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1. LIFE LINES AND ECONOMY PRESENTED BY— SHANTANU TYAGI 10-A GREEN FIELDS SCHOOL

5. MEANS OF TRANSPORT LAND WATER AIR ROADWAYS RAILWAYS PIPELINES INLAND WAYS OVERSEAS WAYS DOMESTIC AIRWAYS INTERNATIONAL AIRWAYS PRIVATE AIRLINES PUBLIC UNDERTAKING

6. ROADS NETWORK OF ROADS IN INDIA - 33.2 lakh km. On the basis of nature & surfacing - 1.Metalled (pucca)- 57% Unmetalled (kuchcha) -43% On the basis of construction & maintenance – (a.) Golden Quadrilateral Super Highway : (i) NHDP Phase- I :- 5,846 km., six lane, CONNECTING-Delhi ,Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata (ii) NHDP Phase- II :- 7300 km. * NS Corridors – Srinagar to Kanyakumari * EW Corridors – Silchar(Assam) to Porbandar(Gujarat) (iii) Port connectivity and other projects - 1,157 km. (iv) NHDP Phase – III:- 4,015km., 4 lane , -National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) is the implementing agency for NHDP programme. -NHAI is implement 4 laning of 603km. Special Accelerated Road Development Programme in the North Eastern Region (SARDP-NE) .

7. (B.) NATIONAL HIGHWAYS -- AS ON MARCH 31,2006 - 65,569 KM. 2% OF THE TOTAL LENGTH OF THE ROAD NETWORK CPWD CONSTRUCTS AND MAINTAINS NATIONAL HIGHWAYS. 35%-SINGLE LANE, 53%-2LANE & 12%-4 LANE OR MORE. (C.) STATE HIGHWAYS -- 1.28 LAKH KM. 97%OF THE LENGTH OF STATE HIGHWAY IS METALLED. THE STATE HIGHWAYS ARE CONSTRUCTED AND MAINTAINED BY STATE GOVERNMENT. (D.) DISTRICTS ROADS – 4,70,000 KM. DISTRICTS AUTHORITIES CONSTRUCTS AND MAINTAIN THE DISTRICT ROADS (E.)OTHER ROADS - MOSTLY KUCHCHA ROADS, 26,50,000 KM. (F.) BORDER ROADS - BORDER ROAD DEVELOPMENT BOARD , WORLD’S HIGHEST ROADS FROM MANALI (H.P.) TO LEH OF LADAKH (J&K) ROAD DENSITY - THE LOWEST DENSITY – 10 KM.PER 100 SQ.KM IN J.&K. THE HIGHEST DENSITY – 375 KM.PER 100 SQ.KM. IN KERALA THE NATIONAL AVERAGE OF ROAD DENSITY – 75 KM. PER 100 SQ. KM. PROBLEMS FACED BY ROAD TRANSPORT – 1.INADEQUATE 2 .43% OF ROAD ARE UNSURFACED. 3. HIGHLY CONGESTED IN CITIES & BRIDGES ARE NARROW. 4.ROADSIDE AMENITIES ARE NOT SUFFICIENT &EMERGENCIES SERVICES ARE POOR.

9. RAILWAYS Introduced by British Govt. in 1853 - 34 km. between Mumbai to Thane Railway Network in India (As on March 31,2004) 1.Route Length : 63,221 km 2.Railway Station :7,031 3. Railway Engines :7,817 4. Coaches :36,510 5. Wagons :2,28,170 6. Running Track :1,07,969 km. 7. Electrified Track :17,500 km. 8. Zones :16

10. RAILWAYS

11. PROGRESS MADE BY INDIAN RAILWAYS SINCE INDEPENDENCE 1. The total length of railway network as on March, 2002 was 63028 km. (i) Broad Gauge (1.67 metre) - 45622 km. (70%) (ii) Metre Gauge (1 metre) - 14364 km. (24.6%) (iii) Narrow Gauge(0.77 metre) - 3136 km. (5.36%) As on March, 1951 – 53596 km. - 18% increase 2. Additional Lines on the already existing busy routes– total running track had increased from 59,315 km. to 1,07,969 km. in 2001. 3. Electrification of route – By March,2006 the Indian railways had got 17500 km. of railway route electrified.(26% of total route) Purposes of Electrification –(i) relieves railways from steam engines. (ii) ensure more speedy movement. (iii) Clean and pollution free travel. 4. Container Service - Provides door to door service for goods & commodities by CCI. 5. Computerised reservation & more and more coaches and sleepers. 6. METRO Railway - Kolkata, Delhi, Mumbai & Chennai 7. Super fast Trains - 8. Biggest Government Department – 15.5 lakhs regular employees &2 lakhs casual

12. PRESENT PROBLEMS OF INDIAN RAILWAYS Travelling without tickets. Thefts of railway properties. Damaging railway properties. Pulling up of chains and stopping of trains. Attacks of terrorists. Bomb blasts. Throwing of passengers out of trains over traffic matters

13. PIPELINES Pipelines have become a major means of transport and are used in transporting crude oil, petroleum product and natural gas from the oil and natural gas fields to refineries, fertiliser factories and big thermal power generation plants. Major categories of pipeline transportation in India :- 1. upper Assam Oil fields to Kanpur via Guwahati, Barauni and Allahabad 2. Salaya (Gujarat) to Jalandhar (Punjab) via Viramgam, Mathura, Delhi and Panipat. 3. Hazira (Gujarat) to Jagdishpur (U.P.) via Bijapur (M.P.) –the longest pipeline in India -1700km. 4. Mumbai HIGH with Mumbai – Pune PROPOSED PIPELINES – (I) Between Kandla and Panipat (II) Between Kandla and Bina (III) Between Mumbai and Manmad (IV) Between Vishakhapatanam to Vijaiwada (V) between Mangalore to Chennai via Bangalore

15. WATERWAYS India has a large number of perennial rivers and a very long coastline of 6100 km. Types of waterways:- (a.) Inland water transport (b) Ocean water transport National Waterways :- 1.The Ganga river - Allahabad to Haldia - 1620 km. 2. The Brahmaputra river - Sadiya TO Dhubri - 891 km. 3. The West Coast Canal - Kollam to Kottapuram - 14 km. 4. The Champakara Canal – Kerala -13 km. 5. Udagmandalam Canal - Kerala -22 km. Major Sea Ports :- At the time of Independence - 5 sea ports Sea ports at West CoastSeaports at East Coast 1. Kandla 1. Tuticorin 2. Mumbai 2. Chennai 3. NhovaSheva (JawaharLal Nehru) 3. Ennore 4.Mormugao 4. Vishakhapatnam 5. Mangalore 5. Paradip 6. Kochi 6. Haldia

17. AIRWAYS Air travel is the fastest, most comfortable and prestigious mode of transport. Civil Aviation Department of controls and supervises the activities of airlines and gives guidelines for safe operations of the airlines. AIR SERVICES :- 1. Air India - 26 Air Craft 2. Indian Airlines - 54 Air Craft 3. Pawan Hans Helicopters 4. Private Air Lines (Scheduled & Non-scheduled)-70 International Airports :- 14 1.Delhi 8.Kochi 2.Mumbai 9.Hyderabad 3.Chennai 10. Guwahati 4. Kolkata 11. Bangalore 5. Amritsar 12. Thiruvananthapuram 6. Ahmedabad 13. Srinagar 7. Panaji 14. Pune Airports are managed by Airports Authority of India.

19. The Role of Transport Network in the development of India Lifelines of the Country- Transportation- Turning of local market into national market Help in the development of economy National integration of the country Cultural integration

20. COMMUNICATION NETWORK Communication is the process in which messages are sent from one place to another; people sitting thousands of km. away talk with one another and even watch one another. Various Means of communication- 1. Postal Services – 2. Print Media 3. Telecommunication- 4. Electronic Media - Radio & Television 5. Teleprinters and Cables

21. TRADE The exchange of goods among people, states and countries is referred to as trade. Trade between two countries is calledinternational trade. Foreign Trade includes exports and imports. Export trade is the trade in which a country supplies its surplus goods and commodities to other nations and earn valuable foreign exchange. Import trade is the trade in which a country obtains these goods and commodities from other countries in which it is deficient. Balance of Trade is the difference in the value of exports and imports. Major items of India’s Exports - Agriculture and allied product, ores and minerals, gems and jewellery and chemical products, engineering goods. Major items of India’s Imports-Petroleum and petroleum products, pearls and precious stones, inorganic chemical, coke, machinery, fertilizers etc. Except 1972-73 and 1976-77, India’s trade balance has been adverse since independence.