1. OCR Module: 2522
Culture and Identity
Introduction to Sociology
Prepared by:
Rana Zahid Zulfiqar
PhD Scholar Sociology
Government College University, Faisalabad.
Visiting Lecturer Sociology (BZU) Multan,
Pakistan.
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Chapter # 1
1.1 Meaning and Definitions of Sociology
1.2 Origin of Sociology
1.3 Nature of Sociology
1.4 Major Three perspectives of Sociology
1.5 Sociology as Science
1.6 Applications/ Scope of Sociology
1.7 Relationship of Sociology with other Social
Sciences
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1.1. MEANING OF
SOCIOLOGY
• The term has been derived from two words.
The Latin “Socious” mean companionship and
the Greek “Logos” mean study.
• So the term literally means the study of human
companionship or association or society.
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1.1 Definitions of Sociology
• “Sociology is the study of social action”.
(Max Weber)
• “Sociology is the scientific study of society”.
(August Comte)
• “Sociology is the study of social facts
through social institutions (Family,
Education, Religion, Economics and
Politics)”. (Emile Durkhiem)
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1.1 Definition of Sociology
• “Sociology is the study of collective
behavior”. (Park & Burgess)
• Conclusion: On the basis of above definitions,
we can conclude that:
“Sociology is the science of society, human
behavior, human interaction and relationships”.
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1.2 Origin of Sociology
• Initially Sociology was introduced by Muslim
Sociologist “Ibn-e-Khuldun (1332-1406)”
who belonged to Tunisya. He used the term of
“Imraniyat”
• Imran: Society
• Yat: Study
• “Sociology is the study of Society”.
• Ibn-e-Khuldun was a historian and studied the
different societies. His methodology was based
on “Casual relationship”.
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1.2 Origin and Development of
Sociology in the Modern Era
• Sociology was originated as a special
discipline in 1838 by a French Sociologist
“August Comte”. He wanted to laid its
foundation by using the scientific
methodology. He regarded as “the Father of
Sociology”.
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1.3 Nature of Sociology
• Sociology is an Independent Science
• Sociology is a social science not Physical
science
• Sociology is a Categorical and not a
Normative Discipline
• Sociology is relatively abstract science not a
concrete science
• Sociology is a Generalizing and not a
particularizing science
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1.3 Nature of Sociology
• Sociology is a General Science not a special
science
• Sociology is both a Rational and Empirical
Science
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1.4 Major Three perspectives of
Sociology
1.4.1 The Structural Functionalist
1.4.2 The Conflict
1.4.3 The Symbolic Interactionist
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1.4.2. The Conflict perspective
• Karl Marx viewed struggle between social
classes as inevitable because workers are
exploited under capitalism.
• They claimed that the Capitalists exploit the
working class by giving the low wages.
• The conflict perspective encouraged the
working class for gaining their rights by
radical movements.
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1.4.3 The Symbolic Interactionist
• The interactionist perspective focuses on social
behavior in everyday life. It tries to understand
how people create and interpret the situations
they experience, and it emphasizes how
countless instances of social interaction
produce the larger structure of society-
government, the economy and other
institutions.
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1.4.3 The Symbolic Interactionist
• This perspective presumes that it is only
through these social behavior of the people
that society can come into being. Society is
ultimately created, maintained and changed by
the social interaction of its members.
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4.3 The Symbolic Interactionist
• The Interactionist perspective in general
invites the sociologists to ask specific kinds of
questions: what kinds of Interaction are taking
place between people, how do they understand
and interpret what is happening to them, and
why do they act toward others as they do?
How does someone learn to experience
cigarette smoking as pleasurable? What tactics
used by political leader to convince angry
Mob?
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1.5 Sociology as Science
• SCIENCE:
• According to Neuman “Science is a social
institution and a way to produce knowledge”
• Testable knowledge is called science.
TYPES OF SCIENCE:
Natural science (Physical science, Biological
science)
Social science
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1.5 Social science
• Social sciences deals with social processes and
human behavior. It is more concerned with the
human and society. This includes sociology,
history, anthropology, economics, political
science, philosophy etc.
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1.6 Applications/ Scope of
Sociology
1.6.1 Education and Research
1.6.2 Agriculture
1.6.3 Industry
1.6.4 Trade and Business
1.6.5 Health
1.6.6 Population and Planning
1.6.7 Social Welfare
1.6.8 Social Policy, Planning and Development
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• 1.6.1 Education and Research:
Sociology is taught as a subject in different
colleges and universities of Pakistan. There are
different institutions in Pakistan that are
conducting the research and highlighting the
different problems faced by the members of
society.
Examples:
Government college University, Faisalabad,
Agriculture university Faisalabad, The social
Research center Punjab University,
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Rural Development Academy Peshawar,
Department of Sociology BZU etc.
1.6.2 Agriculture:
Agriculture is the main source of Pakistani
economy but unfortunately, due to different
socio-cultural dogmatic beliefs our farmers
resists the innovations. Sociologist played an
important role to brainwash the farmers and
prepare them for the usage of different modern
technologies. In this way Sociologists played a
vital role in the up gradation of Agriculture
sector.
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1.6.3 Industry:
Sociologist played an important
role in the domain of Industry for
building a good relationship
between the workers and the
owners of the factory.
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Application of Sociology
1.6.4 Trade and Business
1.6.5 Health
1.6.6 Population and Planning
1.6.7 Social Welfare
1.6.8 Social Policy, Planning and Development
Note:
Please read the Book for details
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Relationship b/w Sociology and
History
There is a direct relationship between sociology
and history.
Both sociology and history cannot be separated
from because sociology is the present and history
deals with the past events.
According to Ibn_e_Khaldoon:
“No Historian could write the history of a nation
without knowing the social condition to the
nation and society’’
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Difference b/w Sociology & History
Sociology
It is interested in the study
of the present social
phenomena.
It is young social science.
It is based on analytics.
It is absorbed in nature. It
studies mostly regular, the
recurrent and the
universal.
History
It deals with the past event of
human, it is slight about
present.
It is an age_old social
science. It has a long story of
more than 2000 years.
It is a descriptive science.
History is concrete. The
historians are interested in a
unique, the particular and the
individual.
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Sociology is generalized
and seeks to establish
generalization after a
careful study of social
phenomena.
Sociology follows the
sociological approach. It
studies human events
from sociological point
of view.
History is individualized
and rarely makes
generalization. It
establishes the sequences
in which event occurs.
History studies human
events in accordance with
the time order with
historical approach.
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Sociology & Psychology
Sociology is the science of society while
psychology is the science of mental process or
mind. It studies particularly the human
experiences and the behaviour.
Sociology and psychology both are involve in
solving the social problems. Sociology helps
psychology while psychology helps sociology.
Thus, they are inter related in many respects.
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Culture and Identity
Difference b/w Sociology &
Psychology
Sociology
Sociology study the
individuals.
Sociology is the study of
society.
Society take interest in small
and large societies.
Sociology studies the special
aspects of society like family
marriage.
Sociology used observations,
survey during the research.
Psychology
Psychology study the
personality.
Psychology is defined as a
science of mental process.
Psychology often study the
small societies & groups.
Psychology study all aspects of
society.
Psychologists lives in the
societies and collect information
through interview and
observation .
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Culture and Identity
Relationship of Sociology and
Economics
• Sociology and Economics as social
science have closed relations.
Relationship between the two is so close
that one is often treated as the branch of
other, because the society is greatly
influenced by economic factors, and
economic processes are largely
determined by the environment of the
society.
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Culture and Identity
• Economics deals with the economic
activities of man . It deals with production,
consumption and distribution of wealth.
The economic factors play a vital role in
the very aspects of our social life. Total
development of individual depends very
much on economic factors. Without
economic conditions, the study of society is
quite impossible. All the social problems
are directly connected with the economic
conditions of the people.
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Relationship of Sociology with
Political Science
Political Science:
Definition
Political science is the science of state and
Government. It studies power, political
System , political process and
International relations.
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Relationship b/w sociology and
Political Science
Sociology and Political Science are very closely
and deeply related with each other, one is
meaningless without other.
According to Morris:
Historically Sociology has its roots in Political
Science and Philosophy of History .
Sociology and Political Science are dependant on
one another.
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Sociology depends on political science for example state
and government make laws for welfare of society,
removes evils like poverty, unemployment and crimes
etc.
According to F.H.Gidding:
‘’To teach the theory of state to men who have not learn
the first principles of sociology is like teaching astronomy
or thermodynamics to men who have not learnt Newton
law of motion’’
According to G.E.G.Catlin:
‘’Sociology and political science are the two faces of the
same figure or things’’
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Difference b/w Sociology & Political
science
Sociology
Sociology is the science of
society.
Sociology studies all kinds
of societies organized as
well as un organized.
Sociology has a wider
scope.
Finally sociology is quite
young. It is not even two
centuries old.
Political Science
Political science studies only
the politically organized
societies .
Political science is a narrow
filed.
Political science concentrates
only the human relationships
which are political in
character.
Political science is an another
science comparatively. It has
centuries of history.
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Anthropology
Definitions:-
The study of human beings and their
ancestors through time and space and in
relation to physical character,
environmental relation and culture
Theology dealing with the origin, nature
and destiny of human beings
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According to Eric Wolf:
‘’Anthropology is less a subject matter
than a bond between subject matters. It
is part history, part literature; in part
natural science, part social science; it
strive to study men both from within and
without; it represent both a manner of
looking at man and a vision of man-the
most scientific of the humanities, the
most humanist of sciences.’’
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Western Washington University:
‘’Anthropology explores what it
means to be human. Anthropology
is the scientific study of
humankind in all the cultures of
the world, both past and present’’
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Similarities b/w Sociology &
Anthropology
Sociology and Anthropology involve the
systematic study of social life and culture in
order to understand the causes and
consequences of human action.
Sociologists and Anthropologists study
the structure and processes of traditional
culture and modern, industrial societies in
both western and non-western cultures.
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Sociology and Anthropology combine scientific
and humanistic perspective in the study of
society. Drawing upon various theoretical
perspectives, Sociologists and
Anthropologists study areas such as
Culture, Socialization, Deviance, Inequality,
Health & illness, Family patterns, Social
change & race and Ethnic relations.
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Difference b/w Sociology &
Anthropology
Sociology
Sociology is the study of
modern civilized and
complex societies.
Sociologists studies small as
well as large societies .
Sociology makes use of
observation, interview, social
survey, questionnaires and
other method of technique in
investigations.
Anthropology
Anthropology concerns with
un-civilized or primitive and
non literate societies.
Anthropologists study
human primitive cultures.
Anthropologists directly go
and live in the communities
they study. They make use of
direct observations and
interviews.
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Culture and Identity
Sociology focuses
on social problems
and institutions.
Subfields such as:
Gender studies,
Criminology,
social work.
Anthropology
focuses culture
and community.
Subfields such as:
Linguistic
anthropology,
Archaeology and
forensic
anthropology.
