Principles of Sociology

1. TOPIC:
SOCIETY
Rana Zahid Zulfiqar Rana Zahid Zulfiqar
PhD Scholar Sociology(GCUF)
Visiting Lecturer Sociology, (BZU)
ranazahidzulfiqar@gmail.com

2. SOCIETY
Society is all
about social
conflict that
arises as
people work
within an
economic
system to
produce
material
goods
(Karl Marx ).
The power of
ideas shapes
society. Weber
contrasted the
traditional
thinking of
simple societies
with the rational
thought that
dominates
complex societies
today
(Weber)
Durkheim:
See the
different
ways that
traditional
and
modern
societies
hang
together.

3. SOCIETY
Society refers to
people who interact
in a defined
territory and share
a culture.

4. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETY
1.Likeness 2. Differences
3. Inter-dependency 4.Cooperation
5. Conflict 6. Larger group
7. Web of social relationship
8. Permanent nature
9. Society is abstract
10. Society is dynamic
11. Comprehensive culture
12. Limited territory

5. GERHARD LENSKI: SOCIETY AND
TECHNOLOGY
It describe how
technological
development has
shaped the history
of human
societies.
Lenshki uses the
term sociocultural
evolution to mean
changes that occur
as a society gains
new technology.

6. TYPES OF SOCIETIES
HUNTING
AND
GATHERING
HORTICULT
UR AND
PASTORAL
AGRICULTURE
INDUSTRIAL
POST
INDUTRIAL

7. HUNTING AND GATHERING
IN THE SIMPLEST OF ALL SOCIETIES, PEOPLE
LIVE BY HUNTING AND GATHERING,
PEOPLE USED THE SIMPLE TOOLS TO HUNT
ANIMALS AND GATHER VEGETALION FOR
FOOD. IT WAS THE PERIOD OF 3 MILLION
YEARS AGE UNTILL ABOUT 12000 YEARS
AGO, ALL HUMANS WERE HUNTERS AND
GATHERERS. EVEN IN 1800, MANY
HUNTING-AND-GATHERING SOCIETIES
COULD BE FOUND AROUND THE WORLD.
BUT TODAY JUST A FEW REMAIN
INCLUDEING THE AKA AND PYGMIES OF
CENTRAL AFRICAL, THE BUSHMEN OF
SOUTHWESTERN AFRICA, ETC.

8. CHARACTERISTICS OF HUNTING AND
GATHERING SOCIETIES
LITTLE ABILITY TO CONTROL THEIR ENVIRONMENT
SPEND MOST OF THEIR TIME LOOKING FOR GAME AND COLLECTING
PLANTS TO EAT
NOMADIC
DEPEND ON THE FAMILY TO OBTAIN AND DISTRIBUTE FOOD, TO PROTECT
ITS MEMBERS AND TEACH THEIR CHILDREN ABOUT LIFE
SPENT MOST OF THE TIME IN SEARCHING NEXT MEAL

9. CHARACTERISTICS OF HUNTING AND
GATHERING SOCIETIES
Majority of the work performed by young people,
whereas old and younger helped them.
WOMEN GATHERED VEGETATION
THEY HAVE A SHAMANS/ SPIRITUAL PERSON WHO
ENJOYED A HIGH PRESTIGE BUT HAS TO WORK TO
FIND FOOD LIKE EVERYONE ELSE.
Used simple weapons (the spear, bow and arrow
and stone knife).

10. HORTICULTURE AND PASTORAL
SOCIETIES
Some 10000 to 12000 years age, a new technology began
to change the lives of human beings. People developed to
change the lives of human beings. People developed
horticulture , the use of hand tools to raise crops. Using a
hoe to work the soil and digging stick to punch holes in
the ground to plant seeds may not seem like something
that would change the world, but these inventions
allowed people to give up gathering in favor of growing
food for themselves.
They started to breed the animals properly as well.

11. HORTICULTURE AND PASTORAL
SOCIETIES

12. HORTICULTURE AND PASTORAL
SOCIETIES
Today, societies that mix horticulture and pastoralism can
be found throughout South America, Africa and Asia.
Horticulturalist more likely to believe on One God
The pastoral roots of Judaism, Christianity and
Muslims.

13. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES
About 5000 years age, another revolution in
technology was taking place in the Middle East, one
that would end up changing life of Earth. This was the
emergence of agriculture, large-scale cultivation using
plows harnessed to animals or more powerful energy
sources. So, important was the invention of the animals
or more powerful energy sources. So important was he
invention of the animal-drawn plow, along with other
breakthroughs of the period-including irrigation, the
wheel, writing, numbers and the use of various metals-
that this moment in history is often called the “dawn of
civilization”.

14. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES

15. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
Dominated by machines and advanced
technologies to produce and distribute
foods and services.
Industrial revolution processed began in Britain and
then spread through Europe and to the rest of the
world, industrial societies started to develop.
The growth of technologies led to advances in farming
techniques, so slavery lost its significance, economy
developed quickly and understanding of social charity
and governments’ aid grew up.

16. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES

17. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
Two classed emerged in the industrial societies
•Have (Industrialists)
•Have not (Workers)
Karl Marx explained that non
workers are composing capitalist
class and they control all the
resources and also set up rules.

18. CAPITALIST AND WORKING CLASS

19. POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
The countries that the industrial
revolution began, Britain, French,
USA and Japan- now became the
postindustrial countries. These
countries are users of advance
technologies like developed
computers, satellites, microchips etc.

20. POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES

21. FORMS OF PAKISTANI SOCIETIES
NOMADIC
SEDENT
ARY
TRADITIONAL
MODERN
RURAL
URBAN

22. NOMADIC SOCIETY
Nomadic society has no
permanent place of
settlement. The people move
from one place to another
with their luggage on the
backs of camels, horses and
donkeys in search of fodder
and water for their animals
and food for themselves. They
have no hereditary property.

24. CHARACTERISTICS OF NOMADIC
SOCIETY
The population is very small, usually not more than 100.
Continuous Geographic mobility
Absence of ownership
Traditional way of living
Strict social norms
Local culture
Animal husbandry, labor and small cottage industry are the major occupation
Resistance to social change

25. SEDENTARY SOCIETY
Permanent
settlement
Transfer of
ancestral
land
Stratified
social
change
Presence of
sub culture
Presence of
tribal group
Low
geographical
mobility
Social
reforms

26. TRADITIONAL SOCIETY
Traditional is that society which has
informal and simple social institutions.
Traditional cultural values are prevailed
in this society. Means of
communication and transportation are
very slow and old. Social change are
gradual take place and almost invisible.

27. TRADITIONAL SOCIETY

28. CHARATERISTICS OF TRADITIONAL
SOCIETY
HOMOGEOUS
PROFESSION
NON-INDUSTRIAL
STRUCTURE
SIMPLE
ECONOMIC
INSTITUTIONS
SIMPLE WAY OF
LIVING
KACHA TRACKS AND
ROADS
LACK OFMODERN
COMMUNICATION
FACILITIES
SLOW SOCIAL
INTERACTION

29. CHARATERISTICS OF MODERN SOCIETY
ADVANCE INDUSTRY AND TECHNOLOGY
URBANIZATION
HIGH POPULATION PRESSURE
SUB SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS (TUITION ACADEMIES, PRIVATE SCHOOLS, COLLEGES, UNIVERSITIES)
JOB OPPORTUNITIES
BETTER ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
URBAN FACILITIES
SOURCES OF COMMUNICATION
SOCIAL MOBILITY
INTERNATIONAL RELATION
HIGH DEGREE OF CRIME RATE
HIGH WOMEN STATUS

30. MODERN SOCIETY

31. CHARACTERISTICS OF RURAL SOCIETY
OPEN SETTLEMENT
MUD CONSTRUCTED HOUSES
AGRICULTURE
INFORMAL SOCIAL NORMS
INFORMAL SOCIAL INTERACTION
INFORMAL SOCIAL CONTROL
LOW LITERACY RATE
GRADUAL SOCIAL CHANGE
ATTACHMENT WITH RELIGION
POOR URBAN FACILITIES

32. RURAL SOCIETY

33. CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN SOCIETY
DESNE
SETTLEMENT
PATTERN
PAKKA
HOUSES
URBAN
FACILITIES
FORMAL SOCIAL
INTERACTION
FORMAL
GROUP LIFE
DIVISION OF
LABOR

35. McDonaldization of society
• McDonaldization of society is a phenomenon
that occurs when society, its institutions, and
its organizations are adapted to have the same
characteristics that are found in fast-food
chains. These include efficiency, calculability,
predictability and standardization, and
control.

38. McDonaldization of society

39. THANK YOU