Causes Of Strongyloidiasis

Causes Of Strongyloidiasis
Strongyloidiasis is a human disease caused by a parasite belonging to a group of soil transmitted
helminth. The causative organ for this intestinal infection is Strongyloides stercoralis and S.
fuelleborni being the only other species of Strongyloides that infects humans. This species that
commonly infects non–human primates can also cause infections in humans (Ashford and Barnish,
1989; Ashford et al., 1992; Zerpa et al., 2014) is thus zoonotic in nature. Furthermore,
strongyloidiasis caused by S. fuelleborni has been shown to be associated with a disease called
'swollen belly syndrome' in which neonatal infants acquire overwhelming intestinal infections that
can also disseminate and cause (Ashford and Barnish, 1989) fatalities in the absence ... Show more
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Three epidemiological categories for this disease namely sporadic where the prevalence of the
disease is seen to be less than one percent, endemic with the prevalence between 1–5% and hyper
endemic with prevalence of more than 5% (Paula and Costa–Cruz, 2011). Endemic and hyper
endemic mainly occurs in subtropical and tropical regions respectively while the sporadic
prevalence is seen in temperate regions (Vadlamudi et al., 2006). Endemic areas of the world include
Sub–Saharan Africa, West Indies including Island of Caribbean, Latin and South America with main
focus on tropical regions of Brazil, South East Asia, Bangladesh, Southern Pakistan and Eastern and
Central European Union. Endemic foci are also reported in temperate Mediterranean sectors of
South East Spain, Northern Italy and Rural Romania (Igual–Adell and Dominguez–Marquez,
2007).Schar and Wang reported Strongyloides in aboriginal communities in rural and remote
Australia as well as Puerto Rica (Wang et al., 2013; Schar et al., 2013).The disease is also known to
be found in Pacific islands mainly Fiji islands(Wang et al., 2013).Strongyloides is not currently
reported disease in USA although the rural areas of the Southern states and Appalachain regions of
USA are found to be endemic(Croker et al., 2010).Due to growing number of immigrants,
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How Schistosomiasis Is A Parasitic Disease Caused By...
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by trematode flatworms. This parasitic infection
endemic mostly impact impoverished nations that do not have clean running water. Schistosomiasis
is commonly found in 76 countries around the world. In under developed countries of Africa
Schistosomiasis, is second only to malaria as a cause of morbidity. Schistosomiasis affects
approximately 240 million people globally (Hotez, 2013). The main areas affected are the regions
near the equator, parts of the Middle East, Asia, South America, and the entire continent of Africa.
The mortality rate of Schistosomiasis in Sub–Saharan Africa is approximately more than 200,000
each year. Based on my research, Schistosomiasis is spread due to a combination of a lack of
prevention–based education and poor living conditions. In this paper we will discuss the origin of
schistosomiasis, get more in depth about the effects of schistosomiasis, and the methodology
regarding disease prevention.
Introduction of the Disease
Schistosomes are water–borne cestodes or blood flukes that use the human skin as their port of
entry. The symptoms of schistosomiasis can vary from having a fever, joint pains, bloody diarrhea,
ascites, abdominal pain, and hematuria. In the long run, patients can develop an abnormally enlarged
spleen and liver accompanied with enlarged lymph nodes. The current increase in the prevalence of
schistosomiasis has been attributed to causes such as increase irrigation schemes.

Human Fears of Biological Science
Biology, genetic engineering, research, humans and animals all have one thing in common; they all
will potentially start the spread of the worst viral disease known to humanity. AIDS, a viral disease
of the human, is spreading rapidly across the world. Also, parasites, rabies, and toxoplasma gondii
are all potential factors in the human body takeover. Zombie films today help show how the world
will be when this happens. Blood, saliva, and biting will all be known as curse words to society.
Society in one's eyes will never be the same. Research done on animals, which start all diseases, will
be the beginning to the life we never dreamed of. Biological science is a potential threat to humanity
through today's infections, viruses, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Whereas microparasites can have highly visible effects, diseases caused by macroparasites are often
more subtle, yet can still impact the host at the population level.*** Parasites may have less of a
threat to the human race compared to viruses, but they still pose a threat to the human and its society
for spreading to others. One particular parasite infection in the human race now is toxoplasma
gondii, by the protozoan parasite. It is one of the most common parasitic infections of man and other
warm–blooded animals. Nearly one–third of humanity has already been exposed to this parasite. In
most adults it does not cause serious illness, but it can cause blindness and mental retardation in
infected children and devastating disease in immunocompromised individuals. Most infections in
humans are asymptomatic but at times the parasite can produce devastating disease. Once more, the
parasite has probable cause to become a disease, even deadly ones. Toxoplasma gondii is already
existent and spreading through many countries. It is an infectious parasite therefore, is has all the
characteristics a parasite inquires. Not only can it rapidly spread, but also through higher population
levels. If the toxoplasma gondii were to spread, and the parasite inhabits a new domain, it could
become more prevalent and start to take over its host. . It has been understood that introduced
parasites can directly cause the extinction of native hosts. It is the parasites

Causes Of Parasitic Disease In Captive Polar Bears
In order to maintain a clean habitat within zoological parks, all excrements and contaminated
bedding must be thoroughly removed each day prior to disinfecting the exhibit with cleaning agents
(Schaul, Saif, Gerht, Bonar & Advisor 2006). The zookeepers are required to perform their daily
disinfecting duties to prevent unwanted diseases from proliferating, or creating a filthy unappealing
exhibit to the public. Daily disinfecting does reduce the rate of parasitic infection among the polar
bears, but it does not completely prevent it from occurring. Raw meat and fish are the main causes
of parasitic infections in captive polar bears due to its common presence within fish in general.
Anisakiasis is a parasitic disease caused by a pathogenic nematode ... Show more content on
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The Baylisascaris species are nematodes that have commonly been associated with the illness and
death in various vertebrate species that reside in zoos and aquariums, and is especially of importance
when considering polar bear conservation (e.g., Ball et al. 1998; Sato, et al. 2005; Thompson et al.
2008, AZA Bear Tag 2009). Baylisascaris transfuga and B. multipapillata are ascarid roundworms
that infect the small or large intestines of all bear species, including Polar Bears, in captive and
wildlife settings. These large white worms contain a thick striated cuticle which promote resistance
from harmful intestinal acidity within the host and possess morphological versatility that allow them
to adapt to intermediate and definitive host immune responses. Although B. transfuga and B.
multipapillata have been recognized for disrupting the central nervous system (CNS) and producing
visceral, neural, and ocular disease under migratory conditions in laboratory studies (Papini et al.,
1994; Papini et al., 1996; Sato, 2003), the continual environmental contamination of Baylisascaris
ova within the holding and viewing areas of the exhibit can result in exposure of contagious levels
of ascarid eggs among zoo animals and husbandry staff (Schaul

Zoonotic Diseases and Risk Factors
The purpose of this paper is to focus on a subject within my educational field that I can research and
inform the public about. I plan to become a veterinarian .which would require my daily contact with
humans and animals. Zoonotic diseases are risk factors that I have to be aware of in order to protect
myself as well as my patients and their owners. Luckily developments in medicine have made it
possible to cure zoonotic diseases and even prevent them from ever being contracted.
There are thing that make people more susceptible to contracting zoonotic diseases. Either it's
knowingly or unknowingly, humans are prone to the dangers of being direct targets of zoonotic
diseases. Zoonotic diseases are transmittable in various ways weather ... Show more content on
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Transmitted naturally zoonotic diseases have been around for many years. Dating back to biblical
times as well as Ancient Greece, zoonotic diseases were referred to as plagues. One in particular, in
fact the most noted plague, to cross mankind was from 1348 through 1350 called the black plague.
The Black plague is a bacterial infection named Yersinia pestis. The ancient zoonotic disease was
said to be transmitted by an oriental rat fleas carried by black rats who were in direct contact with
humans. These infected rats traveled with humans on ships during trade. In 1348 medication used to
treat the black plague were remedies like the vinegar and water treatment. The vinegar and water
treatment directed that the infected person be put to bed and bathed with vinegar and rose water.
Other remedies and medications ordered the infected person to drink a mixture every morning and
every night. This mixture included roasting the shells of newly laid eggs. Then ground the roasted
shells into a powder. Chop up the leaves and petals of marigold flowers. Put the egg shells and
marigolds into a pot of good ale. Add treacle and warm over a fire. The patient should drink this
mixture every morning and night. Now antibiotics such as streptomycin, gentamicin, doxycycline,
or ciprofloxacin are used to treat this disease. Also Oxygen, intravenous fluids, and respiratory
support are

How Parasitology Is A Very Important Area Of The...
Parasitology is a very important area of the microbiology clinical laboratory of NYU Langone
Medical Center. Medical technologists perform many different types of assays and observe countless
samples under the microscope in order to detect the presence of any parasites causing infections.
Parasitology is the study of parasitic organisms that cause disease within humans. Parasites are
defined as organisms that live in or on another organism and uses its resources. The major groups of
parasitic organisms studied and observed in the clinical laboratory are helminths, protozoa, and
arthropods. Helminths are worm parasites and this group contains the parasitic subgroups
nematodes, cestodes and trematodes. Nematodes are roundworms, cestodes are tapeworms, and
trematodes are flukes. There are thousands of different species of helminths. Protozoa contains
organelles within their cell. There are more than 50,000 species and are very common throughout
the world. Arthropods are organisms with a chitin cytoskeleton, such as fleas, ticks, spiders, and
insects. Although parasitic infections are most often associated with tropical areas they can also
occur in subtropical and more temperate areas, even places such as New York City. Billions of
people all over the world have fallen prey to parasitic infections. People who live, work, visit, or
immigrate from more remote and underdeveloped parts of the world are at a higher risk of acquiring
parasitic infections. The level of symptoms

Emerging Disease Ethics
Disease has been a factor in human evolution for as long as we have been around. How you to
respond and take control of anto the emerging disease has all thewill impact on how the disease will
spreads and affect the lives of the human population. Now, what is the responsibility of the CDC or
other global health organizations? Furthermore, do are the practices these groups are preformming
when responding to appearing diseases need to be ethical? WhoLikewise, what draws the line when
trying to develop a response and solution to a possible epidemic? For instance, should we collect
biological specimens of the disease for future outbreaks and what is the role and obligation of
healthcare workers? All of these questions should we taken into account ... Show more content on
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Global authorities should not just focus their efforts on only one certain country, in fact it would be
smart to branch out and help another country when in need. For instance, it would may be
completely justified for the CDC to go into a third–world country and provide them with the
resources they need in order to save lives and even stop the transmission of the infection. The
collection of biological specimens is completely ethically vindicated under certain regulations.
FirstlyHowever, the collection of the specimens should be strictly regulated by government
agencies. Strict regulation would prevent the possibility of bioterrorism. Secondly, governments
should only provide the specimens to qualified researchers with their only purpose to study the
effects of the disease, thus learning how to prevent future outbreaks. The obligation of front line
healthcare workers can be a touchy subject. Generally speaking, healthcare workers know that they
are risking a lot by treating sick individuals, it is their job. If healthcare workers practice safe
methods to help stop the transmission between the sick to and the workers, then they can focus on
trying to save afflicte's patient's lifeves. All things considered, when dealing with the dilemma of
what should be our responsibility and in respondingse to emerging disease

How To Prevent Lymes Disease
Although most people don't realize it, one of the most weakening diseases can be found in your very
backyard. This disease is called Lyme disease Lymes disease have been spreading around the United
States at a very fast pace, there is only one way that you can get this disease. The disease is caused
by something that is called bacterium Borrelia Burgdorferi which is transmitted through the bite of
infected ticks. Anyone can get this disease, although it is very uncommon that someone will get this
disease. Lymes disease is actually a very interesting disease, Only 1.4% of ticks are infected with
lymes disease, the only way that someone can get this disease is from an infected tick. it is not very
likely that someone will get this disease, but ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This will cause joint damage and go on Lyme Arthritis, this disease also focuses on the nerves. This
can go on to mental problems and even cause another disease by the name of Tics. That disease
focuses on the heart it will slow down somebody's heart rate. Most diseases should have a treatment,
Lyme disease has many treatments. Such as Antibiotic drugs like doxycycline, amoxicillin,
penicillin, and erythromycin are many treatments for this disease. There was a newer vaccine for
this disease, this is called LYMErix. One of the greatest problems with the medical care for Lyme
disease is the problem with when they diagnose the vaccine . Diagnostic tests are very unlucky to be
done unless the disease is getting out of hand. Even when Lyme disease is suspected, currently
available diagnostic tests often yield false negative results and are usually correct. If not diagnosed
and treated promptly, the disease may look like it is going away, but it is just getting worse. The
spirochete basically takes over the disease at this

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic infection that effects 15 to 20 million people globally each year. It is
mainly found in the Tropics, Subtropics, and Southern Europe. Most infections are the result of the
bite of an infected female sandfly, but it can also be delivered in vitro or by the use of contaminated
needles. Leishmania are digenetic. This means that it requires two hosts to complete it's life cycle.
For leishmania the two hosts are an invertebrate and an vertibrate. The female sand fly is the
invertebrate host. When the fly is infected, the leishmania are in promastigote form. A promastigote
is extra cellular and mobile due to it's elongated flagellum. When they are injected into their
vertebrate host they undergoe cellular differentiation into amastigote form. When they are
amastigotes they are intracellular and they lose thier flagellum leaving ... Show more content on
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There is cutaneous leishmaniasis, mucosal leishmaniasis, and visceral leishmaniasis. Cutaneous
leishmaniasis is localized at the site of the bite in the skin. Cutaneous leishmania are found mostly in
the Middle East, South West and Central Asia, Mexico, Central America, and South America. The
incubation period once infected is typically two to three months, but it can range from two weeks to
two years. Symptoms can present themselves abruptly or gradually and typically begin with sores,
papules, and nodules. The nodules eventually burst leaving large ulcers. Mucosal leishmaniasis is
found mostly in Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru. It affects the nasal, oral, and pharyngeal mucosa. The
mucosal form of leishmania is thought to happen several years after an initial cutaneous infection.
The symptoms are simular to cutaneous leishmaniasis except specifically affecting the mucosal
membrane. This can lead to nasal septum perforation, dysphagia, dyspnea, and malnutrition. If
inadequete diet and respiratory issues are not addressed, this disease can be

Disease
Dracunculiasis (guinea worm disease): eradication without a drug or a vaccine, Gautam Biswas,
Dieudonne P. Sankara, Junerlyn Agua–Agum and Alhousseine Maiga, June 2013.
Introduction:
Dracunculiasis is the first parasitic disease that has the potential to be eradicated without the need of
drugs or vaccines. Since the parasite life cycle revolves around the host consuming the infected
copepod in the water, the experimental designed was to focus on the introduction of water treatment
educations into those tropical and subtropical areas.
Design and Strategies:
The eradication campaigns were also supported by many private and community partnership, and
the strategy was to surveillance, provision of safe drinking water, vector control, ... Show more
Case Study:
John has come to the doctor office, report to have intense painful, burning sensation for a few days,
and blister was observed under his right foot that was recently ruptured. A small, threadlike worm
was observed. John told the doctor that he has been working in African tropical forest for almost 2
years, and was recently got transfer back to the United States. He also develop a fever, swelling,
nausea and vomiting.
1. What is the most likely disease that John has gotten?
2. How did John get the disease?
3. What is the best treatment for the disease?
4. What are the steps that help prevent John from getting the disease when he travels back to Africa?
Or is it possible that his body develop immunity against the disease that he does not have to worry
about?
Brief summary for the brochure:
Dracunculiasis (guinea worm disease): eradication without a drug or a vaccine, Gautam Biswas,
Dieudonne P. Sankara, Junerlyn Agua–Agum and Alhousseine Maiga, June 2013.
Dracunculiasis is one of the first parasitic diseases to be eradicated in the world without the need of
drugs or vaccine. Since the only mode of transmission was through copepod vector in the water,
proper educations for water treatment

Creative Writting on Personal Diseases
Susan is a young professional who just had her personal genome sequenced. She now knows she
carries the gene for Huntington's disease. She is agonizing over the decision about sharing this
information with others. She doesn't know what to do or who to tell. So she goes to a doctor to get
his opinion on if it would be right or not to let her family or boyfriend know. While she is waiting in
the waiting room she is imagining how her life would be if she had Huntington's disease. What type
of burden she would be on peoples their opinions about her. Her family would not be able to leave
because they would constantly have to take care of her whether that be her hopefully husband or
another family member. When she goes to any event in public she will make a scene or outburst and
how they all will judge her about her condition. Susan starts to hypervinalate in the waiting room as
all these scenarios run uncontroably through her head. Finally the doctor walks in and she focuses
back in on reality. She explains the situation to the doctor that she found out she carries the gene for
Huntington's disease and she doesn't know who to tell. The doctor explains what he would do and
gives her recommendations. For her parents she shouldn't tell them because they will not be able to
do anything about it or they may be dead by the time she starts experiencing it extremely. It would
just but unnecessary stress put on her parents worrying about their daughter. As for her boyfriend
goes she

The Epidemic Of Food Borne Illnesses
Epidemiologists, those who study the origins and causes of disease, have been monitoring the
epidemic of food borne illnesses since 1864 (CDC.int). According to the Center for Disease Control
and Prevention (heretofore refereed to as the CDC) approximately 1 in 6 Americans (roughly 48
million) contract food poisoning every year. Of the infected, on average food borne illness are
responsible for 128,000 hospitalizations and 3,000 deaths per year as reported in the CDC 's 2011
Emerging Infectious Diseases. The CDC has identified 250 diseases stemming from from viruses,
parasites, and bacteria as well as chemical contamination which disseminates by natural and
manufactured chemicals or by toxins produced by microorganisms. In the onslaught of food borne
illnesses salmonelleosis and campylobacteriosis are the main culprits.
Affecting over 1.2 million people and causing 380 deaths per year in the United States alone,
salmonelleosis (commonly referred to as salmonella), is regarded as the most common food borne
disease. Common symptoms commence from 12 hours to three days after ingestion; severe cases
and those who are more prone to disease–children, the elderly, and those with HIV/AIDs–
experience fevers, diarrhea and vomiting due to the intestinal damaged triggered by the infection.
Salmonella invades the body and the resulting tissue damage releases chemicals into the blood
stream that trigger swelling and inflammation. AvrA temporarily stops salmonella from breaking
apart

Pathogens
The term disease can be defined as a disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant,
especially one that produces specific symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a
direct result of physical injury.With this being said, it can be seen that there are numbers of diseases.
A pathogen is a biological agent, or germ, that causes disease to its host by interrupting normal body
processes. Bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites are all common types of pathogens that can cause
pathogenic, or infectious, diseases. These pathogens can be found in the air, soil and water, and
infection can occur as a result of touching, eating or drinking something that is infected with a
germ.A vector is an organism that does ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hereditary diseases are disorders or diseases that are inherited genetically. They are also known as
genetic disorders or inherited diseases and may be passed on within the family if there is a mutant
gene present. For example, Down syndrome. This disease is also known as Trisomy 21 and it is
caused by inheritance of an extra chromosome 21. This condition causes delay in mental and
physical development of a child. This genetic disorder is rare and may be detected before a child is
born. Another example is Hereditary Fructose Intolerance. This hereditary disease causes absence of
enzyme aldolase B in a person, which is required for metabolizing fructose. Symptoms of hereditary
fructose intolerance include severe abdominal pain, vomiting and aversion to sweet foods. Along
with Hereditary hemochromatosis which is a genetic disease that causes the body to absorb too
much iron. Absorbed iron doesn't leave the body but instead it is stored in the body organs, which
can cause many health

Bio 315 Assment 1 Essay
Bio 315
Assignment one: Introduction
http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html
1. Compare and contrast Chagas disease and cysticercosis.
Chagas disease cysticercosis Parasite (Worm or protozoan) protozoan worm
Effects on human host
Fever, swelling around initial infection site, parasites in blood, sometimes asymptomatic, rarely
debilitating or life threatening problems can occur.
Formation of larval cysts can occur in the muscles, eyes, brain, and/or spinal cord. Cysts in these
areas can lead to other side affects.
How parasite is transmitted.
Contact with insect feces and through the blood. Maybe through ingestion.
Ingestion.
2. True or false Correct the false questions. You are not allowed to ... Show more content on
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ingestion
Foodborne, animal–to–human, congenital
Sexually
5. What species is the intended host for the Baylisascaris nematode and what symptoms does it
cause in this host? http://animal.discovery.com/tv–shows/monsters–inside–me/videos/baylisascaris–
aka–raccoon–roundworm.htm http://animal.discovery.com/tv–shows/monsters–inside–
me/videos/the–brain–eating–parasite.htm
http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/baylisascariasis.pdf
Raccoons. It causes brain and tissue damage. Very deadly. As the parasites eat this material.
6. Which individuals are most at risk of infection by this nematode and why?
Small birds and mammals because they forage for seeds. A tiny amount of the parasite needs to be

ingest to begin causing problems and it can be found in raccoon feces.
7. The Monsters inside of me video clip makes the same assertion as the CDC website with regard to
spread of Toxoplasmosis. They both regard cat fecal ingestion as being the main way the parasite is
transmitted to humans. The website you just visited however disagrees. What route does it assert as
being the major transmission route? Does it offer any supporting evidence?

Primary, Seconday and Tertiary Interventions: Haiti 2010...
Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Prevention Interventions: Haiti 2010 *Primary prevention nursing
interventions:
Primary prevention and nursing interventions include: the workers and volunteers receiving
available, necessary and appropriate shots prior to entering Haiti. For the Haitians, immunization
would also be given. This is very important against, Hepatitis, and other rare, yet deadly diseases,
such as measles, mumps, rubella, and pertussis. Education regarding: safe and proper sanitation
practices; hand washing and personal hygiene; maintaining trash in designated areas; staying active
by volunteering/assisting and caring for other fellow Haitian children and neighbors; clearing and
cleaning out clutter and using available ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It would help to screen everyone for the proper use of sanitation, hand washing, and trash disposal,
as this is the easiest way to spread disease.
These prevention interventions would be started as early as the 2nd phase, and throughout the 5th
phase. I would enroll the collaboration of the CDC, FEMA, Red Cross, National Guards, other
military personnel, medical staff, volunteers and myself. The more man power there is available to
screen the people, the more that can get done and more effectively.
*Tertiary Prevention Nursing Interventions:
Tertiary prevention nursing interventions include: planning follow–up with the people treated for
diseases to assure they are following treatment and to offer rehabilitation like activities in order to
maintain the best quality of daily life and decrease chances of disease progression; repeat
demonstration of washing hands, verbalize proper use of sanitation facilities, and disposing of trash;
offering adequate physical and occupational therapy instructions; evaluation of proper medication
treatment, dressing changes and wound care; assessing living/sleeping quarters for safety and
cleanliness in order to promote healthy/safe practices.
These prevention interventions would start at 3rd phase and throughout 5th phase. I would enroll the
collaboration of

Case Study On Blood Transfusion
INTRODUCTION
Blood is one of the integral components of body constituents, which flows throughout body and
becomes a reason for survival. Blood transfusion is a life saving intervention for patients in need of
transfusion. Blood borne infections are common serious hurdles of blood transfusion. Considering
the serious consequences of these infections and to hold back the transmission to minimum, it is
extremely important to remain vigilant about the possible spread of these diseases in the course of
blood transfusion1. Transfusion safety begins with healthy donors. Blood transfusion is safer than
ever before through continuous improvements in donor recruitment, screening, testing of donated
blood with increasingly sensitive assays, and appropriate clinical use of blood. Serologic testing for
transfusion transmitted infections had historically been the foundation of blood screening, while
newer strategies like nucleic acid testing (NAT) have helped further shorten the "window period".
Moreover, threat of infectious agents entering the blood supply is not constant and may evolve as
new pathogens emerge or when old ones change their epidemiological pattern. In 2002, the
Government of India adopted the National Blood Policy "An action plan for blood ... Show more
WHO recommends that all blood donations should be screened for infection prior to use. The World
Health Organization's (WHO) goal is for all countries to obtain all blood supplies from voluntary
unpaid donors by 20203.
The national blood policy in India relies heavily on voluntary blood donors, as they are usually
assumed to be associated with low levels of transfusion–transmitted infection4. In India, it is
mandatory to test every unit of blood collected for hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV, syphilis and
malaria. If donor test positive to any of the five infections, their blood is

Outbreak At Watersedge : A Parasitic Disease Essay
Outbreak at Watersedge Cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by
coccidial species of the genus Cryptosporidium. The parasite is covered by an outer shell that allows
it to live outside the body for extensive periods of time and makes it resistant to chlorine–based
sanitizers (Rossle & Latif, 2013). Cryptosporidiosis has been identified as one of the most usual
causes of waterborne disease in humans worldwide. Cryptosporidium lives in the intestine of
infected humans or animals and is passed in the stool of an infected person or animal (Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). Millions of Cryptosporidium parasites are discharged in a
bowel movement from an infected human or animal. Infection usually happens by ingesting the
parasite accidentally. Cryptosporidium may be found in soil, food, water, or surfaces that have been
infected with the feces from humans or animals carrying the disease (Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, 2012). Cryptosporidium can be difficult to diagnose and usually is missed unless
specific tests are performed. Most often, diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis is made by microscopic
examination of stool samples and enzyme immunoassay for fecal antigen. Identification of the
parasite is often problematic because of the miniscule size and obscure internal structure of the
parasite (Rossle & Latif, 2013). Optimal management of cryptosporidiosis comprises fluids and
electrolytes management, antispasmodic agents,

What Is Schistosomiasis?
uction
Schistosomiasis, snail fever, has infected 240 million people in about 78 countries. This disease is
found predominantly in subtropical and tropical climates, such as Africa the Caribbean, South
America, East Asia, and the Middle East. This is one of five varieties of the parasite schistosoma
that are carried by fresh water snails. Schistosomiasis is the second most common parasitic disease.
If uncured, children with this chronic disease may suffer from malnutrition and anemia, which can
lead pervasive learning disabilities (Global Network).
Background
This disease is caused by a blood trematode, a flatworm that can survive in two hosts. It is spread
through the water (CDC, 2012). Once a person gets in contact with freshwater that ... Show more
These men, who were employed by home builders to work on the construction of country houses,
restaurants, and hotels, came to this city from endemic areas of the northeast of Minas Gerais State.
After a workday they showered, unknowingly, in a nearby–infected river. They used this one river to
bathe and dispose fecal matter since, they lived in improvised shelters without sanitary facilities.
Unexpectedly, This river supplied a local swimming poo, in which the population was already
infected. The snails from that s infected the Local Water. It then entered the skin of the workers and
infected them. Apart from the 50 people who were infected an estimated number of four to six
million residents in Brazil and battling this infection. The disease is prevalent in 519 of the 853
municipalities in Minas Gerais State. In this state alone approximately 1000000 people are infected
among the 10870063 who live the area (NIH,

Why Is Nutrient Transfer Important To Mistletoe?
Introduction Although nutrient transfer from host to parasitic mistletoe has been thoroughly
quantified, were these nutrients go afterward and the consequences of this parasitic relationship on
the ecology of the ecosystem remains poorly known. Indeed, it has been suggested that parasitism
alters nutrient cycling since nutrients from the host accumulate in the parasite's tissues and remain
concentrated following abscission. Moreover, mistletoe has a higher leaf turnover than its host,
which results in a greater input of nutrients to the ecosystem when mistletoe is present. Studies on
the root hemiparasite Bartsia alpina demonstrated that, when enriched litter is allowed to decompose
on the ground, there is a peak in nitrogen and phosphorous return to the ecosystem. Only these two
nutrients were quantified in this experiment, yet the same phenomenon possibly occurs with other
nutrients accumulating in the parasite's tissues. In addition, nutrients accumulate to a greater extent
in non–infected hosts. This signifies that nutrient input from infected host litter is reduced relative to
non–infected hosts. Therefore, nutrient inputs to the ecosystem, from the host or from mistletoe, are
largely affected by the presence of the parasite. The aim of this experiment was to assess, by looking
at leaf litter, the return of 13 nutrients in an Australian ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They obtained 0.5g from each vial and used a LECO analyser to perform high temperature
combustion; they analysed the total carbon and nitrogen in each sample. Another 0.5g sample was
digested with nitric acid and analysed for phosphorous, calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium,
sulfur, aluminum, boron, cupper, iron and zinc using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission
Spectrometry (ICPOES). This method relies on the fact that, when excited, elements emit
electromagnetic radiations at characteristic

Malaria Is A Dangerous Parasitic Disease
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 214 million cases of malaria reported in 2015,
with mortality count has risen to more than 438,000 people dying from Malaria (parasite transmitted
by mosquitos). Ninety–one percent of these deaths occurred in sub–Saharan Africa. Event though
the mortality rates cause by malaria has fallen by thirty percent since 2000, but in Africa, a life of a
child is taking away by malaria in every minute.
For those who don't know what malaria is, malaria is a deadly disease that was once has taken many
lives, long–forgotten in this day of age. Malaria once considered as one of the world 's most
dangerous parasitic diseases in the tropical continents. Malaria has claims more lives than any other
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Measures to control this epidemic disease are becoming less and less efficient, and more expensive.
The increased risk of the illness linked to expansion projects in undeveloped areas, particularly in
the Amazon basin and in Southeast Asia. The escalation of malaria cases is also interrelated to
factors such as lack of health services, poor hygiene, increasing in political disruptions, unresolved
armed conflicts, and accelerating effect on global warming. Additional possible causes of the spread
of malaria also include the evolving resistance of the parasites that has build immunity to the current
antimalarial drug treatments. On the other hand, with the rising trend of international traveling,
malaria is now resurfaced again in developed countries. Countries such as the United State,
England, Canada and many other well–developed nations where malaria has to make is appearance
once again, where it has previously been eradicated. (Liu, Modrek, Gosling & Feachem. 2013)
Malaria parasites history was dated back to the dawn of time. Scientist hypothesized that this disease
probably originated in Africa along with the rise of humanity, an archeologist has recently unearthed
fossils of mosquitoes that dated as far as thirty million years old, proved that the malaria vector, the
mosquito, was present well before the earliest history. According to BMC Medicine, "Plasmodium
falciparum

Garrett's The Coming Plague
In the 1300's, a plague called the Black Death ravaged Asia and Europe, and 20 million
people died (History). Even before then, human beings were terrified of diseases. Humans have
tried to combat diseases through studying them in depth, and as a result, drugs have been
developed. Anti–bacterial and anti–viral drugs allow the human body to fight off diseases that
would have killed just a couple centuries ago with ease. However, this does not necessarily mean
we are curing disease. As we use antibiotics, the rapidly mutating microbes grow resistant. While
at first glance it may seem possible for the human race to be fully cured of all disease, the
resistance and strength of microbes seems to be denying that fact.
The Coming Plague ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Garrett
mentions how the overuse of antibiotics is creating antibiotic–resistant bacteria, and, eventually,
we may be overridden by diseases that are not easily treated by just popping a couple of pills.
She also mentions the fact that, as transportation technology only improves, we are subjecting
ourselves to far more interactions with diseases that humans never would have had before.
Large–scale epidemics are now suddenly possible, such as the recent epidemics of AIDS, Ebola,
and the swine flu. We have connections to every corner of the globe, which means that every
virus, bacteria, or parasite that has ever existed on this planet, we have the very real possibility of
having contact with.

In Panic in Level 4 by Richard Preston, Preston interviews several different people over a
wide variety of topics. Preston discusses the Ebola hemorrhagic fever virus in depth,
interviewing doctors who went to Africa to help the people there. These accounts show the true
hopelessness of the disease. Doctors had limited supplies and warm bodies, yet their patients
Deeb 3
only kept growing in numbers. The doctors themselves could also easily catch the disease

Big Fleas Book Report
The book big fleas have little fleas: how discoveries of invertebrate disease are advancing modern
science by Elizabeth W. Davidson is over a wide array of history over the study of disease. In this
book the study of disease is actually observed in small insects and also other small critters such as
oysters, shellfish and shrimp who are infected by even smaller microorganism hence the title of the
book. The beginning of the book involves bacteria, viruses fungi, and helminths that intervened with
agriculture that sustains humans. A few of the insects affected in the book were hundreds of
silkworms suddenly being infected and dying, some of our most valuable insects the honeybees
were also affected, and food people consumed was also being contaminated. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Being familiar with the history of disease is of great benefit to me and other colleagues. Insects may
be different from us but studies performed on them are helping us understand more about disease
and how to treat them. They are not as complex as previously thought, and with advanced
technology microbiologist are able to observe a lot of things happening within them. Some of these
insects are able to fight of these bacteria they become infected with very well, by discovering how
they are able to do this scientist can make products that will improve the lives of many people. New
antibiotics and vaccines are also being made from these bacteria to help aid our immune system and
help us fight of infection. In the medical field these discoveries are going on every day to save the
lives of people. I can only imagine how many more medical important discoveries will be found
because of these valuable

Schistosomiasis
When people think of diseases, they usually think about the diseases that are most commonly
known. In reality, there are tons of minimally known diseases out there and some that people have
not even heard of. Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is one of those types of diseases.
Although the pronunciation sounds deadly, this disease is avoidable and the chances of getting
infected can be slim if there is awareness of the following information.
Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is a parasitic disease that is carried by fresh water snails
infected with one of the five varieties of the parasite Schistosoma. This disease is caused by
helminths specifically blood flukes (trematode worms). The symptoms for this disease vary
depending ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unfortunately, there are no vaccines available to avoid the infection. An oral treatment called
Praziquantel is the most common treatment that is given for Schistosomiasis. This treatment is
effective, low–cost, and safe. Reinfection can occur but the risk for a severe case of Schistosomiasis
to develop is much lower. Schistosomiasis can also be prevented by avoiding swimming in
freshwaters in countries where Schistosomiasis is common such as the Caribbean, South America,
and Africa. It is advisable to research the country that you are traveling to beforehand and inform
yourself of diseases prevalent in that country. Also, the most important tip is to drink safe water.
Even though you cannot get infected with consuming contaminated water, infection can occur if the
contaminated water touches your lips or skin on the face. Schistosomiasis is not prevalent in the
United States. It is more commonly found in tropical or subtropical areas and countries that are
higher in poverty with poor sanitation. It is highly important that travelers that plan to travel to
countries known to have Schistosomiasis cases avoid bathing or swimming in freshwaters. It is also
recommended that water used for bathing should be boiled for up to 1 minute to get rid of cecariae.
Schistosomiasis is a serious disease that can become deadly if the proper treatments or preventions
are neglected. It's important to not be blind of the fact that diseases

White Nose Syndrome Research Paper
Introduction to White Nose Syndrome
Disease has ravaged the Earth for millions, if not billions, of years. It has existed since the formation
of multicellular organisms on the Earth. Disease arises in many different forms, including parasitic,
mutational, viral, bacterial, and countless more. All life on planet Earth is susceptible to infection of
a disease. Part of what makes numerous diseases extraordinarily dangerous is the copious number of
methods transmission can occur. Diseases can become airborne, transmitted through consumed
sustenance, inherited from previous generations, and various diseases can spontaneously appear out
of thin air. New forms of disease are being generated all the time. A major disease devastating boreal
forests across the North American continent is White Nose Syndrome. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Approximately half of all bats that get treated will return to the wild. However, not all bats can be
treated. Those infected organisms that are deemed non–releasable have to be humanely put down.
When a bat is found with WNS, it not only suffering due to the infection, but due to exposure and
dehydration as well. There are several precautions and steps it takes to nurse an infected bat to
health. Firstly, the organism needs to be hydrated. Bats brought in for treatment are warmed and
given hydrating fluids until the kidneys function normally. When the bat has finally stabilized, they
are fed nutritious mealworms. Slowly, it will gain weight and start to feed on its own. The bats are
given enough space, so when they are ready, they can begin flying again. After a few weeks of
rehabilitation, the bats are released, however they are not cured, just no longer contagious. There is
still much to be discovered about this disease. Researchers will be studying the fungi and its effects
on ecosystems for many years.

Public Health Admission Essay Sample
My parents instilled in me the importance of obtaining a quality education when I was young. My
grandparents had little education and worked as migrant day laborers; my father and his siblings,
once of age, all worked in farm fields to help provide for the family. My father recognized the
struggle of my grandparents and joined the military at eighteen as a way to open up more
opportunities for himself. His military service helped him afford the cost of a college education. He
knew and taught me that an education is the only sure way to have socioeconomic stability and
upwards mobility. My father's struggles and hard work are what motivate and inspire me to continue
my education and pursue a Master's degree. A quality education is what I seek ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
I am concerned with preventive health–care policies and how a proactive approach to disease can
alleviate the disparities and prevalence of disease distributions. Furthermore, I want to effect change
at the community level as opposed to the individual. I believe that a Master's of Public Health
degree is a natural fit for me, one that will provide me with the big picture of health–care that I seek.
Additionally, I believe that my interests and career aspirations will be best suited for the
Epidemiology focus of Public Health. This advanced degree will give me the tools to strive for my
career

Animal Farming In Bangladesh Essay
In Bangladesh, livestock is one of the most potential sub–sectors of agriculture which plays an
indispensable role in promoting human health and national economy of the country. Livestock not
only assists to upgrade the financial condition but also makes a substantial contribution to human
nutrition. However, livestock is an integral part of a farming system which has a better contribution
to enhancing the economy of Bangladesh. Large ruminants (Cattle and Buffalo) and small ruminants
(sheep and goat) constitute the major portion of livestock. The present population of livestock is
23.7 million cattle, 1.47 million Buffalo, 25.76 million goats and 3.3 million sheep (DLS, 2015–16).
The total contribution of livestock sub–sector to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Bangladesh is
approximately 7.23% and livestock in agricultural production 17.32% (Anonymous, 2007). It also
generates 13% of foreign currency and provides 20% fulltime employment and 50% partial
employment of rural population (Alam, 1993). In this country, 80% rural people are involved with
livestock farming (Siddiki et al., 2009). Most animals are reared in houses under the traditional
husbandry practices where small ruminant especially goat and sheep are mainly reared for several
reasons including meat, wool and skin production (Hossain et al., 2004). The production and
productivity of animals are greatly hampered by different diseases including gastrointestinal
parasitic infections.Gastrointestinal parasitism is a

Sheep Is An Important Part Of The Global Agricultural Economy
Introduction
Sheep are an important part of the global agricultural economy. Domestic sheep provide a wide
array of raw materials. Wool is one of the first textiles although in the late 20th century wool prices
began to fall as the result of the popularity and cheap prices for synthetic fabrics . Sheep meat and
milk are the earliest staple proteins consumed by human civilization after the transition from hunting
and gathering to agriculture. Byproducts from the slaughter of sheep are also of value; sheep tallow
can be used in candle and soap making while, sheep bone and cartilage has been used to furnish
carved items such as dice and buttons .
Parasitic nematodes cause diseases of major economic importance in sheep .The lungworm ,
Dictyocaulus filaria , represents one of these nematodes inhabits bronchi and bronchioles and cause
parasitic bronchitis (commonly known as 'husk) particularly in young sheep ( Holzhauer et al.,
2011). Dictyocaulus filaria has direct life cycle, embryonated eggs are coughed up or swallowed and
hatch in the small intestine then first–stage larvae are passed in faeces. Under favorable
environmental conditions, first–stage larvae moult to second–stage larvae and then infective en–
sheathed third–stage larvae that actively move from faeces to herbage and are ingested by the
grazing sheep. Following ingestion, third–stage larvae ex–sheath in the small intestine, penetrate the
intestinal wall and enter the mesenteric lymph nodes. Here, larvae develop,

Malaria Research Paper
Defined by Merriam–Webster Dictionary, "Malaria is a kind of intermittent and remittent disease
that spreads into the red blood cells of a human being once coming in contact with the disease." The
parasite is a part and prime focus of the disease, then sets in the red blood cells and damages the
entire human body (Webb 281). Malaria is a disease that was not as common in the old world as it is
in the new world. Due to rampant progression in transport and infrastructure, the threat of malaria
has increased staggeringly. This is because malaria is effective in any given population.
However, it is mostly found when looked after, except in places which are more complex and
sophisticated since barring such locations would cause mass panic in the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Insecticide–treated nets have been experimented in Africa and have proved to be successful in
completely cutting the threat of malaria within Africa by 50% (NFL 3). The fact that even a single
percept is dropping in the threat of malaria is reason enough to allow such an innovation to be
implemented against the disease in Africa. However, to implement insecticide–treated nets, it is also
important to ensure that such nets are distributed without corruption or biased opinions within the
region (Jr. 13). Once this method is applied, no matter how costly it may prove to be, it is sure to
cure the repeated and drastic problem of

Sheep Are An Important Part Of The Global Agricultural...
array of raw materials. Wool is one of the first textiles, although in the late 20th century wool prices
can be used in candle and soap making , while sheep bone and cartilage has been used to furnish
2011). Dictyocaulus filaria has a direct life cycle, embryonated eggs are coughed up or swallowed
and hatch in the small intestine then first–stage larvae are passed in faeces. Under favorable
grazing sheep. Following ingestion, third–stage larvae ex–sheath in the small intestine, penetrate the
intestinal wall and enter the mesenteric lymph nodes. Here, larvae develop, moult to

Prevalence, Pathology And Associated Risk Factors For...
Prevalence, pathology and associated risk factors for Dictyocaulus filaria infection among
slaughtered sheep.
Introduction
array of raw materials. Wool is one of the first textiles although in the late 20th century wool prices
can be used in candle and soap making while, sheep bone and cartilage has been used to furnish
2011). Dictyocaulus filaria has direct life cycle, embryonated eggs are coughed up or swallowed and
hatch in the small intestine then first–stage larvae are passed in faeces. Under favorable
grazing sheep. Following ingestion, third–stage larvae ex–sheath in

Parasitic Diseases Affecting The World's Poorest
Around 300–600 million people suffer from malaria each year, and over one million people die from
this disease every year, mostly children younger than five. This disease is endemic to over 100
countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, and the South Pacific, almost 40% of the
world population. Malaria is caused by a parasite that is transferred by the bite of an infected female
Anopheles mosquito. The most deadly form of malaria is known as Plasmodium falciparum because
almost all deaths from malaria are caused by this specific one. In addition to being the deadliest
form of malaria, Plasmodium falciparum destroys red blood cells along with causing complications
with the kidneys, lungs, and brain. In more serious cases, it ... Show more content on
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However, the Chinese government had a problem in its own country and in their ally's that required
attention. North Vietnam was in the middle of a war with South Vietnam and the United States had
the health of their soldiers compromised because of malaria. The previous drug that used to treat
malaria, chloroquine, was becoming increasingly ineffective as the malaria virus evolved which
made it resistant to the drug. So the North Vietnamese government asked Mao Zedong, the leader of
China at the time, responded by saying "Solving your problem is the same as solving our own".
However, the way he tackled the problem was unique. He created a top–secret military project
which excluded China's top expert in the field of malaria because of his perceived political beliefs.
Project 523 was named after the date in which the project began, May 23, 1967, and was under the
direction of military authorities with civilian agencies invited to collaborate because of the high
priority of the project to the Chinese government. There were three priorities in this project: the
identification of the new drug treatment for fighting chloroquine–resistant malaria, the development
of long–term preventative measures against chloroquine–resistant malaria, and the development of
mosquito repellents. However, according to Zhou Yiqing who was also a member of Project 523, the
team has two branches, one developing

Animal And Non Infectious Diseases
Until the last half of the 20th century, the emphasis of veterinary medicine had been on the treatment
of individual animals with clearly identifiable diseases or defects. Apart from immunization against
rabies and prophylactic treatment of internal parasites, restricted attention had been given to animal
health and comprehensive preventive medicine, which give proper consideration to both infectious
and non–infectious diseases.
Currently, the nature of traditional clinical practice is changing in all developing and developed
countries. The pet owners are better educated, and the value of individual animals relative to
veterinary fees has decreased. It is imperative to develop pet animal health programmes designed to
prevent infectious diseases, rather than just dispensing traditional treatment to clinically sick
animals.
Due to the vast demographic changes in India, pet animal populations have increased above 10
millions within 2002–2012. Thus as a part of pet animal welfare, preventive measures for infectious
diseases like vaccination against parvoviral enteritis, canine distemper, leptospirosis, infectious
canine hepatitis, parainfluenza, kennel cough etc; deworming schedule for parasitic diseases like
ancylostomiosis, toxocarosis etc; grooming practices to avoid skin problems and ectoparasites for
control of hemoprotozoan diseases like babesiosis, ehrlichiosis etc.; hygenic measures are to be
carried out which is now practiced up to an extend in cities but rare in rural

The, An Insidious Parasitic Disease
Schistosomiasis, an insidious parasitic disease, is estimated to affect more than 240 million people
worldwide with 700 million people living in at risk areas. (World Health Organization.) The
prevalence is highest in the paediatric population as they have "high exposure to infective water and
low levels of acquired immunity" (McGarvey, 2000, p.269) Infection is acquired through contact
exposure to cercariae (larval stage of parasitic blood flukes) from activities such as swimming and
bathing in infected water. This parasitic disease leads to poor general health, delayed growth and
development, decreased cognitive development and reproductive health issues (Terer et al., 2013).
Until recently, treatment guidelines have focused on annual school based deworming programs with
the anthelminthic drug Praziquantel (PZQ.) In 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO)
expanded their treatment guidelines to include preschool aged children (children under the age of
five) in their mass drug administration (MDA) campaigns. This change came about from new
research exploring misconceptions related to epidemiology and immunology of preschool aged
children. Although it was been proven that Praziquantel is safe and effective in this population,
preschool aged children still have difficultly accessing appropriate treatment. This essay will discuss
the challenges and barriers in resolving this health inequity and in particular, the need for a suitable
pediatric Praziquantel formulation. These

Bacterial Infections of Humans Caused by Bites of Animals...
Bacterial Infections of Humans Caused by Bites of Animals (NOT insects)
Introduction
Animal bites on humans may cause open wounds or even crushing injuries. Like us, all animals
carry certain bacteria or viruses that can cause illness if passed on to humans via the open wounds.
The pathogen entry pathway for these zoonotic infections include bites or scratches, and direct
contact saliva or waste. These diseases bring about a considerable amount of inconvenience to
humans and therefore, the greatest concerns are of young children and immunocompromised
patients. Children are especially susceptible to getting bitten and an adult supervision is always
recommended because their immune systems are still weak and an infection that might mildly ...
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Symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, fever, headaches and fatigue, and usually resolves without
treatment. This is a mild disease that rarely leads to long term complications.
Rabies
This is a critical illness contracted through the infected saliva of an animal. This disease has a long
onset time and therefore, a vaccine following a bite of a rabid animal is available. The early
symptoms for rabies include fever and tingling at the site of infection. In the rare fatal cases, the
virus can cause acute inflammation of the brain. These domestic pets are common carriers of the
virus. However, widespread immunization has been successful in decreasing the chances of
transmission of rabies from animals to humans.
Ringworms
Also known as tinea, is a fungal infection of the skin caused by fungus found in soils and on the skin
of pets. Children can get ringworms by touching infected dogs and cats. Ringworm of the skin is
usually a non–fatal, scaly round area with a raised red bumpy border and a clear center. Ringworm
infections are treated with antifungal or oral medications.
Toxocariasis
The parasitic roundworm Toxocara, resides in the intestines of dogs and cats. As such, the eggs of
the worms are passed through the stools of the animals, contaminating the soil where kids play.
When a child accidentally takes in the contaminated soil, the eggs hatch in the intestine and spread
to

Meningitis Research Paper
While time has pass, many disease have born, some of them had had cures, others have just left lost
and dead to the human population. Meningitis is a disease, result of the inflammation of the
meninges. Meningitis can affect all of us, children's, adults, adolescents. Thanks to the advance
technology, some types of meningitis can be cured. This paper is going to discus, types, treatments
and prevention of meningitis.
Viral meningitis is the most common of all the types, followed by bacterial. As they have explains
bacterial meningitis can be life I threatening, which means that it is essential to identify the cause of
it. Meningitic can also appear from skipping vaccinations, the truth is that the risk increases for
anyone who hasn't ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Diagnosis
Blood culture : they will take a blood sample and placed it on a special disk to see if it grows
microorganisms, in special bacterias. Imaging , they will do a computerized tomography (CT) or a
magnetic resonance (MRI) to check if there's any swelling or inflammation. Spinal tap (Lumbar
Puncture) this is the official method used to diagnoses meningitis, it consist in collecting
cerebrospinal fluid (CDF) thought a spinal tap ( DI Pentima, 2015).
Types of Meningitis:
There are many different types of meningitis, as well there are different forms of identifying each of
them, which is really important for the health care provider in order to assist their patients with the
correct for of treatment; there are many types of meningitis, which in most cases are associated with
other diseases. To confirm the disease a lumbar puncture to obtain cerebrospinal fluid may be done.
Viral Meningitis: Also known as aseptic meningitis, is the most common type of meningitis, it is
transmitted by being in the same place with an infected host, in this case the infectious agent can be
infected from more than 5 days and be asymptomatic. Most cases of viral meningitis will recover
without any effects (Parini,

Hepatitis B Research Paper
These are some of the common infectious diseases worldwide such as, African Trypanosomiasis–it
is spread by the tsetse fly which is common to many African countries. Cholera– is a disease mostly
spread through contaminated drinking water and unsanitary conditions. It is endemic in the indian
subcontinent of Russia. Cryptosporidiosis– most common form or waterborne disease in the united
states in the recent years, it is caused by a parasite that spreads when a water source is contaminated
that makes people and sick and cause some deaths. Hepatitis A–Hepatitis A is a highly contagious
liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus. Spread primarily by the fecal–oral route or by ingestion
of contaminated water or food, the number of annual infections ... Show more content on
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Several million cases of strep throat occur every year. Symptoms include a sore throat, fever,
headache, fatigue, and nausea.
Onchocerciasis– Onchocerciasis is caused by the larvae of Onchocerca volvulus, a parasitic worm
that lives in the human body for years. It is endemic in Africa, where nearly all of the 18 million
people infected with the disease live. Of those infected, over 6.5 million have developed dermatitis
and around 270,000 have gone blind. Symptoms include visual impairment, rashes, lesions, intense
itching, skin depigmentation, and lymphadenitis.
Pneumonia– Pneumonia has many possible causes, but it is usually an infection of the streptococcus
or mycoplasma bacteria. These bacteria can live in the human body without causing infection for
years, and only surface when another illness has lowered the person's immunity to disease.
Streptococcus pneumoniae causes streptococcal pneumonia, the most common kind, which is more
severe than mycoplasmal pneumonia. S. pneumoniae is responsible for more than 100,000
hospitalizations for pneumonia annually, as well as many as 6 million cases of otitis media and as
well as over 60,000 cases of invasive diseases such as

Parasitic Infections : Humans And Infectious Diseases Essay
When reflecting on the history of the human species, it is said that the narrative of mankind and
infectious diseases are intertwined. For centuries, humans have been exposed to a seemingly infinite
amount of contagions. Many viruses, bacteria, and fungi have plagued human beings for ages and
have eradicated populations thousands at a time. Through medical innovations and the advancement
of scientific knowledge, humans have been able to combat disease and disease–carrying vectors.
Through proper hygiene, antibiotics and vaccinations humans have been able to control and
eliminate many viruses and bacteria. It would seem that with the growing amount of medical
knowledge, that infections would be less common, but this is not the case. Not only are humans
threatened by viral and bacterial infections, there are various parasites that also invade the human
body. Parasitic infections are common in underdeveloped countries and are a prominent threat in
rural areas. Though parasitic infections are known to happen in well–developed countries such as
the United States. Contaminated water supplies, contact with infected animals, and improperly
stored and cooked food can lead to parasitic infections. Parasites like tapeworms, protozoa, flukes,
and nematodes can infect humans, causing serious health issues. These parasites enter through
various parts of the body, and then live and reproduce in certain organs. Though there are many
points of entry into the human body, most parasites enter

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