This document discusses using the piezoelectric effect to generate X-rays. A piezoelectric crystal is driven at its resonant frequency to achieve high voltage output. Electrons are emitted from a field emission diode on the crystal and are accelerated by the high voltage to strike a metal target, producing X-rays via bremsstrahlung interactions. Experimental results showed X-rays produced with energies up to 130 keV using a lithium niobate crystal driven at 30-31 kHz. Spectra under various conditions demonstrated X-ray generation using this piezoelectric method.
Extensive efforts have been made to harvest energy f from water in the form of raindrops, river and ocean wave, tidal and others. However, achieving a high-density of electrical power generation is challenging. Traditional hydraulic power generation mainly uses electromagnetic generators that are heavy, bulky, and become inefficient with water supply. Alternative, the water droplet or solid-based electric nano-generator, has so far generated peak power densities for less than one watt per square meter, owing to the limit at ions imposed by interfacial effects as seen in characterization of the charge generation and transfer that occur at solid-liquid or liquid-solid interfaces. Here we develop a device to harvest energy from impinging water droplet s by using an architecture that compromises a polytetrafluoroethylene film on an indium oxide substrate plus an aluminium electrode. We show that spreading of an impinged water droplet on the device bridges, the originally disconnect ed component s into a closed-loop electrical system, transforming the conventional interfacial effect into bulk effect, and so enhancing device that is limited by interfacial effects.
Electrical treeing and partial discharge characteristics of silicone rubber f...IJECEIAES
This article presents a study on electrical treeing performances with its associated partial discharge (PD) and the influence of filler concentration in silicone rubber (SiR) samples which are filled with silicon dioxide (SiO2) and silicon nitride (Si3N4) as nanofillers for electrical tree growth suppression. There are many researches on electrical treeing in SiR with SiO2 nanofillers but none of the publication have reported on Si3N4 nanofillers for suppression of the electrical tree growth. In this study, the treeing experiments were conducted by applying a fixed AC voltage of 10 kV and 12 kV at power frequency of 50 Hz on unfilled SiR, SiR/SiO2, and SiR/Si3N4 nanocomposites with different filler concentrations by 1, 3, and 5 weight percentage (wt%) and the treeing parameters were observed with its correlated PD patterns. The outcome from this study found that the SiR/Si3N4 nanocomposites were able to withstand the electrical treeing better than the pure SiR or SiR/SiO2 nanocomposites. Furthermore, the increase in filler concentration improved the electrical tree performances of the nanocomposites. This finding suggests the Si3N4 can be used as filler in polymeric insulating materials for electrical tree inhibition. Meanwhile, the PD activity shows increment when the tree progresses thereby indicating correlation in both parameters which can be as key parameter for monitoring unseen treeing in non-transparent samples.
Extensive efforts have been made to harvest energy f from water in the form of raindrops, river and ocean wave, tidal and others. However, achieving a high-density of electrical power generation is challenging. Traditional hydraulic power generation mainly uses electromagnetic generators that are heavy, bulky, and become inefficient with water supply. Alternative, the water droplet or solid-based electric nano-generator, has so far generated peak power densities for less than one watt per square meter, owing to the limit at ions imposed by interfacial effects as seen in characterization of the charge generation and transfer that occur at solid-liquid or liquid-solid interfaces. Here we develop a device to harvest energy from impinging water droplet s by using an architecture that compromises a polytetrafluoroethylene film on an indium oxide substrate plus an aluminium electrode. We show that spreading of an impinged water droplet on the device bridges, the originally disconnect ed component s into a closed-loop electrical system, transforming the conventional interfacial effect into bulk effect, and so enhancing device that is limited by interfacial effects.
Electrical treeing and partial discharge characteristics of silicone rubber f...IJECEIAES
This article presents a study on electrical treeing performances with its associated partial discharge (PD) and the influence of filler concentration in silicone rubber (SiR) samples which are filled with silicon dioxide (SiO2) and silicon nitride (Si3N4) as nanofillers for electrical tree growth suppression. There are many researches on electrical treeing in SiR with SiO2 nanofillers but none of the publication have reported on Si3N4 nanofillers for suppression of the electrical tree growth. In this study, the treeing experiments were conducted by applying a fixed AC voltage of 10 kV and 12 kV at power frequency of 50 Hz on unfilled SiR, SiR/SiO2, and SiR/Si3N4 nanocomposites with different filler concentrations by 1, 3, and 5 weight percentage (wt%) and the treeing parameters were observed with its correlated PD patterns. The outcome from this study found that the SiR/Si3N4 nanocomposites were able to withstand the electrical treeing better than the pure SiR or SiR/SiO2 nanocomposites. Furthermore, the increase in filler concentration improved the electrical tree performances of the nanocomposites. This finding suggests the Si3N4 can be used as filler in polymeric insulating materials for electrical tree inhibition. Meanwhile, the PD activity shows increment when the tree progresses thereby indicating correlation in both parameters which can be as key parameter for monitoring unseen treeing in non-transparent samples.
Performance comparison of selection nanoparticles for insulation of three cor...IJECEIAES
This paper presents an investigation on the enhancement of electrical insulations of power cables materials using a new multi-nanoparticles technique. It has been studied the effect of adding specified types and concentrations of nanoparticles to polymeric materials such as PVC for controlling on electric and dielectric performance. Prediction of effective dielectric constant has been done for the new nanocomposites based on Interphase Power Law (IPL) model. The multi-nanoparticles technique has been succeeded for enhancing electric and dielectric performance of power cables insulation compared with adding individual nanoparticles. Finally, it has been investigated on electric field distribution in the new proposed modern insulations for three-phase core belted power cables. This research has focused on studying development of PVC nanocomposite materials performance with electric field distribution superior to the unfilled matrix, and has stressed particularly the effect of filler volume fraction on the electric field distribution.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Recent progress in non platinum counter electrode materials for dye sensitize...Science Padayatchi
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have gained increasing attention
with regard to photovoltaic devices, because of their low
cost and simple fabrication methods; they are mostly investigated
in indoor light-harvesting and portable applications. The
focus has been on three main parameters of photovoltaic devices,
that is, lifetime, and cost effectiveness. A DSSC consists of
four prominent components including a photoanode, a photosensitizer,
a redox electrolyte, and a counter electrode. The
counter electrode is a crucial component, in which triiodide is
reduced to iodide by electrons flowing through the external
circuit. An effective approach to improve the performance of
a counter electrode is to enhance the power conversion efficiency
and to reduce the cost of the device. Platinum-coated
conducting glass electrodes give the best performance, but
their high cost and the scarcity of platinum restricts large-scale
application in DSSCs. This has prompted researchers to develop
low-costing platinum-free electrodes for DSSCs. In this
review, we focus mainly on counter electrode materials for the
electrocatalytic redox reaction for the I¢/I¢
3 electrolyte, and
apart from this, other counter electrode materials for iodinefree
redox electrolytes are discussed. Different counter electrode
materials are highlighted in different categories such as
carbon materials, conducting polymers, oxide and sulfide materials,
transition-metal nitrides and carbides, and composite
materials. The stability of counter electrodes in DSSCs is also
presented.
Recent progress in non platinum counter electrode materials for dye sensitize...Science Padayatchi
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have gained increasing attention
with regard to photovoltaic devices, because of their low
cost and simple fabrication methods; they are mostly investigated
in indoor light-harvesting and portable applications. The
focus has been on three main parameters of photovoltaic devices,
that is, lifetime, and cost effectiveness. A DSSC consists of
four prominent components including a photoanode, a photosensitizer,
a redox electrolyte, and a counter electrode. The
counter electrode is a crucial component, in which triiodide is
reduced to iodide by electrons flowing through the external
circuit. An effective approach to improve the performance of
a counter electrode is to enhance the power conversion efficiency
and to reduce the cost of the device. Platinum-coated
conducting glass electrodes give the best performance, but
their high cost and the scarcity of platinum restricts large-scale
application in DSSCs. This has prompted researchers to develop
low-costing platinum-free electrodes for DSSCs. In this
review, we focus mainly on counter electrode materials for the
electrocatalytic redox reaction for the I¢/I¢
3 electrolyte, and
apart from this, other counter electrode materials for iodinefree
redox electrolytes are discussed. Different counter electrode
materials are highlighted in different categories such as
carbon materials, conducting polymers, oxide and sulfide materials,
transition-metal nitrides and carbides, and composite
materials. The stability of counter electrodes in DSSCs is also
presented.
The Effect of Plasma-Treated Boron Nitride on Partial Discharge Characteristi...IJECEIAES
Power supply reliability is a key factor in a country economic stability. It is contributed by the reliable power distributor via transmission lines, overhead or underground cables. However, the power cables and accessories are always exposed to pre-breakdown phenomena known as partial discharges (PD) which commonly occur in microvoids, defects or protrusions inside the insulation.To improve the performance of the cable insulation against PD, nanofillers are added into the insulating materials. However, to achieve superior performance of PD resistance, the nanofillers must be homogeneously dispersed into the polymer matrices withtightly bonded interfacial zones. Therefore, this could be achieved by employing method of surface functionalization by using cold atmospheric plasma to strengthen the filler/polymer interfaces. In view of foregoing, this study investigated the effects of surface treated boron nitride (BN) nanoparticles in Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) on the PD characteristics by following CIGRE Method II at 7 kVrmsapplied voltage. The phase resolved PD characteristics were performed. The results revealed that by treating the nanofillers with cold plasma, the PD resistance of LDPE were highly achieved compared with the untreated BN nanofillers.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Dielectric Spectroscopy in Time and Frequency DomainGirish Gupta
This presentation describes the basics and technicalities of Dielectric Spectroscopy in both time and frequency domain. IT also includes the procedure and results involved in Dielectric Spectroscopy on different dielectrics.
Performance comparison of selection nanoparticles for insulation of three cor...IJECEIAES
This paper presents an investigation on the enhancement of electrical insulations of power cables materials using a new multi-nanoparticles technique. It has been studied the effect of adding specified types and concentrations of nanoparticles to polymeric materials such as PVC for controlling on electric and dielectric performance. Prediction of effective dielectric constant has been done for the new nanocomposites based on Interphase Power Law (IPL) model. The multi-nanoparticles technique has been succeeded for enhancing electric and dielectric performance of power cables insulation compared with adding individual nanoparticles. Finally, it has been investigated on electric field distribution in the new proposed modern insulations for three-phase core belted power cables. This research has focused on studying development of PVC nanocomposite materials performance with electric field distribution superior to the unfilled matrix, and has stressed particularly the effect of filler volume fraction on the electric field distribution.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Recent progress in non platinum counter electrode materials for dye sensitize...Science Padayatchi
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have gained increasing attention
with regard to photovoltaic devices, because of their low
cost and simple fabrication methods; they are mostly investigated
in indoor light-harvesting and portable applications. The
focus has been on three main parameters of photovoltaic devices,
that is, lifetime, and cost effectiveness. A DSSC consists of
four prominent components including a photoanode, a photosensitizer,
a redox electrolyte, and a counter electrode. The
counter electrode is a crucial component, in which triiodide is
reduced to iodide by electrons flowing through the external
circuit. An effective approach to improve the performance of
a counter electrode is to enhance the power conversion efficiency
and to reduce the cost of the device. Platinum-coated
conducting glass electrodes give the best performance, but
their high cost and the scarcity of platinum restricts large-scale
application in DSSCs. This has prompted researchers to develop
low-costing platinum-free electrodes for DSSCs. In this
review, we focus mainly on counter electrode materials for the
electrocatalytic redox reaction for the I¢/I¢
3 electrolyte, and
apart from this, other counter electrode materials for iodinefree
redox electrolytes are discussed. Different counter electrode
materials are highlighted in different categories such as
carbon materials, conducting polymers, oxide and sulfide materials,
transition-metal nitrides and carbides, and composite
materials. The stability of counter electrodes in DSSCs is also
presented.
Recent progress in non platinum counter electrode materials for dye sensitize...Science Padayatchi
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have gained increasing attention
with regard to photovoltaic devices, because of their low
cost and simple fabrication methods; they are mostly investigated
in indoor light-harvesting and portable applications. The
focus has been on three main parameters of photovoltaic devices,
that is, lifetime, and cost effectiveness. A DSSC consists of
four prominent components including a photoanode, a photosensitizer,
a redox electrolyte, and a counter electrode. The
counter electrode is a crucial component, in which triiodide is
reduced to iodide by electrons flowing through the external
circuit. An effective approach to improve the performance of
a counter electrode is to enhance the power conversion efficiency
and to reduce the cost of the device. Platinum-coated
conducting glass electrodes give the best performance, but
their high cost and the scarcity of platinum restricts large-scale
application in DSSCs. This has prompted researchers to develop
low-costing platinum-free electrodes for DSSCs. In this
review, we focus mainly on counter electrode materials for the
electrocatalytic redox reaction for the I¢/I¢
3 electrolyte, and
apart from this, other counter electrode materials for iodinefree
redox electrolytes are discussed. Different counter electrode
materials are highlighted in different categories such as
carbon materials, conducting polymers, oxide and sulfide materials,
transition-metal nitrides and carbides, and composite
materials. The stability of counter electrodes in DSSCs is also
presented.
The Effect of Plasma-Treated Boron Nitride on Partial Discharge Characteristi...IJECEIAES
Power supply reliability is a key factor in a country economic stability. It is contributed by the reliable power distributor via transmission lines, overhead or underground cables. However, the power cables and accessories are always exposed to pre-breakdown phenomena known as partial discharges (PD) which commonly occur in microvoids, defects or protrusions inside the insulation.To improve the performance of the cable insulation against PD, nanofillers are added into the insulating materials. However, to achieve superior performance of PD resistance, the nanofillers must be homogeneously dispersed into the polymer matrices withtightly bonded interfacial zones. Therefore, this could be achieved by employing method of surface functionalization by using cold atmospheric plasma to strengthen the filler/polymer interfaces. In view of foregoing, this study investigated the effects of surface treated boron nitride (BN) nanoparticles in Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) on the PD characteristics by following CIGRE Method II at 7 kVrmsapplied voltage. The phase resolved PD characteristics were performed. The results revealed that by treating the nanofillers with cold plasma, the PD resistance of LDPE were highly achieved compared with the untreated BN nanofillers.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Dielectric Spectroscopy in Time and Frequency DomainGirish Gupta
This presentation describes the basics and technicalities of Dielectric Spectroscopy in both time and frequency domain. IT also includes the procedure and results involved in Dielectric Spectroscopy on different dielectrics.
Modeling the Dependence of Power Diode on Temperature and RadiationIJPEDS-IAES
A theoretical study had been carried out on the effect of radiation on the
electrical properties of silicon power diodes. Computer program
"PDRAD2015" was developed to solve the diode equations and to
introduce the operating conditions and radiation effects upon its
parameters. Temperature increase interrupts the electrical properties of the
diode in the direction of drop voltage decrease across the p-n junction. The
model was analyzed under the influence of different radiation type (gammarays,
neutrons, protons and electrons) with various dose levels and
energies. The carrier’s diffusion lengths were seriously affected leading
to a large increase in the forward voltage. These effects were found to be
function of radiation type, fluence and energy.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Electrical discharge machining is basically a non-conventional material removal process which is widely used to produce dies, punches and moulds, finishing parts for aerospace and automotive industry, and surgical components. This process can be successfully employed to machine electrically conductive parts irrespective of their hardness, shape and toughness.
STUDY OF THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A DYESENSITIZED SOLAR CELLSAEIJjournal2
The dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) have gained the last decades an important place among photovoltaic technologies due to their low-cost of implementation and their performance, which becomes more efficient. The experimental data for this type of cells are enriched and accumulated quickly, given the enthusiasm for this new technology. The present work treats the equivalent circuit of a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) for a model in an exponential, and by using the results of some works, we shall make a simulation by the software Scilab to obtain the characteristics (I-V), then we will study the influence of every parameter on the curve.
Fabrication and studying the dielectric properties of (polystyrene-copper oxi...journalBEEI
The preparation of (polystyrene-copper oxide) nanocomposites have been investigated for piezoelectric application. The copper oxide nanoparticles were added to polystyrene by different concentrations are (0, 4, 8 and 12) wt.%. The structural and A.C electrical properties of (PS-CuO) nanocomposites were studied. The results showed that the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of (PS-CuO) nanocomposites decrease with increase in frequency. The A.C electrical conductivity increases with increase in frequency. The dielectric constant, dielectric loss and A.C electrical conductivity of polystyrene increase with increase in copper oxide nanoparticles concentrations. The results of piezoelectric application showed that the electrical resistance of (PS-CuO) nanocomposites decreases with increase in pressure.
STUDY OF THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A DYESENSITIZED SOLAR CELLSAEIJjournal2
The dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) have gained the last decades an important place among photovoltaic
technologies due to their low-cost of implementation and their performance, which becomes more efficient.
The experimental data for this type of cells are enriched and accumulated quickly, given the enthusiasm for
this new technology. The present work treats the equivalent circuit of a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) for
a model in an exponential, and by using the results of some works, we shall make a simulation by the
software Scilab to obtain the characteristics (I-V), then we will study the influence of every parameter on
the curve.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effect of calcination on the electrical properties and quantum confinement of...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of calcination on the electrical properties and quantum confinement of...eSAT Journals
Abstract Fe2O3 nanoparticles have been prepared by a simple solvothermal method using a domestic microwave oven. X-ray powder diffraction measurement indicates the amorphous nature of the as-prepared sample. Calcined samples were obtained by annealing the as-prepared sample at different temperatures, viz. 400, 500, 600 and 700oC. Transmission electron microscopic images indicate that all the five samples are spherical in shape. AC electrical measurements were carried out on pelletized samples by the parallel plate capacitor method at various temperatures ranging from 40-130oC and frequencies ranging from 100 Hz -1 MHz. Results indicate low AC electrical conductivities and consequently show the occurrence of nano confined states. The exciton Bohr radii obtained from the dielectric constant values at 40oC temperature and 1 kHz frequency are 41.8, 54.8, 55.3, 56.3 and 27.0 respectively for the as-prepared sample and samples calcined at 400, 500, 600 and 700oC which indicate a strong quantum confinement effect. The impedance spectra observed exhibit non-ideal behavior. Keywords: Semiconductors, Magnetic materials, Nanoparticles, Electrical properties
Electrical transport properties of nanocrystalline and bulk nickel.pdfProximaCentauri15
In this work, the comparative study on the electrical transport properties of nanocrystalline nickel
ferrite (NiFe2O4) and its bulk counterpart has been carried out in detail by using complex impedance
spectroscopy in a wide range of frequencies (100 Hz–1 MHz) and temperatures (40 °C–320 °C). The
dispersive nature of the dielectric constant and loss factor is explained by the Maxwell-Wagner model
and Koop’s phenomenological theory. The value of the dielectric constant for nanocrystalline nickel
ferrite is found to be more as compared to its bulk counterpart. The frequency variation dielectric
permittivity is well fitted with the modified Debye formula, which suggests the presence of multiple
relaxation processes. The temperature dependent ac conductivity follows Jonscher’s universal power
law and reveals the presence of multiple transport mechanisms from small polaron hopping (SPH) to
correlated barrier hopping (CBH) mechanism near 200 °C. The estimated values of Mott parameters
are found to be satisfactory. Thermally activated relaxation phenomena have been confirmed by
scaling curves of imaginary impedance (Z) andmodulus (M). The comparison between the Z and
M spectra indicates that both long-range and short-rangemovement of charge carriers contribute to
dielectric relaxation with short-range charge carriers predominating at low temperatures while longrange
charge carriers are dominating at high temperatures. Analysis of the semicircular arcs of Nyquist
plot indicates the presence of grain boundary contribution to the electrical conduction process for the
nanocrystalline sample at high temperatures. The non-Debye type of relaxation has been examined by
stretching exponential factor (β) which has been estimated by fitting the modifiedKWW
(Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts) equation to the imaginary electric modulus curve. The value of β is
found to be strongly temperature dependent and its value for the nanocrystalline sample is less than
that of the bulk system which is explained on the basis of dipole-dipole interaction.
Similar to Investigation of the Piezoelectric Effect as a Means to Generate X-Rays (20)
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. GALL et al.: INVESTIGATION OF PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT AS MEANS TO GENERATE X-RAYS 107
Fig. 1. Bar-shaped piezoelectric material for increasing an applied voltage.
Fig. 2. Simulated voltage gain versus frequency of a lithium niobate bar. Gain
A mass of lithium niobate in the shape of a flat bar is shown is normalized to maximum gain value.
in Fig. 1. A detailed description of the material properties of
lithium niobate can be found in a number of sources [16]–[19].
The primary geometric axes of the bar in Fig. 1 are x1 , x2 , and
x3 , and the secondary axes x2 and x3 are rotated by an angle
θ about the primary axis x1 [20]. This rotation indicates the
crystallographic polarization direction of the lithium niobate.
Input electrodes, shown as gray regions on the top and bottom
(not visible) surfaces of the bar in Fig. 1, are used to deliver
electrical power to the crystal. Electric fields in the x3 -direction
couple into mechanical displacements in the x2 -direction as Fig. 3. Piezoelectric transformer equivalent circuit model.
a result of the rotated polarization, and an output voltage is
produced at the extremity of the bar. This is known as the length
extensional mode [21].
The voltage gain can be maximized by satisfying two criteria.
First, the product of the piezoelectric coupling coefficients
k23 and k33 should be maximized. The value of the product
k22 k32 has been found to be a maximum of approximately 0.3
when the polarization of lithium niobate is rotated by 45◦ [20].
Second, the piezoelectric bar should be driven at or near its
natural mechanical resonance. The resonant frequency ωn is Fig. 4. Experimental setup to generate X-rays using a piezoelectric crystal.
determined by material properties and the dimensions of the
bar, shown in the following [13]: III. E XPERIMENTAL S ETUP
The piezoelectric crystals used in this experiment were
nπ sE
ωn = . (4) 100 mm × 10 mm × 1.5 mm slabs of lithium niobate rotated
l ρ 45◦ about the x1 -axis, as shown in Fig. 1. Electrodes were
applied using silver paint with a measured layer thickness
The variables l, sE , and ρ are the length of the bar in the of approximately 50 μm. High field electron emitters were
x2 -direction, the elasticity tensor, and the density of the ma- fabricated from 0.1-mm-diameter platinum–iridium wire [23],
terial. The integer value n indicates the harmonic mode of cut to approximately 1 mm in length, and adhered to the high-
resonance. The plot in Fig. 2 was generated from solutions of voltage output of the crystal with silver paint. Fig. 4 shows the
a 1-D piezoelectric model based on the material constants for experimental setup for the piezoelectric X-ray source. All ex-
lithium niobate to demonstrate the voltage gain dependence on periments were conducted at pressures below 10−3 torr because
operating frequency [22]. this was the threshold pressure for X-ray production. Finite-
An equivalent circuit model for the piezoelectric transformer element simulations indicated that a maximum mechanical dis-
is shown in Fig. 3. A sinusoidal voltage source Vin drives placement of approximately 10 μm occurred at each extremity
the transformer input, which is modeled as a capacitor Cin of the bar with a displacement null located near its center [24].
representing the capacitance between the two input electrodes. For this reason, the crystal was clamped with an expanded
A step-up transformer models the voltage gain and the isolation polymer sponge at its center to reduce mechanical damping.
between the input and output terminals of the piezoelectric The high voltage at the crystal output was indirectly mea-
transformer. The output of the transformer is modeled as a sured using the bremsstrahlung spectra produced when the
capacitor Cout . The electron beam is modeled as a series of accelerated electron beam struck the stainless steel vacuum
diode and resistor with a parallel capacitor. The output and chamber walls. Electron trajectories were determined using
input of the transformer share a mutual ground. finite-element ray tracing software [24], shown in Fig. 4 as
3. 108 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE, VOL. 41, NO. 1, JANUARY 2013
TABLE I
P ERTINENT D ECAY P ROPERTIES OF C D -109 AS AN X-R AY
D ETECTOR C ALIBRATION S OURCE
Fig. 6. System diagram for the basic experimental configuration for piezo-
electric crystal operation. (A) Low-voltage ac drive signal at 25–50 mVmax
and 30.7 kHz. (T1 and T2) Falling edge trigger and gate signal for PX4. (B1,
B2, and B3) High-voltage ac drive signal at 10–20 Vmax to Pearson coil,
oscilloscope, and crystal. (D) Crystal-generated X-ray flux. (E) Raw analog
X-ray detector signal. (F) Digital spectrum data.
Fig. 5. Sample calibration spectrum using the CdTe X-ray detector for a
Cd-109 radioisotope calibration source.
dotted lines. Bremsstrahlung interactions occurred at the walls
of the port, and an Amptek XR-100T CdTe γ/X-ray detector
with 1.5-keV FWHM energy resolution and 4.0-μs resolving
time was used to record the X-ray spectra through a 50-μm-
thick aluminum window. A PX4 pulse processor was used to
digitize the spectrum for viewing on a PC. In this configuration,
the noise introduced by the PX4 signal gain was negligible Fig. 7. Input voltage and current traces for a resonating piezoelectric crystal.
because it was several orders of magnitude less than the noise
produced by the CdTe detector itself [25]. The detector was in Fig. 6 shows this setup. An example of a typical resonant
placed very near to this window to maximize the geometric burst pulse used to drive the crystal is shown in Fig. 7. The
efficiency of the detector and increase the signal–noise ratio. input voltage amplitude diminished throughout the pulse, while
The MCA was calibrated using a Spectrum Techniques the input current amplitude increased, an indication that the
1-μCi Cd-109 calibration source for the CdTe X-ray detector. resonant frequency had been reached [13]. The drive frequency
Cd-109 is a convenient choice because it has prominent peaks was in agreement with the modeled resonant frequency in
at 22 and 88 keV, providing an accurate calibration throughout Fig. 2, ranging between 30.6 and 30.9 kHz.
the range of the spectrum [26]. A peak at 24.9 keV was used as a A gate signal was applied to an Amptek PX4 digital pulse
third point to verify the calibration. A lower level discriminator processor in order to decrease the effect of background radi-
was fixed, and the MCA gain was set to 9.1 throughout the ation during sampling intervals. This was done because the
experiment, producing a range of detectable X-ray energy crystal is operated in a pulsed mode with a duty cycle of ap-
from 8 to 140 keV. Table I shows select decay properties of proximately 9% to limit mechanical failure of the crystal [13].
Cd-109. Fig. 5 shows a sample calibration spectrum of the The gate signal pulse is shown in Fig. 7 as an encapsulation of
Cd-109 source. the applied burst pulse and the immediately subsequent ring-
An Agilent 33210A function generator was used to produce down. This portion of the ring-down was arbitrarily defined
the ac voltage to drive the piezoelectric crystal. An Amplifier as the 5 ms after the pulse and was included to count X-rays
Research KAA1020 25-W 43-dB RF power amplifier was used measured during this time. A 90-μs zoomed view shows that the
to amplify the drive voltage to 11–16 Vmax . At drive voltages current and voltage waveforms are in phase with one another at
lower than this range, X-ray production was not observed, and resonance.
at higher voltages, the piezoelectric crystal tended to fracture
due to exceeding the yield strength of lithium niobate (between
IV. R ESULTS
30 and 120 MPa) [19]. A Pearson 2877 current monitor with
1-V/A output sensitivity measured the input current to the X-ray spectra were recorded which demonstrate that a piezo-
crystal. A Tektronix TDS 2024B oscilloscope was used to electric crystal designed to operate in the length extensional
measure crystal input voltage and current. The system diagram mode was capable of producing X-rays with energies up to
4. GALL et al.: INVESTIGATION OF PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT AS MEANS TO GENERATE X-RAYS 109
Fig. 9. Same spectrum from Test 1 presented in total counts to demonstrate
time-dependent count rate reduction.
Fig. 8. Collection of nine high-energy X-ray tests under a variety of operating
conditions using a piezoelectric crystal. Spectra are presented in counts per output of the piezoelectric crystal and the effective resistance
second, and background was normalized and subtracted from each spectrum.
Duration for each test was between 30 and 60 s.
of the electron beam due to field emitter quality. Models have
shown that this 50-Ω variability in input impedance changes the
TABLE II input power by ±100 mW, in agreement with the experimen-
X-R AY S PECTRUM I NFORMATION FOR F IG .8. D URATION FOR A LL T ESTS tally observed range of input powers. The input voltage varied
I S B ETWEEN 30 AND 60 s. (∗ I NDICATES T EST W ITH
D EUTERIUM BACKGROUND G AS ) between 11 and 16 V in amplitude. Comparing this value with
the X-ray spectrum data in Fig. 8, the maximum measured gain
of the piezoelectric transformer source was between 7.9 and
11.5 kV/V.
An expression for the maximum electron beam current was
computed by applying energy conservation laws to the piezo-
electric transformer. The piezoelectric transformer model is
analogous to that of the conventional magnetic core transformer
such that the output current can be determined if the output
voltage and input power are known, as shown in
Pin = Vout × Iout . (5)
127 keV under several different conditions. A collection of
nine different X-ray spectra are shown in Fig. 8. Table II Using the data from Test 1, the input voltage and current
gives pertinent data for the spectra in Fig. 8 and shows that amplitudes were 16 V and 79 mA, respectively. Converting
high voltage was achieved with various pressures and crystal these values to rms and multiplying yield an input power of
samples. Test 9 shows that the piezoelectric crystal reached 632 mW. The peak output voltage was recorded to be 127 kV
127 keV in a deuterium environment at 770 μtorr, demonstrat- or 89.8 kV rms, and solving for Iout in (5) yields an rms current
ing that the method is viable in low-pressure gas applications. of 7 μA or a peak current of approximately 10 μA.
The spectra were binned to decrease counting error and improve An unexpected observation was made during this experiment
endpoint determination. Some energy resolution is sacrificed regarding the time-dependent X-ray output of the piezoelectric
due to the binning process. As a result, each energy level crystal. It was found that X-ray count rate and maximum
corresponds approximately to a ±7-keV range, and a precise X-ray energy both decreased as testing runtime progressed.
endpoint energy cannot be obtained. However, as the primary This limited data collection to approximately 1 min of active
goal of this work is to verify high-energy X-ray production, this collection time. The spectrum in Fig. 9 was generated from the
reduction of energy resolution is acceptable. spectral data from Test 1, showing the total counts collected
Of the nine spectra shown, five produced X-rays with an within two successive time periods, each lasting 60 s. The iron
endpoint energy of at least 127 keV. The variation in count kα peak of 6.4 keV was visible at both times, but there were two
rate among observations was due to uncontrolled factors such orders of magnitude of separation between the total counts in
as field emitter quality and variability in stray capacitances each of the time periods. The maximum X-ray energy recorded
at the output. Background counts were subtracted from each in the first 60 s reached the 127-keV bin according to Fig. 8,
recorded spectrum, and only statistically significant count rates but Fig. 9 shows that this decreased to about 15 keV in the
are shown. Error bars correspond to one standard deviation of next 60 s.
error and include the propagation of background counting error. One explanation for the decrease in X-ray count rate is
The function generator was fixed at a constant voltage; that electron beam transport discharged the output capacitance
however, input power varied between 312 and 720 mW among of the transformer. The circuit model in Fig. 3 shows that
observations. Modeling has indicated that variations in output a current return path was not available to the output of the
impedance can change the input impedance of the piezoelectric transformer, which prevented charge neutralization at the output
crystal by as much as 50 Ω. This variation in impedance is while the beam was off. Due to the low output capacitance
due to uncontrolled parameters such as stray capacitance at the of the transformer (calculated to be between 0.1 and 1 pF),
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[1] R. Talman, Accelerator X-Ray Sources. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-VCH,
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electric crystals,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 97, no. 10, pp. 104 916-1–104 916-5, Brady Gall (S’09) received the B.S. and M.S. de-
May 2005. grees in electrical engineering from the University of
[5] W. Tornow, S. Lynam, and S. Shafroth, “Substantial increase in acceler- Missouri, Columbia, in 2009 and 2012, respectively.
ation potential of pyroelectric crystals,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 107, no. 6, He is currently a Graduate Research Assistant with
pp. 063302-1–063302-4, Mar. 2010. the Department of Electrical and Computer Engi-
[6] J. Hird, “A triboelectric x-ray source,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 98, no. 13, neering, University of Missouri, under the advise-
pp. 133 501-1–133 501-3, Mar. 2011. ment of Scott D. Kovaleski. His research focuses on
[7] A. Benwell, S. Kovaleski, and M. Kemp, “A resonantly driven piezoelec- the testing and optimization of high-voltage piezo-
tric transformer for high voltage generation,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Power electric sources for the production and acceleration
Modul. High Volt. Conf., May 2008, pp. 113–116. of charged particles.
6. GALL et al.: INVESTIGATION OF PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT AS MEANS TO GENERATE X-RAYS 111
Scott D. Kovaleski (M’99–SM’09) received the B.S. Baek Hyun Kim (M’11) received the B.A. degree in physics from Chungnam
degree in nuclear engineering from Purdue Univer- National University, Daejeon, Korea, in 2001 and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees
sity, West Lafayette, IN, and the M.S. and Ph.D. in materials science and engineering from the Gwangju Institute of Science and
degrees in nuclear engineering with a specialty in Technology, Gwangju, Korea, in 2003 and 2008, respectively.
plasma physics from the University of Michigan, In 2008, he joined the Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
Ann Arbor. Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, as a Postdoctoral Research As-
From the University of Michigan, he moved on sociate. Since 2010, he has been a Postdoctoral Fellow with the Department
to General Electric (GE) Lighting, where he was of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia.
a Product Scientist working on quartz metal halide His research interests include low-dimensional nanostructures and optical and
arc lamps. From GE Lighting, he became a Con- electrical devices using low-dimensional nanostructures.
tractor with Glenn Research Center, NASA, where Dr. Kim is a member of the Materials Research Society, Korean Physical
he worked on the International Space Station plasma contactor and on ion Society, and Korean Vacuum Society.
propulsion. Since 2003, he has been with the University of Missouri, Columbia,
where he has worked on numerous research projects in the areas of compact
accelerators, plasma and ion sources, electric propulsion, and pulsed power. He Jae Wan Kwon (S’96–M’04) received the B.S. degree in electronics engineer-
and his students have conducted studies in pulsed-power engineering relevant ing from Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea, in 1994 and the M.S.
to flashover insulation of high-voltage accurate laser triggering of gas-filled and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Southern
switches and solid-state pulsed-power switching. He has developed and studied California, Los Angeles, in 1997 and 2004, respectively.
compact ion accelerators and ion sources based on piezoelectric transformer He is currently an Associate Professor with the Department of Electrical and
high-voltage sources for space propulsion and compact neutron generators. His Computer Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, where he also holds
research interests include nuclear science, accelerators and plasmas, energetic a courtesy appointment with the Department of Biological Engineering. His
particle sources, and related technologies. research interests include micro-/nanoelectromechanical systems, micro power
Dr. Kovaleski is a member of the American Physical Society and the sources, microfabrication processing technology, piezoelectric transducers, mi-
American Nuclear Society. crofluidic systems, biomedical microsystems, and nanotechnology.
Prof. Kwon was a recipient of the NSF CAREER Award, Missouri Honor
Junior Faculty Research Award, Outstanding Paper Award in the IEEE In-
ternational Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems
James A. VanGordon (S’07) received the B.S. and (Transducers 2009), and the Best New Application Paper Award from IEEE
M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from the Uni- T RANSACTIONS ON AUTOMATION S CIENCE AND E NGINEERING (2006). He
versity of Missouri, Columbia, in 2008 and 2010, has been serving on the Technical Program Committees of the International
respectively, where he is currently working toward Workshop on Micro and Nanotechnology (PowerMEMS), the IEEE Conference
the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering. on Sensors, and the Hilton Head Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsys-
His research interests include pulsed-power sys- tems Workshop.
tems, power electronics, and high-voltage circuit
design.
Mr. VanGordon is a student member of the Insti- Gregory E. Dale (S’97–M’03) received the B.S. degree in nuclear engineering
tute of Nuclear Materials Management. from The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, in 1995, the M.S. degree
in nuclear engineering with a minor in physics from North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, in 1998, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering
from the University of Missouri, Columbia, in 2003.
Upon completing his dissertation, he joined Los Alamos National Laboratory
Peter Norgard (S’02–M’09) received the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical
(LANL), Los Alamos, NM, as a Technical Staff Member developing solid-
engineering from the University of Missouri, Columbia, in 2006 and 2009,
state pulsed-power modulators for compact accelerator systems. He is currently
respectively.
a Project Leader with the High Power Electrodynamics Group, Accelerator
He is currently a Postdoctoral Research Fellow with the University of
and Operations Technology Division, LANL. In this capacity, he is in charge
Missouri, where he is conducting research on ion sources and accelerators and
of several compact radiography, pulsed-power, compact neutron source, and
on electrooptic voltage and current diagnostic techniques.
accelerator production medical radioisotope projects. He has experience in
experimental research, solid-state modulators, electron accelerators, nuclear
medicine, radiography, electrothermal plasma guns, first-wall components in
tokamak fusion reactors, radiation shielding, and radiation detection.
Andrew Benwell (M’09), photograph and biography not available at the time Dr. Dale serves on the Executive Committee of the International Power
of publication. Modulator and High Voltage Conference.