in: Devices & Hardware 0 Comments 0 Likes 0 Downloads Statistics Notes zeeshanazmi069 Share your thoughts… Be the first to comment Endocrine system and exocrine system 1. 1 2. Dvm 1st semester (morning) Section : B Group : Delta Submitted To : Sir Saad Khaliq 2 3. 3 Group Members 1-Muhammad Noman Tariq 2-Shams ur Rehman 3-Anees Ahmad 4-Zubair Ahmad 5-Aqib Mujeeb 6-Abdul Manan 7-Salar 4. 4 Objectives:- At the end of the presentation students will be able to describe  What is endocrine system What is exocrine system What is its function and role in our body The glands which work under endocrine system What are their hormones and their role

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2. Dvm 1st semester (morning)
Section : B
Group : Delta
Submitted To : Sir Saad Khaliq
2

3. 3
Group Members
1-Muhammad Noman Tariq
2-Shams ur Rehman
3-Anees Ahmad
4-Zubair Ahmad
5-Aqib Mujeeb
6-Abdul Manan
7-Salar

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Objectives:-
At the end of the presentation
students will be able to describe
 What is endocrine system
What is exocrine system
What is its function and role in our
body
The glands which work under
endocrine system
What are their hormones and their
role

5. Definition :
The endocrine system is the collection of glands
that produce hormones that regulate metabolism,
growth and development, tissue function,
• The endocrine system is made up of the pituitary
gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands,
pancreas, ovaries (in females) and testicles (in males).
• The word endocrine derives from the Greek words
"endo," meaning within, and "crinis," meaning to secrete
• Endocrine system uses hormones as messenger
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Special Features:-
• Special features of endocrine glands are,
in general, their ductless nature, their vascularity,
and commonly the presence of intracellular
vacuoles or granules that store their hormones.
• In contrast, exocrine glands, such as
salivary glands, sweat glands, and glands within the
gastrointestinal tract, tend to be much less vascular
and have ducts or a hollow lumen.

7. Functions of Endocrine system
 Controls the processes involved in
movement and physiological equilibrium
 Includes all tissues or glands that secrete
hormones into the blood
 Secretion of most hormones is regulated by
a negative feedback system
 The number of receptors for a specific
hormone can be altered to meet the body’s demand7

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Endocrine Glands:-
Hypothalamus
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal medulla
Pituitary gland
Pancreas
Ovaries
testes

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Pineal Gland
Thymus Gland
Liver
Kidney
Heart

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Hypothalamus

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Hypothalamus:-
Location:
The hypothalamus is located below the thalamus,
just above the brainstem and is part of the limbic system.
Anatomy:
The hypothalamus is a region of the brain
composed of many small nuclei with diverse functions.
Physiology:
The hypothalamus is a small area in the ventral
diencephalon of the forebrain, in the floor of the third
ventricle, and is a functional link between
the nervous and endocrine systems.

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Hypothalamus produces many hormones, some of
which are given below
• ADH ( vasopressin)
• DA (dopamine)
• CRH (corticotrophin releasing hormone)
 ADH:
Increases water permeability in the distal
convoluted tubule and collecting duct of nephrons, thus
promoting water reabsorption and increasing blood
volume

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 DA(Dopamine):
Inhibit prolactin released from anterior pituitary.
Prolactin (PRL), also known as luteotropic hormone
or luteotropin, is a protein that in humans is best
known for its role in enabling female mammals to
produce milk.
 CRH (corticotrophin releasing hormone):
Stimulate adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH)release from anterior pituitary.
The principal effects of ACTH are increased
production and release of cortisol by the cortex of
the adrenal gland.

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Thyroid
Gland

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Thyroid Gland:-

18. Thyroid Gland:-
Location:
Thyroid Gland located at the base of the neck and wrapped
around the lateral sides of the trachea.
Anatomy:
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland
Physiology:
The thyroid gland produces 3 major hormones:
Calcitonin:
Stimulates osteoblasts and thus bone construction
Inhibits Ca2+ release from bone, thereby reducing
blood Ca2+
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Tri iodothyronine (T3)
is a thyroid hormone. It affects almost
every physiological process in the body, including growth and
development , metabolism, body temperature, and heart rate.
Thyroxin (T4)
(Acts as a prohormone to triiodothyronine )
Stimulates body oxygen and energy consumption, thereby
increasing the basal metabolic rate
Stimulates RNA polymerase I and II, thereby promoting
protein synthesis

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Parathyroid
Gland

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Parathyroid Gland:-
Location:
Parathyroid gland found on the posterior side of the
thyroid gland.
Anatomy :
The parathyroid gland are 4 small masses of glandular
tissue
Physiology:
The parathyroid gland produces parathyroid hormone.

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Parathyroid Hormone:
Parathyroid hormone which is involved in the calcium ion
homeostasis
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), parathormone or parathyrin,
is secreted by the chief cells of the parathyroid glands as
a polypeptide containing 84 amino acids, While PTH acts to
increase the concentration of ionic calcium (Ca2+) in the blood,
Stimulators:
• Decreased serum [Ca2+].
• Mild decreases in serum [Mg2+].

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Adrenal
Gland

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Adrenal Gland:-

26. Adrenal Gland:-
Location:
Adrenal gland found immediately superior to the kidneys.
Anatomy:
The Adrenal glands are a pair of roughly triangular glands.
Physiology:
The adrenal glands are each made of 2 distinct layers, each
with their own unique functions:
the outer adrenal cortex
and inner adrenal medulla
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Adrenal cortex produces many cortical
hormones in 3 classes i.e.
Glucocorticiods
 Minralocoticoids
Androgens
Adrenal Medulla produces
hormones i.e.
Epinephrine
Nor epinephrine

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Pituitary
Gland

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Pituitary Gland:-

30. Pituitary Gland:-
Location:
Pituitary gland is connected to the inferior portion of
the hypothalamus of the brain.
Anatomy:
The Pituitary gland, also known as the hypophysis, is
a small pea-sized lump of tissue
Physiology:
Many Blood vessels surround the pituitary gland to
carry the hormones it releases throughout the body. It consists
of 2 separate parts i.e.
Posterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary
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Posterior pituitary produces two hormones i.e.
• Oxytocin induces labor pain
• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Increases water permeability in the distal convoluted tubule and
collecting duct of nephrons ,thus promoting water reabsorption and
increasing blood volume
Anterior pituitary produces many hormones i.e.
• TSH Stimulates thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine(T3)
synthesis and release from thyroid gland
Stimulates iodine absorption by thyroid gland
etc

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•Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone(ACTH)
• Stimulates corticosteroid (glucocorticoid and
mineralcorticoid) and androgen synthesis and release from
adrenocortical cells
•
•Follicle stimulating Hormone(FSH)
• In females: Stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles in
ovary.
In males: Stimulates maturation of seminiferous tubules
•Luteinizing Hormone(LH)
In females: Stimulates ovulation
In females: Stimulates formation of corpus luteum
In males: Stimulates testosterone synthesis from Leydig
cells (interstitial cells)

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Pancreas

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Pancreas:-

35. Pancreas:-
Location:
Pancreas is located in the abdominal cavity just inferior and
posterior to the stomach .
Anatomy:
The pancreas is a large gland
Physiology:
The pancreas is considered as heterocrine gland as it
contains both endocrine and exocrine tissues . Two types of cells are
present i.e.
Alpha and
Beta cells
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Alpha cells
produce hormone Glucagon which is responsible for
raising blood glucose level .
Beta cells
produces hormone Insulin which is responsible for
lowering blood glucose level after meal

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Ovaries

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Ovaries:-
The ovary (From Latin: ovarium, literally "egg" or "nut") is
an ovum-producing reproductive organ.
Location:
Ovaries found in pairs at the lower back of the female as
part of the vertebrate female reproductive system.
Anatomy:
They are almond-shaped and about 3.5 cm (1.5 inches) long.
Physiology:
The ovaries have 2 main functions. They produce mature
eggs. They also make the female sex hormones, which control
reproduction and sexual development

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It mainly produces two hormones;
Estrogen:
is responsible for the development of secondary sex
characteristics, such as the growth of breasts.
Progesterone:
prepares the body for conception by causing the buildup
of the uterine lining (endometrium) and other changes.

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Testes

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Anatomy:
Like the ovaries to which they are homologous, testes
are components of both the reproductive system and the endocrine
system.
Physiology:
The primary functions of the testes are to produce
• sperm(spermatogenesis) and to produce
• androgens, primarily testosterone.

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Testosterone:
•Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group
and is found in humans and other vertebrates.
•In humans and other mammals, testosterone is secreted
primarily by the testicles of males and, to a lesser extent,
the ovaries of females.
•Small amounts are also secreted by the adrenal glands. It is the
principal male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid.

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In men, testosterone plays a key role in the development of
male reproductive tissues such as
• the testis and
• Prostate
As well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as
increased
• muscle,
• bone mass, and
• the growth of body hair
 In addition, testosterone is essential for health and well-
being as well as the prevention of osteoporosis.

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Pineal
Gland

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Pineal Gland:-
Location:
The pineal gland is located in a central depression
between the thalami and the corpora quadrigemina (colliculi)
Anatomy:
It is a small ovoid or fufiform mass which is found deep
within the brain also known as “third eye” as it response to the
light and day length
Physiology:
It secretes melatonin which influence the sexual
maturity and the seasonality of breeding and hibernation

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Thymus
Gland

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Thymus Gland :-
Location:
It is situated in the anterior mediactinal space of the thoracic
cavity.
Anatomy:
It is a ductless gland which has close resemblance to the
lymphoid tissue
Physiology:
Its main function is to provide an area For the T
LYMPHOCYTE maturation and is vital in protecting against
autoimmunity.
The stock of the T lymphocyte is built up in early life, so the
function of the thymus gland is diminished in adult.
It is largely degenerated in elderly adults and is barely
identifiable.

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Liver

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Liver:-
Location :
It is always located immediately caudal to the diaphragm
And tends to be located on the right side .
Anatomy:
The liver is the largest gland of the body and is 1-2 % of the
total body weight .
Physiology:
it secrets two hormones
• Insulin like growth factor (GF) :
Insulin like effect
Regulate cell growth and development
•Angiotensiogen And Angiotension:
vasoconstriction
release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex

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Kidney

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Kidney:
Location:
It usually lie ventral to the first three lambar transverse
processes; against the dorsal wall of he abdominal cavity.
Anatomy:
The kidney are a pair of excretory organs and is a bean
shaped
Physiology:
It secrets following hormones
•Erythropoietin
Stimulates erythrocyte production
•Thrombopoietin:
stimulates megakaryotes to produce platelets

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Heart

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Heart:
Location:
It is situated in the middle mediastinum and is enclosed
within the pericardium
Anatomy:
It is a conical hollow muscular organ That pumps blood
Physiology:
It secrets following hormones
•Atrial –natriuetic Peptide(ANP)
Reduce blood pressure
Increase Na+ excretion by kidney
•Brain-natriuretic peptide:(BNP)
Reduce blood pressure to minor degree Than ANP

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Exocrine
System

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Definition:-
Exocrine system includes Exocrine glands are glands that produce
and secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct.
Examples of exocrine glands include
• sweat
• salivary
Parotid
submandibular
sublingual
• lacrimal sebaceous .
• Pyloric gland

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Classification:-
By structure:
Exocrine glands contain a glandular portion and a duct
portion, the structures of which can be used to classify the gland.
• The duct portion may be branched (called compound) or
unbranched (called simple).
• The glandular portion may be tubular or acinar, or may be a mix
of the two (called tubuloacinar). If the glandular portion
branches, then the gland is called a branched gland.

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By method of excretion:-
Exocrine glands are named apocrine glands, holocrine
glands, or merocrine glands based on how their products are
excreted.
• Merocrine secretion – cells excrete their substances
by exocytosis; for example, pancreatic acinar cells.
• Apocrine secretion – a portion of the cell membrane that
contains the excretion buds off.
• Holocrine secretion – the entire cell disintegrates to excrete its
substance; for example, sebaceous glands of the skin and nose.

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By product excreted:-
• Serous cells excrete proteins, often enzymes. Examples
include gastric chief cells and Paneth cells
• Mucous cells excrete mucus. Examples include Brunner‘s
glands, esophageal glands, and pyloric glands
• Mixed glands excrete both protein and mucus. Examples include
the salivary glands, although the parotid gland is predominantly
serous, the sublingual gland

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Name(s) Location Product Structure
Apocrine sweat
glands
skin sweat coiled tubula
Sweat Gland: Produces sweat from skin

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Name(s) Location Product Structure
Parotid Gland mouth serous tubulo-alveolar
Parotid Gland:-
Its production rises to 50 % during stimulation

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Name(s) Location Product Structure
Submandibular
gland
mouth mixed (M+S) tubulo-alveolar
Submandibular gland:-
They contribute some 60–67% of unstimulated saliva
secretion; on stimulation their contribution decreases in
proportion as the parotid secretion rises to 50%.

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Name(s) Location Product Structure
Sublingual gland,
Rivini's gland
mouth mucus (primarily) tubulo-alveolar
Sublingual gland:-
They provide only 3-5% of the total salivary volume

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Name(s) Location Product Structure
Sebaceous gland skin sebum acinar branched
Sebaceous gland:-
It secrete an oily or waxy matter, called sebum, to lubricate and
waterproof the skin and hair of mammals.

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Name(s) Location Product Structure
Pyloric glands stomach mucous
simple branched
tubular
Pyloric Gland:-
The pyloric glands are located in the antrum of the pylorus.
They secrete gastrin produced by their G cells
Gastrin is a peptide hormone that stimulates
secretion of gastric acid (HCl)

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Any Question ?????????

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