manager
(Tanzania)
Project
Manager
(Malawi)
Project
Manager
(India)
9. Case study overview
Cocoa
Life
SDVC
Pathways
Country
Côte
d’Ivoire
Ghana
Bangladesh
India
Tanzania
Malawi
Value
chain
Cocoa
Dairy
Agriculture
(various)
Key
Drivers
CARE;
CCC;
Mondelēz
CARE;
COCOBOD;
Mondelēz
CARE;
Ministry
of
Agriculture
CARE;
LANDESA;
Dept.
of
Agriculture
CARE;
Seed
CerUficaUon
InsUtute
CARE;
TradiUonal
leaders
PopulaAon
density*
64
114
1,203
421
56
174
GDP/capita
PPP
(current
int’l
$)*
$31.06
billion
$48.14
billion
$150
billion
$1.875
trillion
$43.65
billion
$3.705
billion
Income
level*
Lower-‐middle
income
Lower-‐middle
income
Low
income
Lower-‐middle
income
Low
income
Low
income
Public
sector
engagement
**
High
High
Low
High
High
Low
*Source:
World
Bank
Development
Indicators
(2013)
**Source:
First
round
interviews
11. Cocoa Life: Overview
• Countries:
Ghana,
Cote
d’Ivoire
• Project
objecUves:
• Avoid
structural
supply
deficit
• Improve
the
lives
of
farmers
and
their
communiUes
• Farming;
community;
livelihoods;
youth;
environment
• Mondelēz
invest
heavily
in
small-‐holder
farmers
• Shared
Value
• Partners
with
various
NGOs
and
public
sector
agencies
Source:
CARE
Project
Report
2014
12. Technical
acAviAes
Social
development
acAviAes
Technical
assistance
• Farm
rehabilitaUon
Community
consultaAon
• Community
AcUon
Plans
Infrastructure
• Schools
Community-‐based
development
• Youth
engagement
Research
and
Development
• Improved
seedlings
DeliberaAve
governance
• Reinvestment
of
cerUficaUon
bonuses
Policy
frameworks
• Minimum
farmgate
price
Health
educaAon
• Family
Planning
Services
Cocoa Life: Role of the public sector
13. Cocoa Life: Key findings
Ghana
Cote
d’Ivoire
Decentralized
Centralized
BoRom-‐up
Top-‐down
Social
cohesion
Social
conflict
1
CAP,
1
community
1
CAP,
8
communiUes
Local
poliUcal
accountability
Steering
a
common
agenda
Source:
CARE
Project
Report
2014
14. SDVC: Overview
• Country:
Bangladesh
• Project
objecUves:
• Enhancing
producUvity
of
smallholder
farmers
• Women’s
empowerment
• Strategies:
• Improving
producUvity
• Increasing
access
to
inputs
and
markets
• Strengthening
value
chain
relaUonships
• Improving
the
policy
environment
15. SDVC: Role of the Public Sector
Public
sector
acAviAes
Livestock
assistance
• Training
Livestock
Health
Workers
• Serng
up
Livestock
Research
InsUtute
Improving
animal
geneAcs
• ArUficial
inseminaUon
• Breeding
facility
Agriculture
extension
programme
• Agriculture
extension
centres
• Improving
farmer
return
Establishing
milk
collecAon
centres
Improving
policy
framework
• Import
tariffs
–
to
reduce
milk
dumping
16. SDVC: Key findings
• Limited
government
presence/capacity
• AI
services
• Technical
advice
• Land
constraint
• Lack
of
naUonal
level
policy
discussion
• Need
to
reconsider
some
policies
• Lack
of
public
sector
manpower
• 4
staff
members
for
10,000-‐12,000
farmers
• Not
enough
livestock
volunteers
• AECs
important
to
ensure
sustainability
and
scalability
• Public
dialogue
• M&E
mechanism
17. Pathways: Overview
• Countries:
India,
Malawi
and
Tanzania
• Value
chains
:
Various
agricultural
value
chains
• ObjecUves:
• To
empower
women
in
agricultural
value
chains
• Increase
farmer
producUvity
Source:
Pathways
website
18. Role of the public sector
Public
sector
acAviAes
Policy
and
law
• Forest
rights
• Land
laws
• Minimum
procurement
pricing
Input
provision
• Seedlings
• Credit
• Research
and
development
Capacity
building
• Seed
producAon
• CommercializaAon
• FFBS
Gender
relaAons
• Police
gender
desk
• Advocacy
Source:
Pathways
website
19. Key findings:
• Formal
vs
tradiUonal
authoriUes
• E.g.
Land
laws,
gender
roles
• Women’s
economic
empowerment
• VSLA
• CSI
• Farmer
Field
and
Business
School
(FFBS)
• Gender
relaUons
• Police
gender
desk
• Male
change
agents
Source:
Pathways
website
21. Scaling up
Cocoa
Life
SDVC
Pathways
Countries
Côte
d’Ivoire
Ghana
Bangladesh
India
Tanzania
Malawi
Scaling
up
QuanUtaUve
Yes
Yes
Yes
Intended
Intended
Intended
FuncUonal
No
No
No
No
No
No
PoliUcal
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
InsUtuUonal
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
22. Challenges
Challenges
Examples
DecentralisaUon
• CAPs
in
CDI
vs
Ghana
• IneffecUve
decentralizaUon
in
Malawi
Public
sector
mandates
• CCC
and
MoA
limited
to
technical
concerns
• Gender
relaUons
in
India
and
Malawi
Local
poliUcal
economy
dynamics
• Social
fragmentaUon
in
CDI
• Gender
discriminaUon
IneffecUve
policy
environments
• Transparency
of
minimum
price
policies
• Land
laws
24. Recommendations
1.
Measure
outcomes
• Measure
outcomes
(quanUtaUve)
• Explicitly
track
sustainability
and
scale
• Measurable
near-‐term
outcomes
for
long-‐term
objecUves
• Measure
risk
and
resilience
(qualitaUve)
• Analyse
the
resilience
of
iniUaUves
to
risks
that
may
arise
auer
project
closure
• Consider
poliUcal
forces
that
drive
or
oppose
long-‐term
outcomes
• Measure
partnership
impact
(counterfactual)
• Compare
the
impacts
of
a
partnership
approach
to
a
similar
non-‐partnership
approach
to
ensure
that
the
project
benefits
from
the
contribuUon
of
all
partners
25. Recommendations
2.
Understand
public
sector
incenAves
• Demonstrate
project
value
• Cost-‐benefit
analysis
• Policy
dialogue
3.
Adapt
to
local
government
capacity
• Distribute
responsibiliUes
across
sectors
• ImplemenUng
capacity
26. Recommendations
4.
CAPs
2.0
• Community
parUcipaUon
• Flexibility
and
adaptability
5.
Target
mulAple
dimensions
of
scaling
up
• IdenUfy
opportuniUes
• Current
focus
is
on
quanUtaUve
and
insUtuUonal
scaling
up
• PoliUcal
and
funcUonal
scaling
up
require
more
aRenUon
27. Concluding remarks
• State
engagement
correlates
with:
• Resource
capaciUes
at
the
naUonal
and
local
government
level
• The
policy
focus
of
each
governments
(the
importance
they
aRach
to
each
value
chain
or
agency)
• Progress
could
be
made
in
understanding
local
poliUcal
economies
• Ensuring
that
marginalized
people
benefit
equally
