Health hazards to livestock Allah Dad Khan

2. Health Hazards to animals By Allah dad Khan

3. Hazard
 Hazard is a recognized risk. Once a risk
is recognized and assessed, appropriate
adjustments can be made to modify the
underlying factors that contribute to the
risk, and/or behaviors can be modified to
reduce exposure to those risks. The risks
can be abated through engineering
controls, personal protective equipment,
and by administrative control to include:
modifying practices and procedures, pre-
placement and periodic examinations,
training, et

4. HUMAN INTERACTION WITH ANIMALS: A
RISK FACTOR FOR INJURY AND
ILLNESS
 Animals tend to avoid humans, but
they can attack if they perceive threat,
are protecting their young or territory,
or are injured or ill. Although attacks
by wild animals are more dramatic,
attacks by domestic animals are far
more common, and secondary
infections of wounds may result in
serious systemic disease.

5. BITE OR SCRATCH WOUNDS
 Animal bites present a risk for rabies,
tetanus, and other bacterial infections.
Animals’ saliva can be so heavily
contaminated with bacteria that a bite
may not even be necessary to cause
infection if the animal licks a
preexisting cut or scratch. Young
children are more likely to be bitten by
animals and to sustain more severe
injuries from animal bites.

6. Monkeys
 Macaque bites can transmit herpes B virus, a
virus related to the herpes simplex viruses
that cause oral and genital ulcers. Herpes B
infection is rare in humans. The virus was
discovered in 1933, and since that time
approximately 50 human cases have been
reported, with an 80% case-fatality ratio. No
cases of herpes B infection have been
reported in people exposed to monkeys in the
wild. Most documented cases have resulted
from occupational exposures. However,
travelers to areas where macaques range
freely should be aware of the potential risk. A
monkey infected with herpes B may appear
completely healthy.

7. BATS
 Bats can be found almost anywhere in
the world except the polar regions and
extreme deserts. Bats are reservoir
hosts for viruses that can cross
species barriers to infect humans and
other domestic and wild mammals.
Viral infections such as rabies and
viral hemorrhagic fevers can be
transmitted from bats to people

8. RODENTS
 Rodents carry a variety of viral, bacterial,
and parasitic agents that may pose a
threat to human health. Human exposure
can occur directly by a bite or scratch, or
indirectly by exposure to surfaces or
water contaminated with urine or feces.
Rodents should never be handled.
Travelers should avoid places that have
evidence of infestation with rodents and
should avoid contact with rodent feces.
Travelers should not eat or drink
anything that is suspected to be
contaminated by rodent feces or urine

9. SNAKES BITE
 Sheep
 Sheep are known to be extremely sensitive to snake
venom. Envenomated sheep typically are unable to
swallow, are dribbling saliva and their tongue is
protruding and limp. Stomach contents may ooze from
the nostrils and the sheep eventually become
paralysed, lying motionless for hours before dying from
respiratory failure.
 Goats
 Goats are not as sensitive to snake bite as sheep but
otherwise the clinical signs are similar.
 Cattle
 Little has been described about the effects of snake bite
in cattle. Possibly because of their sheer clumsiness,
they may receive multiple bites and thus severe
envenomation. Cows suspected of suffering from snake
bite have occasionally been reported as goose
stepping.

10. Insects
 Bites and stings from spiders and
scorpions can be painful and can
result in illness and death, particularly
among infants and children. Other
insects and arthropods, such as
mosquitoes and ticks, can transmit
infections

11. BIRDS
 Ill birds have been associated with cases
of highly pathogenic avian influenza in
humans. When traveling in an area
where outbreaks of avian influenza have
been reported, travelers should avoid
contact with live poultry (such as
chickens, ducks, geese, pigeons,
turkeys, and quail) or any wild birds and
should avoid settings where avian
influenza A (H5N1)-infected poultry may
be present, such as commercial or
backyard poultry farms and live poultry
markets

12. Uncontrolled drugs
 Un trained Persons