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Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)

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Zafer OTER
Zafer OTER

Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey.

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Bu kitap, “I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current, Issues, Trends, and Indicators, 2015” organizasyonu kapsamında yayımlanmıştır. Bu kitapta yayımlanan tüm bildirilerin içeriklerinden yazarları sorumludur. This book has been published under the international organization themed as “I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current, Issues, Trends, and Indicators, 2015”. Authors are responsible for intents of their proceedings published in this book I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) KONYA- MAYIS- 2015 Editörler M. Akif ÇUKURÇAYIR Alaattin BAŞODA Şafak U� NU� VAR Mehmet SAG�IR Münevver ÇI�ÇEKDAG�I Semih BU� YU� KI�PEKÇI� Vol. I
978-605-9119-15-3 (Tk) ISBN: 978-605-9119-17-7 (1.c) Aybil Yayınevi Sertifika No : 17394 Aybil Basımevi Sertifika No : 20781 KONYA- MAYIS- 2015 Y A Y I N L A R I www.aybilonline.com Baskı & Cilt: Aybil Dijital Baskı Sistemleri ve Matbaa Hizmetleri Ferhuniye Mh. Sultanşah Cd. No:30/A KONYA Tel: 0.332 350 21 71 Fax: 0.332 350 71 21 I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) © Her hakkı saklıdır. Bu kitabın tamamı yada bir kısmı, yazarının izni olmaksızın, elektronik, mekanik, fotokopi ya da herhangi bir kayıt sistemi ile çoğaltılamaz, yayınlanamaz, depolanamaz. Bu kitaptaki bilgilerin her türlü sorumluluğu yazarlarına aittir. Editörler M. Akif ÇUKURÇAYIR Alaattin BAŞODA Şafak U� NU� VAR Mehmet SAG�IR Münevver ÇI�ÇEKDAG�I Semih BU� YU� KI�PEKÇI�
Kongre kitabının basılması için verdiği destekten dolayı SELÇUKLU BELEDİYESİ’NE Teşekkürlerimizi sunuyoruz.
SUNUŞ 40. yıl kutlamalarını gerçekleştirdiğimiz bu yıl birçok önemli etkinlik düzenlemenin kıvancını yaşıyoruz. Selçuk Üniversitesi, kurulduğu 1975 yılından bu yana her alanda gelişim trendini yakalamış, bilimsel, sosyal, ekonomik, kültürel ve sportif anlamda etkin ve dinamik bir üniversite kimliğine kavuşmuştur. Yaklaşık 80.000 öğrencisi ile Türkiye'nin en büyük yükseköğretim kurumları arasında yer alan Selçuk Üniversitesi yaptığı bilimsel araştırmalar kadar, gerçekleştirdiği bilimsel toplantılarla da bilim dünyasında adından söz ettirmektedir. Bu hedef doğrultusunda “I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends and Indicators (EITOC)- (I. Avrasya Uluslararası Turizm Kongresi: Güncel Konular, Eğilimler ve Göstergeler)” Kongresi'nin Turizm Fakültemiz tarafından düzenlenmesinden büyük memnuniyet duymaktayım. Üniversitemizde özel bir yere sahip olan Turizm Fakültesi, 2010 yılında Turizm İşletmeciliği ve Otelcilik Yüksekokulu adı altında eğitim-öğretime başlamış ve 16 Mayıs 2013 tarihinde Resmi Gazete’de yayınlanan Bakanlar Kurulu kararıyla fakülte statüsünü elde etmiştir. Turizm Fakültesi, kurulduğu günden bugüne çok sayıda kongre, panel, sempozyum gerçekleştirmiştir. Yine Üniversitemiz bünyesinde yer alan Turizm Fakültesi Uygulama Oteli, Turizm Fakültemiz idaresinde faaliyetlerini örnek bir şekilde sürdürmektedir. Ayrıca, Turizm Fakültemizin donanımlı akademik personeli uluslararası bilimsel dergilerde yayınlar yapmakta, küresel gelişmeleri yakından izlemektedirler. I. Avrasya Uluslararası Turizm Kongresi, yurt dışından ve yurt içinden çok sayıda akademisyenin ve sektör temsilcisinin katılımıyla Turizm Fakültemiz tarafından düzenlenmektedir. Sahasında yetkin akademisyenlerin 228 bildirisi bu kongre çerçevesinde sunulacak, turizm sektörünün sorunları geniş şekilde tartışılma imkânı bulacaktır. Çok sayıda seçkin bilim insanını ve sektör temsilcisini Selçuk Üniversitesi bünyesinde ve Konya’da ağırlamaktan mutluluk duyduğumu belirtmek isterim. Emeği geçen tüm çalışma arkadaşlarıma, kurumlara ve sektör mensuplarına üniversitem ve şahsım adına teşekkür ediyorum. Prof. Dr. Hakkı GÖKBEL Selçuk Üniversitesi Rektörü
PRESENTATION We are proud of this year in which we celebrated our 40 th year and organised many important events. Since the establishment in 1975, Selcuk University has developed a corporate identity by catching the developmental trends in each area and by being a dynamic and effective University in scientific, social, economic, sportive and cultural events. With its about 800.000 students, Selcuk university which is among the biggest Higher Education Institutions in Turkey makes and indelible impression in scientific world not only with its scientific researches but also with its scientific organisations. In line with this purpose, I’m glad that I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends and Indicators (EITOC) is organized by out Tourism Faculty. Tourism Faculty which is precious for our University started its education and training year in 2010 under the name of The School of Tourism and Hotel Management and with the decree of council of ministers which is published in official newspaper it has gained the status of being a faculty. Tourism Faculty has organised so many congresses, panels, symposiums since it established. Again Tourism Faculty Practice Hotel, which is within our University, carries on the activities under the control of Tourism Faculty. Moreover; Tourism Faculty’s successful academic staff makes publishing in international scientific journals and follows global developments. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress is organised by our Tourism Faculty with the participation of many foreign and local academicians and representatives of the sector. 227 papers of the expert academicians will be presented in this congress and the issues of the tourism sector will be discussed broadly. I am glad to host many outstanding academicians and sector representatives within our University and in Konya I would like to thank to my colleagues, to the institutions and to sector representatives on behalf of my University and myself Prof. Dr. Hakkı GÖKBEL Rector of Selcuk University
ÖNSÖZ Bir menzile/hedefe ulaşmak için ilk adımı atmak, yolun tamamlanması için ilk ve en önemli koşuldur. I. Avrasya Uluslararası Turizm Kongresi, mütevazı adımlarla başladı ve 228 bildiri, 450 katılımcı ile turizme gönül verenlerin önemli katkılar sunduğu bir organizasyona dönüştü. Turizm yalnızca seyahat, konaklama ve gastronomiden ibaret faaliyetler bütünü değildir. Turizm, aynı zamanda farklı kültürlerin etkileşimidir; bir anlamda diplomasidir, barışa ve birlikteliğe açılan kapıdır. Önyargıları kaldıran, farklı milletleri ve kültürleri birbirine yaklaştıran turizm etkinlikleri, ülkeler için yaşamsal öneme sahiptir. Turizm aynı zamanda bacasız endüstri olarak tanımlanmakta ve ülke ekonomileri içinde izlenen politikalara göre etkin bir yere sahip olmaktadır. Türkiye’nin hâlihazırdaki turizm gelirleri 34 milyar dolar civarındadır. Türkiye’nin hedefi turizm gelirlerini 2023 yılında 50 milyar dolara çıkarmaktır. Türkiye’nin turizm alanında başarılı olması ve hedeflerine ulaşabilmesi için turizm sektöründe nitelikli işgücüne ihtiyacı vardır. Turizm fakülteleri bu alanda çok önemli bir işlevi yerine getirmektedirler. Eğitim öğretimin yanında akademik etkinlikler de kentlerin ve ülkelerin turizm değerlerinin konuşulması, dünyaya duyurulması ve sektöre yönelik politikalar geliştirilmesinde oldukça ağırlıklı bir yere sahiptir. I. Avrasya Uluslararası Turizm Kongresi’nde üç gün boyunca turizm sektörünün paydaşları olan uzmanlar, akademisyenler ve STK temsilcileri Selçuk Üniversitesi ev sahipliğinde Mevlana kenti Konya'da turizmi ve farklı boyutlarını konuşacaklardır. Kongremizde 450 katılımcı, 228 bildiri sahibi yer almaktadır. 17 ülke, 88 üniversite ve 62 ilden gelen turizm paydaşları Konya’da buluşuyor. Kongremiz ilk kez düzenlenmesine rağmen büyük bir ilgiye mazhar olmuştur. Yedi bin yıllık tarihiyle Konya’da, Mevlana ikliminde, Selçuklu Başkent’inde konuklarımızı ağırlama fırsatı bulmak bizim için çek değerli bir mutluluk vesilesi olmuştur. Kongremizin gelenekselleşmesi en büyük dileğimizdir. Konya’nın kongre turizmine kapı aralaması adına da, kongremizin büyük bir işlev göreceğine inanıyorum. Kongrenin gerçekleştirilmesi sürecinde birçok zorlu aşamadan geçilmiştir. Kongreye beklentilerimizin üzerinde ilgi gösteren değerli bildiri sahiplerine, bildirileri değerlendiren bilim kurulu üyelerimize içtenlikle teşekkürlerimi sunuyorum. Kongre için bizleri cesaretlendiren ve desteklerini esirgemeyen Selçuk Üniversitesi Rektörü Sayın Prof. Dr. Hakkı GÖKBEL'e şükran borçluyum. Kongrenin düzenlenmesinde sponsorluk desteklerini esirgemeyen, Konya’nın ve değerlerinin tanıtımı için özveriden kaçınmayan tüm kuruluşlara ve yöneticilerine ne kadar teşekkür etsem azdır. Avrasya Turizm Kongresi’nin gerçekleşmesine emeği geçen çok değerli
meslektaşlarıma teşekkür ediyorum. Hocalarımıza saygılarımı ifade ediyor, aramızdan ayrılmış olanları rahmetle anmak istiyorum. Kongre sürecinde her türlü özveriyi gösteren Araştırma Görevlisi Alaattin BAŞODA kongrenin çok önemli işlerini tek başına yürüttü, kendisine özel olarak teşekkür etmek istiyorum. Dekan Yardımcıları Doç. Dr. Şafak ÜNÜVAR ve Yrd. Doç. Dr. Mehmet SAĞIR, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Semih BÜYÜKİPEKÇİ ve öğretim görevlisi Münevver ÇİÇEKDAĞI kongre yolculuğu sırasında önemli katkılar sundular, kendilerine teşekkürü borç bilirim. Sürecin başından sonuna kadar destek veren, cesaretlendiren ve yanımızda olan bütün meslektaşlarıma, yerel yöneticilere ve Üniversitemiz Yönetimine Fakültemiz adına bir kez daha teşekkür ederken, kongrenin akademik dünyaya, Konya’ya ve Türkiye’ye önemli katkılar sağlayacağına olan inancımı bir kez daha tekrar etmek istiyorum. Prof. Dr. M. Akif ÇUKURÇAYIR Selçuk Üniversitesi Turizm Fakültesi Dekanı
PREFACE Taking the first step to reach a target is the first and the most important condition to complete it I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress started with modest steps and turned into an organization in which precious contributions are made with 228 papers and 450 participators. Tourism isn’t a complement of activities with only travel, accommodation and gastronomy. Tourism is also the interaction of different cultures; diplomacy, an open door to peace and collaboration in one sense. Tourism activities which eliminate prejudices and empathize different nations and cultures are vital for countries. Tourism is also defined as flueless industry and has an effective role according to tracked policies in national economies. Turkey’s tourism income is about 34 billion dollars at present. Turkey’s target is to increase tourism income up to 50 billion dollars by 2023. To be successful in Tourism and to reach its goal Turkey needs qualified labour force in tourism sector. In this sense, tourism faculties’ functions are very important. Besides education and trainings academic activities have effective roles in advertising tourism values of countries and cities to the World and in developing policies related to the sector. In I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress, for three days, experts, academicians and nongovernmental organizations’ representatives who are stakeholders of tourism will discuss Konya’s, city of Mevlana’s tourism and different aspects of tourism, hosted by Selcuk University. There are 450 participators and 228 papers in our congress. Tourism stakeholders who come from form 17 countries, 88 University and 62 cities will meet in Konya. Although it is the first organization of our congress, it attracted a considerable attention. To have the opportunity to welcome/ host our guests in Mevlana climate, in the capital of Seljuk Empire, in Konya with its seven thousand years history is a pleasing occasion for us. Our first wish is to make our Congress a traditional one. I believe that our Congress will function effectively to open a gate for Congress Tourism in Konya. While the process of the organization, our faculty went through many difficulties. I sincerely present my thanks to the owners of the papers who interested in our congress more than we expected and to the members of scientific board who evaluated the papers. I owe a debt of gratitude to the rector of Selcuk University dear Prof. Dr. Hakkı GOKBEL who encouraged us and supported us during this process. I have to thank all the institutions and managers who supported the organization of the congress financially to advertise Konya and its values. Many thanks to my precious colleagues who contributed to the process of I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress organization. I respect our professors and remember the ones
who passed away. I would like to thank Research Assistant Alaattin BASODA specially who worked his magic and who contributed to many important points, alone, during congress process. Many thanks to the vice-deans, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Safak UNUVAR and Assist. Prof. Dr. Mehmet SAGIR, to Assist. Prof. Dr. Semih BUYUKIPEKCI and to lecturer Munevver CICEKDAGI for their considerable contributions to the congress organization process. While I would like to thank once more to all my colleagues, to local managers and to our University Administrators who were with us and encouraged us throughout the process, I would also repeat once more my faith that I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress will contribute to the academic World, to Konya and to Turkey. Prof. Dr. M. Akif ÇUKURÇAYIR Dean of Tourism Faculty, Selcuk University
HONORARY CHAIRS Prof. Dr. Hakkı GÖKBEL Rector of Selcuk University Muammer EROL Governor of Konya Congress Scientific Committee Prof. Dr. Alan FYALL, University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA Dr. Chandrakant B. SALUNKHE, Post Graduate Center of Botany, INDIA Harald PLAMPER, Zappelin University, GERMANY Prof. Dr. Noel SCOTT, Griffith University, AUSTRAILA Assos. Prof. Dr. Qadir BAYRAMLI, Azerbaijan State Economics University, Azerbaijan Prof. Dr. Tom BAUM, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK Prof. Dr. Robertico Croes, University of Central Florida, Orlando, ABD Prof. Dr. A. Celil ÇAKICI, Mersin University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Adnan TÜRKSOY, Ege University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Ahmet Akın AKSU, Akdeniz University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Ahmet AKTAŞ, Okan University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Ahmet GÜRBÜZ, Karabük University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Ali ALAGÖZ, Selçuk University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Ali BORAN, Selçuk University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Ali ERBAŞ, Eskişehir Osman Gazi University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Alp TİMUR Dokuz Eylül University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Atila YÜKSEL, Adnan Menderes University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Azize TUNÇ HASSAN, Gazi University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Cengiz DEMİR, İzmir Kâtip Çelebi University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Cevat TOSUN, Gazi University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Cevdet AVCIKURT, Balıkesir University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Çağatay ÜNÜSAN, Karatay University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Derman KÜÇÜKALTAN, İstanbul Arel University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Doğan GÜRSOY, Washington State University, USA Prof. Dr. Doğan TUNCER Başkent University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Doğan Yaşar AYHAN, Başkent University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Fevzi OKUMUŞ, University of Central Florida, USA Prof. Dr. Füsun İstanbullu DİNÇER, İstanbul University, TURKEY
Prof. Dr. İge PIRNAR, Yaşar University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. İsmail KIZILIRMAK, İstanbul University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Kemal BİRDİR, Mersin University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Kurban ÜNLÜÖNEN, Gazi University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Kurtuluş KARAMUSTAFA, Erciyes University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Levent ALTINAY, Oxford Brookes Universty, UK Prof. Dr. Mehmet SARIIŞIK, Sakarya University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Mehmet YEŞİLTAŞ, Gazi University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Mithat Zeki DİNÇER, İstanbul University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Muharrem TUNA, Gazi University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Mustafa KOYUNCU, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Mustafa TEPECİ, Celal Bayar University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Muzaffer UYSAL, Virginia Tech University, USA Prof. Dr. Nüzhet KAHRAMAN, İstanbul Ticaret University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Necdet HACIOĞLU, Balıkesir University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Orhan İÇÖZ, Yaşar University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Orhan BATMAN, Sakarya University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Özkan TÜTÜNCÜ, Dokuz Eylül University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Öcal USTA, Dokuz Eylül University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Saime ORAL, Dokuz Eylül University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Raif PARLAKKAYA, Necmettin Erbakan University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Süleyman KARAÇOR, Selçuk University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Salih KUŞLUVAN, İstanbul Medeniyet University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Turgut VAR, İzmir Ekonomi University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Şeyhmus BALOĞLU, University of Nevada, USA Prof. Dr. Yüksel ÖZTÜRK, Gazi University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Yüksel EKİNCİ, Oxford Brookes University, UK Prof. Dr. Zeynep ASLAN, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaşı Veli University, TURKEY Dr. Bilgehan GÜLCAN, Gazi University, TURKEY Dr. Beykan ÇİZEL, Akdeniz University, TURKEY Dr. Cafer TOPALOĞLU Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, TURKEY Dr. Burhan KILIÇ, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, TURKEY Dr. Bahattin ÖZDEMİR, Akdeniz University, TURKEY Dr. Dilek DÖNMEZ POLAT, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, TURKEY
Dr. Düriye BOZOK, Balıkesir University, TURKEY Dr. Dündar DENİZER, Anadolu University, TURKEY Dr. Fisun YÜKSEL, Adnan Menderes University, TURKEY Dr. Fatma Nur İPLİK, Adana Bilim ve Teknoloji University, TURKEY Dr. Göknil Nur KOÇAK, Mersin University, TURKEY Dr. Gökçe ÖZDEMİR, Yaşar University, TURKEY Dr. İbrahim YILMAZ, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaşı Veli University, TURKEY Dr. İlhan BÖLÜKOĞLU, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, TURKEY Dr. İrfan YAZICIOĞLU, Gazi University, TURKEY Dr. M. Oğuzhan İLBAN, Balıkesir University, TURKEY Dr. Kamil UNUR, Mersin University, TURKEY Dr. Mehmet KAŞLI, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, TURKEY Dr. Mahmut DEMİR, Süleyman Demirel University, TURKEY Dr. Murat DOĞDUBAY, Balıkesir University, TURKEY Dr. Mete SEZGİN, Selçuk University, TURKEY Dr. Oktay EMİR, Anadolu University, TURKEY Dr. Oğuz TÜRKAY, Sakarya University, TURKEY Dr. Ramazan Pars ŞAHBAZ, Gazi University, TURKEY Dr. Osman Eralp ÇOLAKOĞLU, Adnan Menderes University, TURKEY Dr. Şafak ÜNÜVAR, Selçuk University, TURKEY Dr. Serdar TARAKÇIOĞLU, Gazi University, TURKEY Dr. Şirvan Şen DEMİR, Süleyman Demirel University, TURKEY Dr. Şenol ÇAVUŞ, Adnan Menderes University, TURKEY Dr. Yasin BOYLU, Gazi University, TURKEY Dr. Umut AVCI, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, TURKEY Dr. Zafer ÖTER, İzmir Kâtip Çelebi University, TURKEY Dr. Yaşar SARI, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, TURKEY Dr. Tugay ARAT, Selcuk University Dr. Ceyhun Çağlar KILINÇ, Selcuk University Congress Organizing Board Congress Secreteriat Prof. Dr. M. Akif ÇUKURÇAYIR Dr. Şafak ÜNÜVAR Dr. Chandrakant SALUNKHE, India Dr. Semih BÜYÜKİPEKÇİ Harald PLAMPER, Germany Dr. Mehmet SAĞIR
Dr. Qadir BAYRAMLI, Azerbaijan Dr. Melis ATTAR Dr. Şafak ÜNÜVAR Lecturer Münevver ÇİÇEKDAĞI Dr. Mete SEZGİN Res. Assist. Alaattin BAŞODA Dr. Abdullah KARAMAN Res. Assist. Şeyda SARI Dr. Vural ÇAĞLIYAN Res. Assist. Çağrı SAÇLI Dr. Tugay ARAT Res. Assist. Fatmanur Kübra CELİLOĞLU Dr. Ceyhun Çağlar KILINÇ Res. Assist. Seda ÖZDEMİR Dr. Mehmet SAĞIR Res. Assist. Betül KORKMAZ Dr. Gamze TEMİZEL Dr. Semih BÜYÜKİPEKÇİ Dr. Erkan Akgöz Dr. H. Alpay Karasoy Dr. Alper ATEŞ Dr. Betül GARDA Dr. Melis ATTAR Lecturer Münevver ÇİÇEKDAĞI Lecturer İhsan Devlet ATABEY Lecturer Neriman ÇELİK Res. Assist. Alaattin BAŞODA Res. Assist. Şeyda SARI Res. Assist. Çağrı SAÇLI Res. Assist. Fatmanur Kübra CELİLOĞLU Res. Assist. Seda ÖZDEMİR Res. Assist. Betül KORKMAZ
Gel, gel, ne olursan ol yine gel, ister kafir, ister mecusi, ister puta tapan ol yine gel, bizim dergahımız, ümitsizlik dergahı değildir, yüz kere tövbeni bozmuş olsan da yine gel… Come, come, whoever you are, Wanderer, worshipper, lover of leaving, Ours is not a caravan of despair. Even if you have broken your vows a thousand times It doesn’t matter Come, come yet again, come
i İÇİNDEKİLER TOURISM ORIENTED POLICING AND PROTECTION SERVICES (TOPPS) Mehmet Murat PAYAM.........................................................................................................1 A SYSTEM DYNAMICS MODEL FOR THE NUMBER OF INTERNATIONAL INBOUND TOURISTS IN TURKEY Mahsa SERPOUSH, Cemalettin Öcal FİDANBOY ..............................................................8 EMPOWERING WOMEN FOR THE PURPOSE OF ATTENDING IN PRESSING LOCAL HANDICRAFT MARKETS Reza Pourali, Mortaza Karami , Reza Khalili, Vahid Azizi..................................................12 EVALUATING STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM Locadia Leona MASARA, Masters Student, Hilal Erkuş ÖZTÜRK......................................20 THE ACCESSIBILITY EVALUATION OF OFFICIAL TOURISM WEBSITE OF TURKEY Göknil NUR SEVER, Salar KUHZADY ................................................................................30 INNOVATION PERCEPTIONS AND PRACTICES IN THE TURKISH HOTEL INDUSTRY Raif PARLAKKAYA, Kevser ÇINAR.....................................................................................37 SITE COLLECTION FOR INVESTMENT PROGRAM IN HOTEL ESTABLIS HMENTS AND AN APPLICATION Münevver ÇİÇEKDAĞI........................................................................................................48 TIME TRAVEL METHOT IN TOURISM: THE CASE OF KONYA/ ÇATALHÖYÜK Fatih YILMAZ, Fatma ARSLAN, Nilgün AVCI.....................................................................54 STUDENTS – LECTURER – EXPERT OPINIONS BASED NEEDS ASSESSMENT OF ENGLISH FOR OCCUPATIONAL PURPOSES (EOP) IN TOURISM ASSOCIATE DEGREE PROGRAMS Akif GÖKÇE, Orhan BATMAN ............................................................................................65 TURKEY IN UNESCO REPRESENTATIVE LIST OF THE INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF HUMANITY AND ITS IMPORTANCE FOR TURKISH TOURISM Cagri SACLI, Cevdet AVCIKURT ........................................................................................81 HOTEL MANAGERS’ PERSPECTIVES TO DISABLED TOURISM: CASE OF HOTELS IN KONYA Mete SEZGIN, Cagri SACLI, Seda OZDEMIR.....................................................................90 THE CONTRIBUTION OF GAZIPAŞA ALANYA AIRPORT TO ALANYA’S TOURISM ACTIVITIES Yıldırım SALDIRANER, Jan Sanem JULAR, Şebnem KÖSEOĞLU.....................................99 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXPECTATIONS AND SATISFACTION OF SOUTH KOREAN TOURISTS VISITING URKEY Tolga GÖK, Kürşad SAYIN ..................................................................................................110 SUSTAINABLE VALORIZATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE VIA TOUR GUIDES: TURKISH CASE OF EPHESUS ANCIENT CITY Mehmet Yavuz ÇETİNKAYA, Zafer ÖTER ...........................................................................118
ii CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN INFORMATION MANAGEMENT Neriman ÇELİK, Suudan Gökçe GÖK..................................................................................130 AN ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING IN TRAVEL AGENCIES IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABILITY Rahman TEMİZKAN, Orhan YABANCI ...............................................................................136 POSITIVE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TOURISM TO TURKISH ECONOMY AND INNOVATIVE MEASURES FOR IMPROVEMENT İge PIRNAR, Ufuk TUTAN ...................................................................................................142 A RESEARCH ON VINEYARDS AND GARDENS IN NİĞDE AND ITS DISTRICTS AS A TOURISTIC PRODUCT FOR TURKISH TOURISM Ruhan İRİ, Burcu Gülsevil BELBER. ...................................................................................148 DISSEMINATION OF HOTELS SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY LEVELS ON INTERNET VIA GOOGLE SEARCH ENGINE IN TURKEY Burhan AYDEMİR, Cagri SACLI, Muhammet E. SOYDAS .................................................161 THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CUSTOMER ENGAGEMENT IN EGYPTIAN TRAVEL AGENTS Ghada Abdallah, Yasmeen Abd El-Moaty Attia....................................................................167 THE ADOPTION OF WEB1.0 AND WEB2.0 TECHNOLOGIES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE TOP TEN DESTINATIONS IN AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST Marwa M. Ghanem...............................................................................................................181 TYPOLOGICAL BRIEF OF SEX TOURIST PRODUCT CUSTOMERS IN THE OPINION OF THE YOUNG POLES (RANDOM SAMPLE TESTING) Grzegorz Godlewski, Beata Rafalska ...................................................................................199 TEMALI OTELLERİN TÜKETİCİ SATIN ALMA DAVRANIŞLARINA ETKİSİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA Ramazan Pars ŞAHBAZ, Murat TEKBALKAN.....................................................................209 IĞDIR DESTİNASYONUNUN SINIR TURİZMİ POTANSİYELİNE YÖNELİK BİR ALAN ARAŞTIRMASI Burcu ILGAZ YILDIRIM, Serap ALKAYA, Şevket YİRİK, Gamze MEŞE.............................222 TÜRKİYE TURİZM STRATEJİSİ (2023) VİZYONUNDA TÜRKİYE SAĞLIK TURİZMİ’NİN ANALİZİ Meltem UYGUN....................................................................................................................236 ADANA İLİ VE İLÇELERİNİN SPOR TURİZMİ AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ Alper BOZKURT...................................................................................................................243 SEYAHAT ACENTELERİ İLE KONAKLAMA İŞLETMELERİ ARASINDAKİ HUKUKİ ANLAŞMAZLIK Dilşah Mine SAĞBİLİ...........................................................................................................250 KIRSAL YÖRELERDE TELEVİZYON DİZİLERİNİN TURİZM HAREKETLERİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: SEVDALUK DİZİSİ ÖRNEĞİ Özge GÜDÜ DEMİRBULAT, Musa OFLAZ, Cemali BUZLUKÇU.....................................256
iii OTEL İŞLETMELERİNDE ÇALIŞANLARIN SİNİZM DÜZEYLERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ: BALIKESİR’DE BİR UYGULAMA Nuran AKŞİT AŞIK...............................................................................................................267 KIRSAL KALKINMA BAĞLAMINDA ŞANLIURFA İLİNİN KIRSAL TURİZM POTANSİYELİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ Mustafa ŞİT, Kasım KAYA, Mehmet Reşit SEVİNÇ, Gönül SEVİNÇ, Veysel ASOĞLU.......280 TÜRK MUTFAK KÜLTÜRÜNDE İSLAMIN ETKİSİ İpek ÜNAL, Ramazan AKÇA ................................................................................................288 MENÜ PLANLAMADA TOYOTA WAY PRENSİPLERİNİN KULLANILABİLİRLİĞİ Murat DOĞDUBAY, Selin İLSAY, Gülhan CEVİZKAYA .....................................................294 MORTGAGE KRİZİNİN TURİZM SEKTÖRÜNDEKİ İSTİHDAMA ETKİSİ: MUĞLA ÖRNEĞİ Ece KIRLI ÖZEN, Ozan BAHAR ..........................................................................................304 TURİZM BÖLGELERİNDE EMNİYET VE GÜVENLİĞİN SAĞLANMASI Mehmet Murat PAYAM.........................................................................................................316 KENTSEL DÖNÜŞÜM VE KENT TURİZMİ: ANKARA-HAMAMÖNÜ ÖRNEĞİ Özgür SARI...........................................................................................................................327 MARKA KENT AMASYA’NIN ALTERNATİF TURİZM POTANSİYELİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ Atıf ULUBAY, Burak ERYILMAZ .........................................................................................333 TURİZM İŞLETMELERİNDE SATIN ALMA TERCİHLERİNİ ETKİLEMEDE KURUMSAL İTİBARIN MARKA SADAKATİNE ETKİSİ Kudret GÜL, Melike GÜL, Gençay SAATÇİ ........................................................................334 SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR TURİZM PERSPEKTİFİNDE HİBRİDİTE VE PAYDAŞ YAKLAŞIMI: ALMANYA, İNGİLTERE VE TÜRKİYE KIYASLAMALARI Dorian ALİU, Armando ALİU, Bekir PARLAK ....................................................................357 AYNI SOFRADA İKİ ÜLKE (Mİ?) TÜRK VE YUNAN MUTFAKLARININ KARŞILAŞTIRMALI ANALİZİ Burak MİL, Derman KÜÇÜKALTAN...................................................................................372 YETENEK YÖNETİMİ VE YENİLİK PERFORMANSI İLİŞKİSİ: BODRUM ÖRNEĞİ Özer ŞAHİN, Osman Nuri ÖZDOĞAN.................................................................................383 MÜŞTERİLERİN OTEL SEÇİMLERİNDE SOSYAL MEDYANIN ROLÜ Burak ERYILMAZ, Burhanettin ZENGİN.............................................................................396 KÜLTÜREL PEYZAJ BİLEŞENLERİ ve TURİZM İLİŞKİSİNDE GÖRSEL PEYZAJ ANALİZİ: NALLIHAN-BEYDİLİ KÖYÜ ÖRNEĞİ Gizem CENGİZ GÖKÇE, Sebahat AÇIKSÖZ.......................................................................409 TANITIM BROŞÜRLERİ GÖZÜYLE ANADOLU YÖRESEL MUTFAKLARI Osman ÇULHA, Aytekin KALKAN.......................................................................................420
iv DÜŞÜK MALİYETLİ HAVAYOLU İŞLETMELERİNİ ETKİLEYEN MAKRO VE MİKRO ÇEVRE FAKTÖRLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME Ömer ÇOBAN, Serhat HARMAN .........................................................................................436 YÜKSEKÖĞRETİMDE TURİZM LİSANS EĞİTİMİ VEREN DEVLET ÜNİVERSİTELERİNİN SON 5 YILLIK DEĞERLENDİRMESİ Hüseyin ŞENEROL, Simge TOKAY ......................................................................................451 SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR TURİZMİN TALEP TAHMİNLEMESİ Nur ÇELİK, Ozan BAHAR ...................................................................................................464 TURİZM SEKTÖRÜNDE STAJ YAPAN YÜKSEKÖĞRETİM (ÖN LİSANS VE LİSANS) ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN MARUZ KALDIKLARI MOBBİNG İLE ÇALIŞMA PERFORMANSI ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN İNCELENMESİ: GİRESUN ÜNİVERSİTESİNDE TURİZM ÖĞRENCİLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR UYGULAMA Hakan AKYURT, Eray TURPCU, Gamze KILIÇ .................................................................476 İZMİR İLİNDEKİ 4 VE 5 YILDIZLI KONAKLAMA İŞLETMELERİNDE ÇALIŞANLARIN PSİKOLOJİK ŞİDDET (MOBBİNG) ALGILARI Fatma PALABIYIK, Mehmet Emre GÜLER .........................................................................490 ELEKTRONİK ORTAMDA YAPILAN ÇEVRİMİÇİ YORUMLARA DAYANARAK TÜKETİCİLERİN YİYECEK–İÇECEK İŞLETMELERİNDEN DUYDUKLARI MEMNUNİYETLERİN VE BEKLENTİLERİN BELİRLENMESİ Özlem GELEN, Mehmet Emre GÜLER ................................................................................501 TÜRKİYE’DE LİSANS DÜZEYİNDE TURİZM EĞİTİMİNİN SORUNLARI VE ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİ İbrahim YILMAZ...................................................................................................................517 KONAKLAMA İŞLETMELERİ ÖRNEĞİNDE İŞ STRESİNİN İŞE BAĞLILIK VE İŞTEN AYRILMA NİYETİNE ETKİSİ: ÇANAKKALE İLİNDE BİR ARAŞTIRMA Bekir EŞİTTİ, Damla DEMİR HARPUTLUOĞLU...............................................................527 KONAKLAMA VE YİYECEK HİZMETLERİ ALT SEKTÖRÜNÜN FİNANSAL PERFORMANSININ KARŞILAŞTIRMALI TABLOLAR ANALİZ TEKNİĞİ İLE İNCELENMESİ: TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYET MERKEZ BANKASI SEKTÖR BİLANÇOLARINDA BİR ARAŞTIRMA Erdinç KARADENİZ, Selda KAHİLOĞULLARI, Mehmet BEYAZGÜL...............................537 YEREL HALKIN ÜNİVERSİTE VE ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNE BAKIŞ AÇISI: ÇEŞME ÖRNEĞİ Cevdet AVCIKURT, Esin ÖZKAN, Samet Can CURKAN ...................................................547 KONAKLAMA İŞLETMELERİNDE REKABET STRATEJİSİ OLARAK ÜÇÜNCÜ YAŞ GRUBUNA ODAKLANMA VE “50+ HOTELS” STANDARTLARI Yüksel GÜRSOY, Ramazan GÖRAL.....................................................................................556 KONAKLAMA İŞLETMELERİNDE MOBBİNG - ÖRGÜTSEL GÜVEN İLİŞKİSİ: ÇANAKKALE İLİNDE BİR ARAŞTIRMA Bekir Eşitti, Bülent Akyüz .....................................................................................................566
v TELEVİZYON KANALLARINDA YAYINLANAN GEZİ PROGRAMLARININ TURİZMİN GELİŞMESİNDEKİ ROLÜ Sedat CERECİ ......................................................................................................................580 NASIL GASTRONOMİ ŞEHRİ OLUNUR? Bilal YALÇIN........................................................................................................................588 STAJ DÖNEMİNDE MARUZ KALINAN MOBBİNGİN SEKTÖRDE KARİYER YAPMA İSTEĞİNE ETKİSİ: TURİZM ALANINDA ÖNLİSANS EĞİTİMİ ALAN ÖĞRENCİLER ÜZERİNDE BİR UYGULAMA Ayça YÜKSEL, Ebru ULUCAN, Murat ÖZMEN..................................................................595 ÇALIŞMA KOŞULLARI, İŞ TATMİNİ VE SEKTÖREL BAĞLILIK İLİŞKİSİ. OTEL ÇALIŞANLARI ÜZERİNDE BİR ARAŞTIRMA Bayram ŞAHİN, Ahmet KARATAŞ........................................................................................607 MACERA TURİSTİNİN AKIŞ DENEYİMİNE YÖNELİK BİR MODEL ÖNERİSİ* Reyhan A.AYAZLAR .............................................................................................................620 TEORİKTEN PRATİĞE, PRATİKTEN DAVRANIŞA: GASTRONOMİ VE MUTFAK SANATLARI ÖĞRENCİLERİ İÇİN İŞ BAŞINDA EĞİTİM Ümit SORMAZ, Eda GÜNEŞ, Yılmaz SEÇİM ......................................................................633 KONYA’NIN TOPRAK ALTINDAKİ SELÇUKLU HAZİNELERİ Mehmet HAYIRLIOĞLU.......................................................................................................645 DESTİNASYON REKABETİNDE GASTRONOMİ TURİZMİNİN ÖNEMİ: RİZE ÖRNEĞİ Zeynep KAZANCI BAŞARAN, Mevlüde Canan CAN ...........................................................660 RİZE TURİZMİNİN SWOT ANALİZİ İLE DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ Mevlüde Canan CAN, Zeynep KAZANCI BAŞARAN ...........................................................672 İŞ ETİĞİ BAĞLAMINDA BİR ARAŞTIRMA; GÜNEYDOĞU ANADOLU BÖLGESİ KONAKLAMA İŞLETMELERİ ÖRNEĞİ Said KINGIR, Mesut SOYALIN, Muhammet Fatih SANCAR ...............................................683 SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR TURİZM AÇISINDAN YEŞİL İNOVASYON: MUĞLA ÖRNEĞİ Mehmet AVCI, Onur YILDIZ, Nur ÇELİK............................................................................694 TURİSTİK BİR ÜRÜN OLARAK MÜZE PAZARLAMASINDA ZİYARETÇİ DENEYİMLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA: SAMSUN İLİ ÖRNEĞİ Yaşar GÜLTEKİN, Yetkin BULUT .......................................................................................704 OTEL İŞLETMELERİNDE ÇALIŞANLARIN TEMEL BENLİK DEĞERLENDİRMELERİ VE İŞ STRESLERİNİN İŞ TATMİNLERİNE ETKİSİ Dilek ACAR GÜREL, Yılmaz AKGÜNDÜZ..........................................................................716 AZERBAYCAN CUMHURİYYETİNDE TURİZM POTANSİYELİ VE ONUN MEVCUT DURUMUNA DAİR MESELELER. Ferhad Qamboy MIKAYILOV, Emil Filman QASIMOV Nicat Mirmehemmed SEYIDOV............................................................................................728 TURİZM İŞLETMELERİNİN İTİBAR YÖNETİMİNDE YEŞİL YILDIZ UYGULAMASININ ÖNEMİ Erkan AKGÖZ, Aytuğ ARSLAN, Hacer Derya AKKİRPİ .....................................................736
vi TURİSTİK DESTİNASYONUN İKLİM KONFORUNUN BELİRLENMESİNDE TURİZM İKLİM İNDİSİ (Tİİ) MODELİ VE BEYŞEHİR İLÇESİ ANALİZİ Ramazan GÖRAL .................................................................................................................748 TÜRKİYE TURİZMİNE YENİ BAKIŞLAR: SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR TURİZM EKSENİNDE ÇEVRE SORUNLARI Sami KARACAN, Esin KARACAN, Yüksel GÜNGÖR..........................................................757 EKOTURİZM AÇISINDAN RİZE İLİ VE ÇEVRESİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ Eren ERKILIÇ, Fatma Doğanay ERGEN.............................................................................771 KURUMSAL YÖNETİŞİM VE TURİZM: ALARKO ŞİRKETLER TOPLULUĞU ÖRNEĞİ Günseli GÜÇLÜTÜRK BARAN, Gamze ÖZOĞUL..............................................................782 ÇİN TURİZM PAZARINDA TÜRKİYE’NİN YERİ ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME: ÇİN DIŞ TURİZM KALİTE HİZMET SERTİFİKASI PROGRAMI Aytuğ ARSLAN, Erkan AKGÖZ............................................................................................796 KIRGIZİSTAN İLE TÜRKİYE ARASINDA TURİZMDE İŞBİRLİĞİNDE VE GELİŞMEDE SİVİL TOPLUM KURULUŞLARININ ÖNEMİ Cevit YAVUZ.........................................................................................................................806 AZERBAYCAN TURİZM GELİŞİMİNİN PLANLAMASI, KARŞILAŞTIRMALAR - DEĞERLENDİRMELER – ÖNERİLER Ali Bülent KUTVAN, Sebuhi ASLANOV ..............................................................................815 İÇSEL PAZARLAMA UYGULAMALARININ, ÖRGÜTSEL ADALET ALGISINA VE ÖRGÜTSEL SİNİZME ETKİSİ Berrin GÜZEL, Ceren İŞÇİ, Tuğçe İLTER...........................................................................821
I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 1 TOURISM ORIENTED POLICING AND PROTECTION SERVICES (TOPPS) Mehmet Murat PAYAM, Assist. Prof. Dr. Adıyaman University, Social Sciences Vocational College, Property Protection and Security Division nikbaht@yahoo.com Abstract It is obvious that tourism is a critical revenue source for many countries and visitors are affected by the perception of safety and security at the destinations. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council, tourism continues to be one of the world’s largest sectors. In addition to this, Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report considers safety and security to be a pillar of tourism competitiveness with ‘reliability of police services’ a central anchor. As any safety or security mishap can destroy a tourism destination’s reputation, the safety and security of tourists should be a matter of national security. In this context, it is believed that tourism police help create the destination image. For this purpose, the Tourist Police Unit should be set up in order to provide safety and security to tourists. Any investments in tourism oriented policing will be an investment in the economic future of the destination and the country. If a country wants to increase its competitiveness in the tourism industry, tourist police system must be introduced as soon as possible. The objective then is to become one of the top five most visited safe and secure destinations in the world. There should be consensus on the necessity to introduce a separate Tourism Police Unit at least in major cities such as Antalya, İstanbul and Konya. In short this paper provides an overview of tourism security and concentrates on the world of Tourism Oriented Policing and Protection services (TOPPs). Key-Words: tourism, police, security, tourism police 1. Introduction The tourism industry has been among the fastest growing industries in recent years and it is now the third largest industry in the world (United Nations World Tourism Organization [UNWTO], 2011). According to the World Travel and Tourism Council, tourism continues to be one of the world’s largest sectors, too. In addition to this, Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report (2013) considers safety and security to be a pillar of tourism competitiveness with ‘reliability of police services’ a central anchor (World Economic Forum [WEF], 2013). It is obvious that tourism is a critical revenue source for many countries and visitors are affected by the perception of safety and security at the destinations. In a study conducted in California, visitors stated that safety and security is a top factor in choosing their destinations (Tarlow, 2012a). As mentioned in World Tourism Organization’s Manual, safety and security are essential for providing quality in tourism (World Tourism Organization [WTO], 1996, p.11). Many researchers, who conducted tourism related studies, also argued that safety and security are most important to tourists while traveling and the first aspect they consider is safety and security (Pizam, Tarlow and Bloom, 1997; Rittichainuwat and Chakraborty, 2012; Sönmez and Graefe, 1998). Although the tourism sector has been growing steadily in the past few decades, the perception of insecurity at a destination can greatly hinder or even erase this progress. Namely, sudden changes in security situations in a country and the perception of insecurity at a destination can drastically alter the demand for tourism in a country. According to AlBattat and Mat Som (2013), safety and security are the most important factors in the tourism industry when compared with low price. As a results the destination’s image, safety and security affect the tourists’ destination choice. In a research made by Weiping (2010), it is found out that improving security is vital and all interviewees agreed that security image is very important to international travellers. They stated that security images were increasingly more important today, following the increased threat of terrorism attacks (Weiping, 2010, p.214). Thus, as any safety or security mishap can destroy a tourism destination’s reputation, the safety and security of the tourists should be a matter of national security. While Turkey is generally regarded as a safe and secure country and its security image is positive among visitors (Bilim, 2004), there needs to be a greater role in training police to safeguard
I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 2 tourism industry. It is believed that police are important in helping and protecting the tourism industry and tourism police help create the destination image (Bilim, 2004; Pizam and Mansfeld, 1996; Sönmez, Apostolopoulos and Tarlow, 1999; Tarlow, 2014b; Tarlow, 1998). Countries around the world have developed a number of strategies to involve police in tourism industry, with some countries even establishing separate tourism police units for image formation. Thus, cooperation between the tourism industry and police is critical. Most of the countries and cities in the world have also started to create specific tourism policing divisions (Sönmez et al., 1999). As safety and security in tourism are very important for tourists while traveling, we have to cooperate with the police departments to prevent tourism related crimes at the destinations and to enhance the sense of safety and security there. Consequently, we should form police units that are completely focused on overseeing the safety and security of tourists. For this purpose, the Tourist Police Unit1 should be established as soon as possible in order to provide safety, security and assistance to the tourists. Because it is believed that any investments in tourism oriented policing will be an investment in the economic future of the destination and the country. If a country wants to increase its competitiveness in the tourism industry, tourist police system must be enacted as soon as possible. The objective then is to become one of the top five most visited (Ministry of Culture and Tourism, [MCT], 2007, p.4) safe and secure destinations in the world. There should be consensus on the necessity to introduce a Tourist Police Unit at least in major cities such as Antalya, İstanbul and Konya because destinations’ security image is considered critical on travel decisions. In short this paper provides an overview of tourism security and concentrates on the world of Tourism Oriented Policing and Protection services (TOPPs). 2. What is Tourism Oriented Policing and Protection Service? Tourism security is often either divided into the public mode or private mode or some combination of these two (Tarlow, 2012a). Tourism policing often uses the acronym TOPPs, meaning Tourism/Tourist Oriented Policing and Protection Services. In Spanish the word is often translated as “seguridad turı´stica” or “politur – a composite of the two Spanish words policı´a and turismo” (Tarlow, 2014a, p.19; Tarlow, 2014b). TOPPs was first proposed in the early part of the 1990s by tourism security experts such as Tarlow, Pizam and Mansfeld (Tarlow, 2005). In 1994, the Metro-Dade Police Department formed the first Tourist Oriented Policing unit which was a partnership between the police department, the Federal Aviation Administration and the airlines serving the Miami International Airport (Henninger, 2001). Tourist Police is a system that protects and saves the lives and the properties of tourists from many threats and hazards. These are special policemen who work for tourists’ protection, safety and security (Nam, 2009). Tourism Oriented Policing was first defined by the Miami Metro-Dade Police Department as “a philosophy of policing based on the concept that specially trained police officers, working closely with business leaders, airport authorities, businesses that cater to the traveling public, and private citizens can help prevent or tremendously reduce the tourism problems related to crime, fear of crime, and the decay of the neighborhoods that tourist frequently travel” (Metro- Dade Police Department, 1994 cited in Henninger, 2001, p.3). Tourism policing is different from any other forms of policing and it takes the relationship between the visitor and the locale’s economy into account. So just changing uniforms or calling someone a tourism police officer without proper training and education may actually be counter-productive (Tarlow, 2012b). The tourism policing model is built on the community policing model of creating a partnership between the police and the community they serve (cited in Wolf, 2008, p. 407). Tourist Oriented Policing (TOP) is a process of applying Community Oriented Policing (COP) techniques to 1 The terms “Tourist Police Unit” and “Tourist Police” refer to “Tourism Police” (Turkish: Turizm Polisi) in this paper.
I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 3 another segment of our citizen base in the tourism industry (Henninger, 2001). Many of the ideas in community policing had a major influence on what would become another form of policing, tourism oriented policing/protection services which today is better known by its acronym TOPPs. TOPPs drew its inspiration from Community Policing (CP) but modified CP so as to meet the evergrowing security needs of the tourism community (Tarlow, 2005). In summary, Tourism Oriented Policing is based on the concept that the law enforcement agencies – public or private –, tourism industry, government and tourists work together in creative and strategic ways to help solve safety and security problems at tourism destinations. Tourism police are special police who work for tourists’ safety and security. Tourism Oriented Policing Unit is generally divided into many types of patrol teams, namely; Foot Patrol, Bike Patrol, Equestrian (Mounted) Patrol, Motorcycle Patrol, Patrol Car Crew, Marine Patrol and Aviation/Air Support. 3. Tourism Oriented Policing and Protection Services in the World During the mid 1990s the World Tourism Organisation carried out a major survey of member states on the topic of police services for tourists. The survey found that 48 countries (72%) said they provided special police or security protection to tourist facilities and sites, with these services mostly, 37/67, part of state or municipal police forces. Only 14/67 or 21% had a special tourist police force. Very few countries, 9/67 or 13%, had specific legislation establishing tourist police services (Handszuh, 1997). There has been an increase of countries and cities in the world that are introducing Tourist Police Units to bring down tourism related crimes and provide the best tourism services to the tourists at the destinations recently. For instance, the Tourist Police Unit established in 1988 is a specialised unit of the Royal Malaysian Police. In so far, the tourist police unit has been established in Kuala Lumpur, Penang, Selangor and Johor (wikipedia.org). Internet searches indicate that specialist tourist police services are currently operating in Australia, Thailand, Malaysia, Greece, Jordan, the Philippines, Egypt, London, Greece, Seoul- Korea, Libya, Nepal, Srilanka, Argentina, Republic of Dominique, Costa Rica, Peru and Vietnam. Kenya and Uganda have also set up dedicated tourism police units for tourism safety and security (United Nations Economic Commission for Africa [UNECA], 2013). The Tourism Police Unit (Turkish: Turizm Polisi) was established in 1973 in İstanbul (Kumbasar, 1988, p.43). Turkish National Police employing almost 250.000 sworn police officers is one of the largest public sector organizations that prides itself on providing professional police and security services to the general public and tourists. Now in Turkey, tourist police services are currently operating in the provinces of Ankara, Antalya, İstanbul and İzmir. 4. The Importance of Tourism Oriented Policing and Protection Services “Academic practitioners began to fathom the safety and security research in the tourism industry in the 1990s” (AlBattat and Mat Som, 2013, p.3) as the first rule of good hospitality is taking care of our guests. As tourism safet and security is part of the tourism system and a failure or a mishap in safety and security can cause the tourism system collapse. Customer services and good security are part of the same tourism system and without them tourism often withers (Tarlow, 2014c, p.7). “More than any other economic activity, the success or failure of a tourist destination depends on the ability to provide a safe and secure environment for its visitors” (UNECA, 2013, p.100). A research made on policing in reducing feelings of insecurity initially showed that the actions of the police really contribute to a reduction in the feelings of insecurity of the public and tourists. In a research the findings clearly showed that “the most effective manner to increase the public safety through police actions is to ensure that this takes place from within the direct residential areas of the public, and if the police provide localized made-to- measure services” (Lasthuizen, Van Eeuwijk and Huberts, 2005, p.375). So policing in tourism destinations can reduce the tourists’ feelings of insecurity. According to Tarlow (2012a), if tourism security is used properly
I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 4 it can be a powerful marketing tool that can bring people to one’s hotel, location, attraction, or community. Effective policing is of paramount importance when dealing with crime and tourism. In some countries such as Egypt there is dedicated tourist police who are also trained to interact with the tourists, assist with directions and are knowledgeable about the tourism products in a specific location to advice tourists (Perry and Potgieter, 2013, p.108). Thus, it is very important that there is also a sperate tourist police unit in Turkey and these dedicated police are trained to interact with tourists in a positive manner in Turkey. 1990s began to see the need for what was then called “tourism safety and security”. As the importance of tourism spread throughout the world, the idea of tourism policing also spread (Tarlow, 2014a). Sönmez et al. (1999) stated that cooperation between the tourism industry and police agencies is critical when proactively dealing with tourism safety and security. They also stated that the tourism policing is new in the United States, and police officers are needed more knowledge to implement the traditional community oriented policing with tourism techniques. That is to say, tourism policing presents a whole new concept of proactive policing as a form of economic development relating to tourism (Tourism & More, 2014, p. 11-2). Thus, police agencies throughout the world have begun developing and implementing specialised units whose “sole responsibility is the protection of tourists and have trained selected personnel to deal specifically with tourist matters” (Pizam et al., 1997, p.23). There has been a long standing discussion within tourism circles about the value of having specialised tourism policing services at destinations (Wilks, 2011). We can say that wherever there is tourism, there is a major need for tourism security and tourism oriented policing as tourist police help increase a country’s image in the eyes of tourists. Given the sensitivity of the tourism industry and tourists to safety and security related issues, member states should be encouraged to establish dedicated tourist police units or departments (UNECA, 2013, p.100). In fact, the Tourist Police Units should be set up in order to provide security and assistance to tourists by police personnel who are specially trained and briefed on tourism and to keep a check on crimes involving tourists (WTO, 1996, p.70). TOPPs units deal with 5 very distinct forms of protection. TOPPs populations then include: visitors (an unstable population), industry’s employees (a more stable population), tourism investors (a stable population), tourism sites (inanimate but concrete entities), and reputations and economies (abstract and highly changeable entities open to wide fluctuations) (Tarlow, 2005). That is to say, Tourist Police provide information and assistance to the tourists and visitors about laws, customs, culture and attractions in the local community. Tourist Police personnel also provide visitors with assistance and information, particularly concerning native customs, culture, laws, and local attractions. Police with foreign language skills and a special brief to look after visitors are a valuable addition to a quality tourism product. A visible police presence is still very important in tourist areas (Wilks, 2011; WTO, 1996; Tourism & More, 2014). Their visible presence not only implements increased security, but also effectively attends to tourist’s concerns, as it becomes more convenient for tourists to submit any issues or complaints. “The more uniformed police officers are visible at the tourist destinations, the more secure tourists feel about the destinations” (Mthembu, 2009, p.48). But, it is also very important that too much police presence does not constantly remind tourists of crime (Perry and Potgieter, 2013). Namely, uniformed tourist police should be careful not to make tourist feel uncomfortable and fearful. The Tourist Police presence then aids in solidifying Turkey’s reputation as a secure and enjoyable travel destination. A major premise of tourism policing is that policing at tourism destinations will reduce tourism related crimes, enhance the sense of safety and security at the destinations and help create the security image of the destinations positively. These units do more than protect visitors and the locale; they also make a positive tourism image statement. For the TOPPs to be successful it is not only how you prevent or deal with tourism
I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 5 related crimes, but also how you deal with each person or tourist as a customer. Thus, TOPPs units clearly know that good customer service is a vital element of good safety and security (Tarlow, 2014b). As a result, this reality proves the necessity to introduce Tourism Police Units in order to serve better services towards the foreign visitors and tourists and in order to improve the security of Turkey’s tourist environment. Keeping tourists safe, secure and informed while visiting Turkey must be a necessary commitment for Tourist Police. 5. Conclusion and Recommendations In general, the most effective way to prevent or reduce the number of safety and security incidents happening at tourist destinations is by strong cooperation between the tourism industry, law enforcement agencies, the local community, governmental authorities, and the tourists themselves (Pizam and Mansfeld, 2006, p.353). It is clear that partnerships between the tourism industry and police are an essential element in quality tourism services. If tourist police is used correctly and properly, they can become an economic development tool for the tourism industry (Tarlow, 2012b). So the police and tourism industry should work together in creative ways to help solve tourism related problems in order to have more safe and secure destinations. Tarlow (2014a) indicates that tourism oriented policing and protection services (TOPPs) around the world will be needed more than ever (Tarlow, 2014a, p.261). An investment in tourism oriented policing will be an investment in the economic future of Turkey. Thus, Tourist Police Unit must be introduced as soon as possible to increase Turkey’s competitiveness in the tourism industry. In addition, we should focus on improving Turkey’s reputation as a secure tourist destination and developing consensus on the necessity to introduce separate Tourist Police Units in major places such as Antalya, İstanbul, İzmir, Ankara and Konya. The objective then is to become one of the top five most visited coutries in the world. When introducing Tourist Police Units the following recommendations should be taken into consideration: First of all, separate Tourist Police Units should be established. They should consist of sufficient male and female officers. These units must be distinguished from other security/police officers by a unique and distinct uniform. Namely, tourist police should be easily recognizable with their uniforms. They should be stationed in popular attractions such as monuments or tourist-heavy commercial hubs. Tourist Police will be trained to assist visitors and offer a “more welcoming” experience. They must have near fluency in English or any other language. They also must have high moral and ethical standards. Secondly, tourist police need to receive training and education in how to interact with the tourism industry and how important they are in helping and protecting the industry (Pizam and Mansfeld, 1996; Sönmez et al., 1999; Tarlow, 1998). Tourism security related courses can be introduced in the police academy and then used as part of in‐service training. Each course should also contain information pertinent to the local county’s situation (Tourism & More, 2014). Tourist police must be well-trained. In the 21st century policing and security requires well-trained professionals who are specialists in their field (Tarlow, 2014b). Tourists should be thought of as no different than residents. But the demands of policing tourists is different than policing residents, and this basic training should be implemented to educate strategies to better handle tourist situations. Tourist Police should be trained on how to handle crimes against and crimes committed by tourists (Perry and Potgieter, 2013). That is to say, they should be equipped with knowledge of the unique crime characteristics associated with tourism. We should enhance the skills of tourist police in dealing with criminal activity in tourism environments. Tourism security and safety are not appropriate jobs for everyone. Tourist Police need to be extraverted people with high degrees of tolerance. Tourism security is specialty that not everyone is capable of doing. We should choose the personnel carefully and then give them the chance to progress in their careers within the ranks of tourism security professionals. Finally, extra pay should be considered for tourism policing and security specialists. Namely, tourist police should be highly trained professionals who are paid the same wages of any other well trained professionals (Tarlow, 2014b; Tarlow, 2012b). Tourism security is more than just
I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 6 having police officers patrolling at the destinations or equipping them with a uniform that reads “tourism police”. In short the aim of the Tourist Police should be to create a hassle free, secure, safe and memorable experience to all tourists and visitors within Turkey. References AlBattat, A.R., & Mat Som, A. (2013). Emergency Preparedness for Disasters and Crises in the Hotel Industry, SAGE Open, July-September 2013, pp. 1-10. Bilim, Y. (2004). Polüler Turistik Destinasyonlarda (Turizm Merkezlerinde) Polis ve Hizmetlerinin Avrupalı Turistler Tarafından Algılanması, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, Hatay. Handszuh, H. (1997). Policing in tourism for visitor and resident protection, in Report from a WTO survey, Madrid, World Tourism Organisation, 1997. Henninger, D. (2001). What Impact Will Tourist Oriented Policing Have On Small Sized Police Departments By The Year 2006?, A project presented to California Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training, Sacramento, California. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist_Police_%28Malaysia%29. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı. (2007). Türkiye Turizm Stratejisi 2023, Eylem Planı 2007-2013, T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayını, Yayın No: 3085, Ankara, Retrieved from http://www.sp.gov.tr/documents/Turizm_Strateji _2023.pdf. Lasthuizen, K., Van Eeuwijk, B. A. P., & Huberts, L. W. J. C. (2005). How Policing Can Reduce Feelings of Insecurity: Results from Survey Research in the Netherlands, Police Practice and Research, Vol. 6, No. 4, September 2005, pp. 375-390. Mthembu. N. (2009). Tourism Crime, Safety and Security in the Umhlathuze District Municipality, Kwazulu-Natal, Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University of Zululand, Kwadlangezwa. Nam, L. Y. (2009). The role and functions of tourist police in Gangwon province, Police Science Study, Apr. 2nd Edition. Perry, E. C., & Potgieter, C. (2013). Crime and Tourism in South Africa, J Hum Ecol, 43(1), (2013), pp. 101-111. Pizam, A., & Mansfeld, Y. (Eds). (1996) Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues, Wiley, New York. Pizam, A., & Mansfeld, Y. (Eds). (2006). Tourism Security and Safety: from theory to practice, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK. Pizam, A., Tarlow, P. E., & Bloom, J. (1997). Making tourists feel safe: Whose responsibility is it?, Journal of Travel Research, 31, pp. 23-28. Rittichainuwat, B. N., & Chakraborty, G. (2012). Perceptions of importance and what safety is enough, Journal of Business Research, 65, (2012), pp. 42-50. Sönmez, S. F., & Graefe, A. R. (1998). Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions. Annals of Tourism Research, 25, 112-144, Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0160- 7383(97)00072-8. Sönmez, S.F., Apostolopoulos, Y., & Tarlow, P.E. (1999). Tourism in Crisis: Managing the Effects of Terrorism, Journal of Travel Research, 38(1), pp. 13-18. Tarlow, P. E. (1998). Keeping tourists safe, (Section 1), Review Journal, Las Vegas: International Association of Community Police (IACP). Tarlow, P. E. (2005). The Impact of Community Policing on Tourism and Tourism Oriented Policing/Protection Services (TOPs), e-Review of Tourism Research (eRTR), Vol.3, No. 1, 2005. Tarlow, P. E. (2012a). Tourism Security as a Marketing Tool, Tourism Tidbits, Hotel Online News for the Hospitality Executive, November, 2012. Tarlow, P. E. (2012b). How Can Your Guests Be Sure They Are Safe?, Tourism Tidbits, Hotel Online News for the Hospitality Executive, May, 2012. Tarlow, P. E. (2014a). Tourism Security: Strategies for Effectively Managing Travel Risk and Safety, Waltham-MA, USA: Elsevier, Butterworth-Heinemann. Tarlow, P. E. (2014b). Tourism Police Help Create the Destination Image, Retrieved from http://www.tourism-review.com/travel-tourism-magazine-tourism-police-create-the-image-of-the- destination-article2450. Tarlow, P. E. (2014c). Tourism Oriented Policing and the Tourism Industry, International Journal of Event Management Research, Special Edition: Risk Management, Volume 8, Number 1, 2014.
I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 7 United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. (2013). Sustainable tourism master plan for the Inter- Governmental Authority On Development (IGAD) Region 2013 – 2023, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, www.uneca.org United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2011). United Nations World Tourism Organization, “Tourism Highlights 2011”, United Nations, 2011. Weiping (2010). Exploring Images Of Indonesia As Perceived By Indonesian Tourism Industry Members And UK Residents ‘Pre-The Bali Bombings’ And ‘Post-The Bali Bombings, (Doctoral dissertation), University of Bedfordshire, UK. Wilks, J. (2011). Policing In Tourism, Travel Law Quarterly, 2011, pp. 30-34. Wolf, R. (2008). Tourism oriented policing: an examination of a Florida/Caribbean partnership for police training, International Journal of Police Science & Management, Volume 10 Number 4, 2008, pp. 402-416. World Economic Forum. (2013). The travel and tourism competitiveness report 2013, Geneva: World Economic Forum. World Tourism Organization. (1996). Tourist Safety and Security: Practical Measures for Destinations, Madrid: World Tourism Organization.
I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 8 A SYSTEM DYNAMICS MODEL FOR THE NUMBER OF INTERNATIONAL INBOUND TOURISTS IN TURKEY Mahsa SERPOUSH, PhD. Student Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Graduate School of Social Sciences, Management and Organization Department ms_phdm@yahoo.com.tr Cemalettin Öcal FİDANBOY, PhD. Candidate Başkent University, Graduate School of Social Sciences, Management and Organization Department ocalfidanboy@hotmail.com Abstract There are lots of changes happening every day from climate changes to international legal changes. These may have an impact on the tourism industry and more specifically, the number of tourists. The study of what influence the tourism sector should be an updated one as the changes are happening continuously .In this paper, the number of international inbound tourists in Turkey is taken as a level variable with reference to system dynamics and subsequently, the consonants and flows are defined for it. Finally, a system dynamics model is suggested which demonstrate what affects and what is affected from the number of international inbound tourists in Turkey. This will help us understand what variables cause the increase and decrease in the number of tourists followed by what variables are going to change in response to this increase-decrease and in which way; positive or negative reinforcement. Key-Words: system dynamics, international inbound tourists 1. Introduction Tourism has been of great importance throughout the history; when people travelled thousands of kilometers for days to reach their destination and now that the long distances are taken within hours or even minutes. Along with the development of tourism industry, there were some periods where a decrease or an increase was seen in the number of tourists. Studies have tried to identify the factors that can affect or be affected from the number of tourists coming to a specific destination. The studies have not been restricted to the identification of factors, however, they have gone one step further and some scholars have attempted to forecast tourism. In the recent years, specifically, the forecasting models have attracted the attention of many scholars and the ones active in the market such as travel agencies who are thriving for information concerning the future of tourism and its probable changes. As there are factors which affect tourism and the factors which are affected from tourism, it can be said that there should be two groups; one that have impact on tourism and one that get impact from tourism, however, an organization or a person can be present in both of the groups. Fulfilling the expectations of these groups which is the accurate forecast of tourism is not going to be met until the factors both affecting and affected, are carefully determined. In this paper, a system dynamics model is suggested for the number of international inbound tourism in Turkey after review of the available literature. This can assist us to depict a picture of the possible future of tourism and to use this picture while devising plans for future. This can provide a full image to a wide range of people directly or indirectly related to the tourism sector from the top managers to an owner of a small market in a touristic destination. If the model can be completed and run, there will be chance for forecasting the number of international inbound tourism in future. Although the estimations will not be certainly true as the continuous changes are happening all the time, they can be of help even at a minimum level because they can depict a general picture of the future situation to us.
I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 9 2. Literature Review Peng et al. (2014) used meta-analysis for predicting the international tourism demand and their results demonstrated that despite the modeling method, number of variables and their measures, sample size and also data frequency, the origins of tourists, time period and destination may affect the accuracy of the forecasting model (Peng, Song, & Crouch, 2014). Another related study was also done comparing the accuracy of these models, univariate or multivariate, for the international city tourism demand for Paris (Gunter & Onder, 2015). Forecasting the tourism requires the identification of the factors which influence the tourism. Badulescu and Rusu (2009) explained some of these factors in their article which are as follows: environmental issues, security issues, globalization, demographic challenges, competition and business environment, and economic crisis. Aktaş (2005) indicated a regression equation for the variables affecting tourism revenues in Turkey and he expressed the dependent variables as: the number of coming tourists (inbound tourism) to Turkey during a specific time, the capacity of Turkey for giving services to tourists based on the number of beds available, the number of travel agencies, government’s assigned budget for introducing tourism and advertising relatedly, US dollar exchange rate, Germany’s Mark exchange rate and the allowed amount of foreigners’ investment in Turkey. In another article, key factors were recognized for the case of Cat Ba Biosphere Reserve (CBBR) in Vietnam which have been categorized under three groups: tourism economy, natural resources and social-demography (Mai & O.J.H). Besides, a dynamics of the system was delineated in that article. A similar attempt has also been taken in order to present a system dynamics model for the sustainable development of economic circle in tourist destinations (Luo, Jin, Liao, Ren, & Gao, 2012).The case of Guilin was also studied and the resort development was explained by the means of system dynamics (Honggang & Jigang, 2000). In another research, sustainable tourism industry in China was analyzed by employing a system dynamics approach (Fu, Li, & Ning, 2011). As it was mentioned, the system dynamics model was used in tourism in different countries and cases nevertheless the results gained from each case is not the same as the other one. Therefore, the case study of Turkey may result in new findings and results regarding the fact that tourism is one the most important and developed industries in Turkey. 3. Method Level variable was taken the number of international inbound tourists in Turkey. There can be two kinds of flows to the level variable; in-flows and out-flows. In-flows are the variables which cause increase in the level variable, number of international inbound tourism in Turkey. Out- Flows contain the variables which can reduce the number of international inbound tourists. The flows and level variable can be seen in figure1. The second step is to determine what affects the number of tourists’ entries and also the number of tourists who leave Turkey. In this step, we need to collect data to distinguish factors. The first choice may be the review of the literature and history of changes in tourism. We need to look back at the changes in the number of international tourists’ entries or their leavings which have happened throughout a period of time, for example for a period of fifty years and then, seek for their probable causes. The study of current situation will just help us to determine few numbers of factors; however, researching a period of time may enable us to find more factors. Moreover, a factor which could be seen in the past, but it cannot be seen now and the effects may be present, can be identified in this case as well.
I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 10 Figure 1: Level and flows The second method for data collection regarding the current situation is asking the experts in the fields which were related to the tourism field according to the literature about the possible factors. Next, the methods which are available for the consensus between experts can be used though it can be hard to reach consensus as the tourism environment is so wide and varied and lots of variables may be named by diverse experts. The simplest way may be noticing the frequency of the answers. For example, security issues will be mentioned by almost all of the respondents and as a result, it is going to be fitted into the system dynamics model. The third step is to seek for the statistics and numbers; the number of international tourists to Turkey and the number of exits or the total number of inbound tourism in Turkey. Testing the data of each year, may result in an approximate equation between the level variable, the number of international inbound tourism in Turkey, and the flows, the number of international tourists’ entries and exits. By putting the equation in the model, the prediction will become possible. The fourth step, as it was mentioned, is running the model and seeing the results which are estimations of the future. 4. Conclusion and Recommendation This paper suggested that there are factors involving with tourism, causing it to change in a specific direction, positive or negative. There have been studies in different countries and different cases focused on presenting a system dynamics model for tourism, however, there seems to be a need to conduct the same study in the Turkish context for the reason that even in the literature, each case was studied independently from any other cases and the findings from one case was not tried to be generalized to the other ones because of the various tourism environments in each case and their special characteristics which make them different from each other. On the other hand, although some studies have examined the interfering factors with tourism, the changing nature of the environment, here the environment of tourism makes us to think of researching the factors which have influence on tourism and to come up with updated results. The key point in this article is that employing the system thinking approach, more specifically the system dynamics model, will empower us to have rates in the model and therefore, the model cannot be just in qualitative mode but also quantitative. For instance, in a certain time, “time A”, if we find the number of international tourists’ entries to Turkey, we can calculate the number of exits or the total number of inbound tourism in Turkey. More detailed, when the factors which affect entries or exits are defined, the same calculations can be taken place but from the earlier step. In other words, the capacity of services given to tourists is showed by the number of beds and this number is known, then the number of entries on the first round, following by the total
I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 11 number of international inbound tourism, then again following by the international tourists’ exits from Turkey can all be estimated as they are in relationships with each other and the tourism system is a dynamic system. For future research, the period of fifty years of international inbound tourism can be taken into account and subsequently, the factors having impact on the number of international inbound entries and international inbound exists can be recognized and they can be fitted into the system dynamics model. The second suggestion is to arrange interviews with the experts in both tourism- related fields and tourism in order to get an insight of the current factors and then compare the historical factors and the current ones for any similarity. There may be hidden trends behind the number of international inbound tourism. References AKTAŞ, C. (2005). Obtaining the Optimum Regression Equation for Variables Which Affect tourism Revenues in Turkey. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 163-174. BĂDULESCU, A., & RUSU, S. (2009). The Dynamics of The International Tourism Market. Recent Developments and Challenges. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 145-152. Fu, Y., Li, D., & Ning, L. (2011). A System Dynamics Approach for Analyzing Sustainable Tourism Industry in China. International Conference on Management and Service Science (MASS) (pp. 1-4). Wuhan: IEEE. Gunter, U., & Onder, I. (2015). Forecasting international city tourism demand for Paris: Accuracy of uni- and multivariate models employing monthly data. Tourism Management, 123-135. Honggang, Z., & Jigang, B. (2000). A System Dynamics Study of Resort Development Project Management in Tourism Region: A Case Study of Guilin. Retrieved from CEUR Workshop Proceedings: http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-72/038%20Xu%20Resort.pdf Luo, Y., Jin, M., Liao, Z., Ren, P., & Gao, H. (2012). Sustainable Development of Economic Circle in Tourist Destinations Based on System Dynamics. Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences, 1011-1018. Mai, T. V., & O.J.H, B. (n.d.). System Thinking Approach as a Unique Tool for Sustainable Tourism Development:A Case Study in the Cat Ba Biosphere Reserve of Vietnam. Retrieved from Journals ISSS | International Society for the Systems Sciences: http://journals.isss.org/index.php/proceedings54th/article/viewFile/1457/509 Peng, B., Song, H., & Crouch, G. I. (2014). A meta-analysis of international tourism demand forecasting and implications for practice. Tourism Management, 181-193.
I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 12 EMPOWERING WOMEN FOR THE PURPOSE OF ATTENDING IN PRESSING LOCAL HANDICRAFT MARKETS Reza Pourali M.A in Geography and Tourism Planning, Tabriz Metropolis Municipality Rezapourali87@yahoo.com Mortaza Karami M.A in Geography and Tourism Planning, Tabriz Metropolis Municipality mortazakarami@rocketmail.com Reza Khalili PhD in Geography and urban Planning, Tabriz Metropolis Municipality Vahid Azizi M.A student in management, Tabriz Metropolis Municipality Abstract Paying attention to women was reached to new phase in the process of human development and women are placed on the center of gravity of the development descriptions by distributing the theory of stable development in the year 1980. Nowadays different countries as an example Iran has accomplished many programs in order to improve rural and urban woman's place in the society. Therefore paying too much attention for empowering rural women, who are about the half of the village's population, is one of the important policy. Empowering women is a process in which women are informed their own inner needs and demands. They try to have spunk in order to reach the goal and to have required ability to carry out their needs. This research has accomplished by a reviewer studies to understand the importance of empowering women, the important factors in empowering women especially rural women, women employment within the framework of local markets and the impressions which can leave in local society. This research shows that some factors like increasing education, accessing to financial sources, improving the state of health, having legal rights arising from tenancy. Removing market discrimination and decreasing wrong traditional beliefs are the important factors in empowering women. Keywords: empowering, women, local markets, handicraft. 1. Introduction Nowadays empowering exploits as a manageable technique in reaction to need of employment in organization throughout the world (Berri, 1993; Johnson, 1993; Foy, 1994). Kanter (1977) believes that empowering is donation of power to person, who presents in inefficient part of organization. He imagines the power in one (connectedly), that powerful people are at one end of it and powerless people are at the other end of it. Empowering has relation to confidence. Simulation decision and specially breaking up the inner limit between ordinary people and management. There is too much agreements between empowering and new organizational forms like reticulate structure (Rahnavard, 1387:106). It is not acceptable that empowering is always good and suitable for organization. Empowering doesn't guarantee the prosperity in any situation. Its impression is depend on accompany with needs, aims, culture of organization, people's idea and structure. The recent studies of social authorities have shown that accessing to stable development is impossible without active participation of woman all fields like social, economical and family. The performances examinations on the field pf participation of women in affair's society have shown that social and cultural factors and different expectations of society from men and women are important obstacles on the way of women participation. Therefore by the year 1980, the term "Sexuality and Development" was applied instead of the term "Women" in development. After
I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 13 that some methods were adopted to participate women in development and to remove obstacles. One of theses methods is empowering women of course by putting the emphasis on this point that the participation of women is not only because of their enjoyment from benefits and outcomes of development plans but also they should participate in accomplishment of development plans activity. 2.Explanation of the Problem Constructing handicraft markets is one of the aims of cultural heritage, handicraft and tourism organization. Finally suitable places for marketing, necessity materials accord with ecological condition of region, participation of local community in its constructing process and so on are its substructure aspect that programmers pay too much attention to this subject. Empowering local community (esp. women) has particular importance in order to prepare them to present their local handicraft and it isn't placed on priority of relevant plans to promotion of handicraft. In order to empower the local community it is necessary to apply some policies to improve literacy and proficiency, access to required investment, easiness access to financial resources and repay the received loans, prepare necessary fields to access to markets and on the other side it is necessary to make them familiar with demands and tact of tourisms, marketing methods, accounting techniques and so on. Also by observing different educating workshops it should try to reveal the importance and value of introducing and selling the local products to people. According to the place of handicraft as a second factor of growth and development of national impure production and also its place beyond the tourism industry as an important source of universal economic growth and rural women place as an important kind of handicraft producers, the role of women employment defines in both universal and national level. 3. Literature Review 3.1. Definition of Empowering The term empowering has nominated as "acquisition of liberty and voluntary self-government or legal power", being able and promoting of (Farhady and Bastar, 2006). UNICEF knows empowering as a process during which people do same activities in order to overcome the improvement obstacles that cause to guarantee their own destiny. In another definition empowering is defined as an access to information, education resources, decision power, self- government and dominate to their own life (Annonymous, 2005). On the other hand the fund of U.N.O (2006) has introduced 5 factors of empowering women which consist of processing, right to vote, accessing to resources and opportunities, right and power to control their life inside and outside of the houses, ability to influence on social changes to create national and international economical and social order (Moridosadat and Cowerkers, 1386:9). So empowering and partnership are deeply interdependent in some way that the participation of women cause empowering and their empowering will cause the increase of participation. As Honold (1997) says: various presuppositions about empowering render its definition. Menon 2 (1995) emphasizes on recognition aspect in empowering and believes that empowering is perception and controlling decision by subordinators. Bowen and Lawler define empowering as a political strategy to share the ability of empowering (Bowen and Lawler, 1992: 42). Barbee and Bott define empowering as donating the responsibility to those people who affairs with matters. These mentioned definitions are reflections of various presuppositions about the nature of empowering. In the first definition, recognition aspect of empowering was taken under advisement. The second definition emphasizes on the lienation of authority. While the third definition takes responsibility into consideration (Barbee and Bott, 1991:28). Anyhow we should consider that all of these definitions about empowering are night slightly. Fisher (1993) believes that empowering is a function of 3 variants: 1- Authority 2- Resources 3- Information.
I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 14 3.2.The Demand Nature of Empowering Clodon and Doyle (1996) emphasize on morality aspect of empowering and believe that the confidence of management to subordinators is an important factor. The emphasis on protection role of management can be seen in the writings of some authors like Block (1994), Sullivan (1994), Sullivan and Howell (1996). According to this viewpoint, a strong organization is an organization that the managers appear in protection role and give more decision power to the subordinators (Malon, 1997). In other words managers behave like a teacher and let the subordinators to involve themselves deeply in solving problems. Lashi (1999) believes that the effective factors on empowering are as follow: management conception (precautionary action of managements in transferring authority), structure of obligation (a degree of self-acting in doing entrusted duties). Organizational culture (the degree that the culture of organization strengthens the feeling of empowering) and kind of strengthening (fascination of employment based on reward or ownership feeling among people). He believes that various combinations of these factors will represent different shapes of empowering in organizations. 3.3.Definition of Handicraft From UNESCO points of view those manufactures can be called handicrafts which are made completely or made by helping manual device. Interfering mechanical devices is acceptable till it doesn't disprove the direct presence of hard or mankind (UNESCO Publication, 2006:4). The items should be prepared by natural original materials and it can be produced unlimitedly. These manufactures can be beautiful, innovative, artistic or consumption and while describing cultural, artistic meanings, consisting of decorative, religious, traditional and social aspects and other meaningful symbols (Hajipour Shoshtari, 1387:11). 3.4.The place of handicraft in social-cultural development Because of few millennium antecedents of handicraft in Iran and its various courses. This is considered as Iranian important professional and also devotes the highest rote of employment. In recent years the examination of the process of non-petriolic exports shows that more than half a milliard dollars has gained to the country by carpet and handicraft exporting. Whereas the regular statistics of WTO of handicraft had been amounted to 4 milliards. From the viewpoint of employment rate in handicraft. Iran has the 3rd place after India and China. Also from various courses of handicraft, which 150 kinds of it has recognized has the 1st rate and from the produce capacity point of view has the 3rd rate in the world. But from viewpoint of export rate, Iran is placed in the lower rate (Pop, 1380:39). Now from the employment potentiality point of view about 10 million persons are bustling either directly or indirectly (Rostami, 1383:45). From the importance viewpoint of handicraft in national impure products, we should say that the higher rates in another words 3 percent is devoted to this part. Whereas automotive industry devotes 2.5 percent and the portion of petrochemical industry is only about 2 percent. This statistic shows that the role and place of handicraft in economical development of Iran and word is in a higher level. In recent years some factors like weakness of economical establishments, cooperative and private sector inefficaciousness of custodian of producing organization in policy and protection of handicraft, incomplete infirmity of universal markets, nonattendance of foreign tourisms, in acquaintance of producers, cooperative and establishments and private sectors with exporting process and lack of adequate information from the tact of consumers cause exporting handicraft to decrease. In spite of the attentions of many countries to national arts some factors like severalty of public and governmental sectors on the field of handicraft, lack of required assistance for policy and
I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 15 planning, lack of suitable investment and bank facilities and lack of laws, which has assembled more protections from industrial workers, has caused that this industry face with many problems. The important point is that there is a deeply relation between beneficial part of handicraft with development of tourism industry and in many cases they consider as a complementary in economical development. In addition to economical place, cultural role of handicraft is important in universal development. The main message of handicraft and tourism industry is exchange of culture i.e, fulfillment of civil talks, finding social and cultural similarities, familiarity with the kind of structures and social relations, cultural and social ceremonies, artistic, industrial and scientific abilities, anthropology and traditional arts are the kind of this permanent talks. 3.4.Women Employment According to this point that the high percent of women are getting busy with activities that are related with handicraft so it is necessary to point to women employment in the form of statistic. Paying attention to the presented statistic in the last 3 decades shows that some factors cause that the portion of women employment decrease more than men. Some of these factors are as follow: social obstacles, illiteracy and lack of literacy, sexuality discrimination, law obstacles like: family law, employment law, economical factors like: economic standstill and upswing, emigration from village to city, believe in uneconomical rate of women, lack of variety in employing chance and promoting women's payment and cultural and traditional limitation. According to exact numeration of the whole country in the year 1335, 90.9 percent of active men are employed and 9.1 percent of them are unemployed. This ratio has run to this statistic that in the year 1365 to 81.7 and 12.9, in the year 1375 to 91.5 and 8.5. But the exact numeration of women shows that in the year 1355n, 83.6 percent of active women are employed and 16.4 percent of them are unemployed. This ratio has run to this statistic that in the year 1365 to 74.4, 25.4 and in the year 1375 to 87.6 – 13.7 percent. If we consider the ratio of employed women to all employed in the year 1354, 1355, 1365 and 1375 the portion of women have been in this order: 12.2%, 13.8%, 9%, 13.1%. it is noted that the portion of employed women in the ratio of 1375 to 1345 has decreased only 1%, which is not considered too much changes in the portion of employed women (Iran Statistic Center, 1381). Decreasing portion of women employment in comparison with the rate of working men and women participation, which is the sign and rate of real people at the age of working in economical activities, is quite perceptible in the year 1380. Whereas this criterion for women was quite to 62.1% and women have had 11.8% rate of participation. In another words, men have attended 5.2 as much more than women. Statistic shows that in addition to low portion of economical participation of women in the country. Iran has the lowest rate of economical participation of women among developing countries. Therefore according to these statistics among the developing countries Angula has graded the highest rate of economical participation of women (66.9%) and Iran has graded the lowest rate (10.6%) in the end of 200 A.D. whereas women attend in social-economical activities in industrialized countries like Europe and America. So that Canada with 59.9% has the highest rate of economical participation of women and Italy with 35.9% has the lowest rate. Also the rate of economical activities of women in Iran in comparison with neighboring countries like Pakistan and Syria are in lower level (Rostami, 1383:42). Therefore women can't entrance to markets in developing countries because of economical and cultural poverty. Let it not remain unsaid that by struggles of government and the role of women activity has increased since 1996. Some factors like decrease of family dimension, rising cost per head of family, rising the marriage age, tending to more social participation of women has affected on the rate of economical participation of women in recent years.
I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 16 According to the examination of active woman's age structure, the highest rate of active women are by the age of 25-29 and it is about 14.1%, which is the lowest rate among other developing countries (Educating meeting articles, women employment and national development, 1381:69). It appears as though getting busy with high education of women is a reason of delaying their economical participation by the year 25-29 in Iran. Before the year 1370 illiterate women participation didn't have balance as compared with men. However by increasing number of literate women, the rate of social participation of women has challenged with men especially after 1370 (Pakbaz, 1379:85). This transformation has an effective role in industry specially handicraft and carpet industry, which devoted the most percent participation of women. 3.5. Efficacious factors in women employment A) Empowering women Authorities have presented different definitions for empowering. The writers of "Iranian women events and development" says: "Empowering means people reach to a level of self-development that they may be able to select based on their desires." Generally empowering is possible by 2 ways: 1- Elimination of some factors which are as an obstacle for women activities. 2- Increasing women abilities In order to eliminate the existing obstacles we can point to some factors like: resolving the sexuality discrimination, accessing to the same educational and financial resources, having the same priority and rights arising from tenancy according to low, possible participation of others in taking care of employed woman's babies and dividing the house chores. Generally women education can be their main social obstacle. They try to access to high education to reach to a suitable and formal professions and this cause that their portion in market increase too. If cultural obstacles don't encounter a difficulty in increasing women participation and the existing obstacles are ruined to their attendant in specialized and managerial places and deservingness principles are observed in person's admissions, women will attain to their real position in the markets. The most important reasons of attending women in economical activities are as follow: 1- Increasing the amount of families' income 2- Decreasing man's supervision responsibility and decreasing the economical pressure 3- Increasing the amount of presented works by women and decreasing the production and services' costs in the society (Emadzadeh, 1382:9) B) Increasing women employment fields Slow changes has taken place since Iranian managers and employers have believed the necessity of attending of women in ‫خدماتی‬ and production parts till their active attendance. In the recent years woman have informed the importance of the lost opportunities by increasing their educations. This cause to logical decrease of fertilization and control of the rate of population growth. Although by increasing women education level and increasing the marriage age their presenting works has increased but their job opportunities has not increased in the same speed. As the statistic shows the rate of women participation was 9.1 in the year 1375 and it has reached to 11.8 in the year 1382. in a manner that the rate of those urban women who wants job become twice as much and more than 24.5% in the last eight years (The report of women employment office, Department of labor and human services, 1384). C) Elimination of unjust sexuality From a sociology point of view, development means continuous increase of the best utilization of resources to increase interior and national impure productions. Export of products and technical knowledge, growth of agriculture, ‫خدمات‬ and industry sectors, continuous increase of
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)
Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)

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Cetinkaya, M.Y. & Oter, Z. 2015 eitoc 2015-Vol.1 (Sustainable Cultural Heritage Valorization Via Tour Guides, Turkey)

  • 1.
  • 3. Bu kitap, “I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current, Issues, Trends, and Indicators, 2015” organizasyonu kapsamında yayımlanmıştır. Bu kitapta yayımlanan tüm bildirilerin içeriklerinden yazarları sorumludur. This book has been published under the international organization themed as “I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current, Issues, Trends, and Indicators, 2015”. Authors are responsible for intents of their proceedings published in this book I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) KONYA- MAYIS- 2015 Editörler M. Akif ÇUKURÇAYIR Alaattin BAŞODA Şafak U� NU� VAR Mehmet SAG�IR Münevver ÇI�ÇEKDAG�I Semih BU� YU� KI�PEKÇI� Vol. I
  • 4. 978-605-9119-15-3 (Tk) ISBN: 978-605-9119-17-7 (1.c) Aybil Yayınevi Sertifika No : 17394 Aybil Basımevi Sertifika No : 20781 KONYA- MAYIS- 2015 Y A Y I N L A R I www.aybilonline.com Baskı & Cilt: Aybil Dijital Baskı Sistemleri ve Matbaa Hizmetleri Ferhuniye Mh. Sultanşah Cd. No:30/A KONYA Tel: 0.332 350 21 71 Fax: 0.332 350 71 21 I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) © Her hakkı saklıdır. Bu kitabın tamamı yada bir kısmı, yazarının izni olmaksızın, elektronik, mekanik, fotokopi ya da herhangi bir kayıt sistemi ile çoğaltılamaz, yayınlanamaz, depolanamaz. Bu kitaptaki bilgilerin her türlü sorumluluğu yazarlarına aittir. Editörler M. Akif ÇUKURÇAYIR Alaattin BAŞODA Şafak U� NU� VAR Mehmet SAG�IR Münevver ÇI�ÇEKDAG�I Semih BU� YU� KI�PEKÇI�
  • 5. Kongre kitabının basılması için verdiği destekten dolayı SELÇUKLU BELEDİYESİ’NE Teşekkürlerimizi sunuyoruz.
  • 6.
  • 7. SUNUŞ 40. yıl kutlamalarını gerçekleştirdiğimiz bu yıl birçok önemli etkinlik düzenlemenin kıvancını yaşıyoruz. Selçuk Üniversitesi, kurulduğu 1975 yılından bu yana her alanda gelişim trendini yakalamış, bilimsel, sosyal, ekonomik, kültürel ve sportif anlamda etkin ve dinamik bir üniversite kimliğine kavuşmuştur. Yaklaşık 80.000 öğrencisi ile Türkiye'nin en büyük yükseköğretim kurumları arasında yer alan Selçuk Üniversitesi yaptığı bilimsel araştırmalar kadar, gerçekleştirdiği bilimsel toplantılarla da bilim dünyasında adından söz ettirmektedir. Bu hedef doğrultusunda “I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends and Indicators (EITOC)- (I. Avrasya Uluslararası Turizm Kongresi: Güncel Konular, Eğilimler ve Göstergeler)” Kongresi'nin Turizm Fakültemiz tarafından düzenlenmesinden büyük memnuniyet duymaktayım. Üniversitemizde özel bir yere sahip olan Turizm Fakültesi, 2010 yılında Turizm İşletmeciliği ve Otelcilik Yüksekokulu adı altında eğitim-öğretime başlamış ve 16 Mayıs 2013 tarihinde Resmi Gazete’de yayınlanan Bakanlar Kurulu kararıyla fakülte statüsünü elde etmiştir. Turizm Fakültesi, kurulduğu günden bugüne çok sayıda kongre, panel, sempozyum gerçekleştirmiştir. Yine Üniversitemiz bünyesinde yer alan Turizm Fakültesi Uygulama Oteli, Turizm Fakültemiz idaresinde faaliyetlerini örnek bir şekilde sürdürmektedir. Ayrıca, Turizm Fakültemizin donanımlı akademik personeli uluslararası bilimsel dergilerde yayınlar yapmakta, küresel gelişmeleri yakından izlemektedirler. I. Avrasya Uluslararası Turizm Kongresi, yurt dışından ve yurt içinden çok sayıda akademisyenin ve sektör temsilcisinin katılımıyla Turizm Fakültemiz tarafından düzenlenmektedir. Sahasında yetkin akademisyenlerin 228 bildirisi bu kongre çerçevesinde sunulacak, turizm sektörünün sorunları geniş şekilde tartışılma imkânı bulacaktır. Çok sayıda seçkin bilim insanını ve sektör temsilcisini Selçuk Üniversitesi bünyesinde ve Konya’da ağırlamaktan mutluluk duyduğumu belirtmek isterim. Emeği geçen tüm çalışma arkadaşlarıma, kurumlara ve sektör mensuplarına üniversitem ve şahsım adına teşekkür ediyorum. Prof. Dr. Hakkı GÖKBEL Selçuk Üniversitesi Rektörü
  • 8.
  • 9. PRESENTATION We are proud of this year in which we celebrated our 40 th year and organised many important events. Since the establishment in 1975, Selcuk University has developed a corporate identity by catching the developmental trends in each area and by being a dynamic and effective University in scientific, social, economic, sportive and cultural events. With its about 800.000 students, Selcuk university which is among the biggest Higher Education Institutions in Turkey makes and indelible impression in scientific world not only with its scientific researches but also with its scientific organisations. In line with this purpose, I’m glad that I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends and Indicators (EITOC) is organized by out Tourism Faculty. Tourism Faculty which is precious for our University started its education and training year in 2010 under the name of The School of Tourism and Hotel Management and with the decree of council of ministers which is published in official newspaper it has gained the status of being a faculty. Tourism Faculty has organised so many congresses, panels, symposiums since it established. Again Tourism Faculty Practice Hotel, which is within our University, carries on the activities under the control of Tourism Faculty. Moreover; Tourism Faculty’s successful academic staff makes publishing in international scientific journals and follows global developments. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress is organised by our Tourism Faculty with the participation of many foreign and local academicians and representatives of the sector. 227 papers of the expert academicians will be presented in this congress and the issues of the tourism sector will be discussed broadly. I am glad to host many outstanding academicians and sector representatives within our University and in Konya I would like to thank to my colleagues, to the institutions and to sector representatives on behalf of my University and myself Prof. Dr. Hakkı GÖKBEL Rector of Selcuk University
  • 10.
  • 11. ÖNSÖZ Bir menzile/hedefe ulaşmak için ilk adımı atmak, yolun tamamlanması için ilk ve en önemli koşuldur. I. Avrasya Uluslararası Turizm Kongresi, mütevazı adımlarla başladı ve 228 bildiri, 450 katılımcı ile turizme gönül verenlerin önemli katkılar sunduğu bir organizasyona dönüştü. Turizm yalnızca seyahat, konaklama ve gastronomiden ibaret faaliyetler bütünü değildir. Turizm, aynı zamanda farklı kültürlerin etkileşimidir; bir anlamda diplomasidir, barışa ve birlikteliğe açılan kapıdır. Önyargıları kaldıran, farklı milletleri ve kültürleri birbirine yaklaştıran turizm etkinlikleri, ülkeler için yaşamsal öneme sahiptir. Turizm aynı zamanda bacasız endüstri olarak tanımlanmakta ve ülke ekonomileri içinde izlenen politikalara göre etkin bir yere sahip olmaktadır. Türkiye’nin hâlihazırdaki turizm gelirleri 34 milyar dolar civarındadır. Türkiye’nin hedefi turizm gelirlerini 2023 yılında 50 milyar dolara çıkarmaktır. Türkiye’nin turizm alanında başarılı olması ve hedeflerine ulaşabilmesi için turizm sektöründe nitelikli işgücüne ihtiyacı vardır. Turizm fakülteleri bu alanda çok önemli bir işlevi yerine getirmektedirler. Eğitim öğretimin yanında akademik etkinlikler de kentlerin ve ülkelerin turizm değerlerinin konuşulması, dünyaya duyurulması ve sektöre yönelik politikalar geliştirilmesinde oldukça ağırlıklı bir yere sahiptir. I. Avrasya Uluslararası Turizm Kongresi’nde üç gün boyunca turizm sektörünün paydaşları olan uzmanlar, akademisyenler ve STK temsilcileri Selçuk Üniversitesi ev sahipliğinde Mevlana kenti Konya'da turizmi ve farklı boyutlarını konuşacaklardır. Kongremizde 450 katılımcı, 228 bildiri sahibi yer almaktadır. 17 ülke, 88 üniversite ve 62 ilden gelen turizm paydaşları Konya’da buluşuyor. Kongremiz ilk kez düzenlenmesine rağmen büyük bir ilgiye mazhar olmuştur. Yedi bin yıllık tarihiyle Konya’da, Mevlana ikliminde, Selçuklu Başkent’inde konuklarımızı ağırlama fırsatı bulmak bizim için çek değerli bir mutluluk vesilesi olmuştur. Kongremizin gelenekselleşmesi en büyük dileğimizdir. Konya’nın kongre turizmine kapı aralaması adına da, kongremizin büyük bir işlev göreceğine inanıyorum. Kongrenin gerçekleştirilmesi sürecinde birçok zorlu aşamadan geçilmiştir. Kongreye beklentilerimizin üzerinde ilgi gösteren değerli bildiri sahiplerine, bildirileri değerlendiren bilim kurulu üyelerimize içtenlikle teşekkürlerimi sunuyorum. Kongre için bizleri cesaretlendiren ve desteklerini esirgemeyen Selçuk Üniversitesi Rektörü Sayın Prof. Dr. Hakkı GÖKBEL'e şükran borçluyum. Kongrenin düzenlenmesinde sponsorluk desteklerini esirgemeyen, Konya’nın ve değerlerinin tanıtımı için özveriden kaçınmayan tüm kuruluşlara ve yöneticilerine ne kadar teşekkür etsem azdır. Avrasya Turizm Kongresi’nin gerçekleşmesine emeği geçen çok değerli
  • 12. meslektaşlarıma teşekkür ediyorum. Hocalarımıza saygılarımı ifade ediyor, aramızdan ayrılmış olanları rahmetle anmak istiyorum. Kongre sürecinde her türlü özveriyi gösteren Araştırma Görevlisi Alaattin BAŞODA kongrenin çok önemli işlerini tek başına yürüttü, kendisine özel olarak teşekkür etmek istiyorum. Dekan Yardımcıları Doç. Dr. Şafak ÜNÜVAR ve Yrd. Doç. Dr. Mehmet SAĞIR, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Semih BÜYÜKİPEKÇİ ve öğretim görevlisi Münevver ÇİÇEKDAĞI kongre yolculuğu sırasında önemli katkılar sundular, kendilerine teşekkürü borç bilirim. Sürecin başından sonuna kadar destek veren, cesaretlendiren ve yanımızda olan bütün meslektaşlarıma, yerel yöneticilere ve Üniversitemiz Yönetimine Fakültemiz adına bir kez daha teşekkür ederken, kongrenin akademik dünyaya, Konya’ya ve Türkiye’ye önemli katkılar sağlayacağına olan inancımı bir kez daha tekrar etmek istiyorum. Prof. Dr. M. Akif ÇUKURÇAYIR Selçuk Üniversitesi Turizm Fakültesi Dekanı
  • 13. PREFACE Taking the first step to reach a target is the first and the most important condition to complete it I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress started with modest steps and turned into an organization in which precious contributions are made with 228 papers and 450 participators. Tourism isn’t a complement of activities with only travel, accommodation and gastronomy. Tourism is also the interaction of different cultures; diplomacy, an open door to peace and collaboration in one sense. Tourism activities which eliminate prejudices and empathize different nations and cultures are vital for countries. Tourism is also defined as flueless industry and has an effective role according to tracked policies in national economies. Turkey’s tourism income is about 34 billion dollars at present. Turkey’s target is to increase tourism income up to 50 billion dollars by 2023. To be successful in Tourism and to reach its goal Turkey needs qualified labour force in tourism sector. In this sense, tourism faculties’ functions are very important. Besides education and trainings academic activities have effective roles in advertising tourism values of countries and cities to the World and in developing policies related to the sector. In I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress, for three days, experts, academicians and nongovernmental organizations’ representatives who are stakeholders of tourism will discuss Konya’s, city of Mevlana’s tourism and different aspects of tourism, hosted by Selcuk University. There are 450 participators and 228 papers in our congress. Tourism stakeholders who come from form 17 countries, 88 University and 62 cities will meet in Konya. Although it is the first organization of our congress, it attracted a considerable attention. To have the opportunity to welcome/ host our guests in Mevlana climate, in the capital of Seljuk Empire, in Konya with its seven thousand years history is a pleasing occasion for us. Our first wish is to make our Congress a traditional one. I believe that our Congress will function effectively to open a gate for Congress Tourism in Konya. While the process of the organization, our faculty went through many difficulties. I sincerely present my thanks to the owners of the papers who interested in our congress more than we expected and to the members of scientific board who evaluated the papers. I owe a debt of gratitude to the rector of Selcuk University dear Prof. Dr. Hakkı GOKBEL who encouraged us and supported us during this process. I have to thank all the institutions and managers who supported the organization of the congress financially to advertise Konya and its values. Many thanks to my precious colleagues who contributed to the process of I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress organization. I respect our professors and remember the ones
  • 14. who passed away. I would like to thank Research Assistant Alaattin BASODA specially who worked his magic and who contributed to many important points, alone, during congress process. Many thanks to the vice-deans, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Safak UNUVAR and Assist. Prof. Dr. Mehmet SAGIR, to Assist. Prof. Dr. Semih BUYUKIPEKCI and to lecturer Munevver CICEKDAGI for their considerable contributions to the congress organization process. While I would like to thank once more to all my colleagues, to local managers and to our University Administrators who were with us and encouraged us throughout the process, I would also repeat once more my faith that I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress will contribute to the academic World, to Konya and to Turkey. Prof. Dr. M. Akif ÇUKURÇAYIR Dean of Tourism Faculty, Selcuk University
  • 15. HONORARY CHAIRS Prof. Dr. Hakkı GÖKBEL Rector of Selcuk University Muammer EROL Governor of Konya Congress Scientific Committee Prof. Dr. Alan FYALL, University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA Dr. Chandrakant B. SALUNKHE, Post Graduate Center of Botany, INDIA Harald PLAMPER, Zappelin University, GERMANY Prof. Dr. Noel SCOTT, Griffith University, AUSTRAILA Assos. Prof. Dr. Qadir BAYRAMLI, Azerbaijan State Economics University, Azerbaijan Prof. Dr. Tom BAUM, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK Prof. Dr. Robertico Croes, University of Central Florida, Orlando, ABD Prof. Dr. A. Celil ÇAKICI, Mersin University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Adnan TÜRKSOY, Ege University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Ahmet Akın AKSU, Akdeniz University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Ahmet AKTAŞ, Okan University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Ahmet GÜRBÜZ, Karabük University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Ali ALAGÖZ, Selçuk University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Ali BORAN, Selçuk University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Ali ERBAŞ, Eskişehir Osman Gazi University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Alp TİMUR Dokuz Eylül University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Atila YÜKSEL, Adnan Menderes University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Azize TUNÇ HASSAN, Gazi University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Cengiz DEMİR, İzmir Kâtip Çelebi University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Cevat TOSUN, Gazi University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Cevdet AVCIKURT, Balıkesir University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Çağatay ÜNÜSAN, Karatay University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Derman KÜÇÜKALTAN, İstanbul Arel University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Doğan GÜRSOY, Washington State University, USA Prof. Dr. Doğan TUNCER Başkent University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Doğan Yaşar AYHAN, Başkent University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Fevzi OKUMUŞ, University of Central Florida, USA Prof. Dr. Füsun İstanbullu DİNÇER, İstanbul University, TURKEY
  • 16. Prof. Dr. İge PIRNAR, Yaşar University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. İsmail KIZILIRMAK, İstanbul University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Kemal BİRDİR, Mersin University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Kurban ÜNLÜÖNEN, Gazi University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Kurtuluş KARAMUSTAFA, Erciyes University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Levent ALTINAY, Oxford Brookes Universty, UK Prof. Dr. Mehmet SARIIŞIK, Sakarya University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Mehmet YEŞİLTAŞ, Gazi University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Mithat Zeki DİNÇER, İstanbul University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Muharrem TUNA, Gazi University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Mustafa KOYUNCU, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Mustafa TEPECİ, Celal Bayar University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Muzaffer UYSAL, Virginia Tech University, USA Prof. Dr. Nüzhet KAHRAMAN, İstanbul Ticaret University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Necdet HACIOĞLU, Balıkesir University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Orhan İÇÖZ, Yaşar University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Orhan BATMAN, Sakarya University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Özkan TÜTÜNCÜ, Dokuz Eylül University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Öcal USTA, Dokuz Eylül University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Saime ORAL, Dokuz Eylül University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Raif PARLAKKAYA, Necmettin Erbakan University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Süleyman KARAÇOR, Selçuk University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Salih KUŞLUVAN, İstanbul Medeniyet University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Turgut VAR, İzmir Ekonomi University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Şeyhmus BALOĞLU, University of Nevada, USA Prof. Dr. Yüksel ÖZTÜRK, Gazi University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Yüksel EKİNCİ, Oxford Brookes University, UK Prof. Dr. Zeynep ASLAN, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaşı Veli University, TURKEY Dr. Bilgehan GÜLCAN, Gazi University, TURKEY Dr. Beykan ÇİZEL, Akdeniz University, TURKEY Dr. Cafer TOPALOĞLU Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, TURKEY Dr. Burhan KILIÇ, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, TURKEY Dr. Bahattin ÖZDEMİR, Akdeniz University, TURKEY Dr. Dilek DÖNMEZ POLAT, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, TURKEY
  • 17. Dr. Düriye BOZOK, Balıkesir University, TURKEY Dr. Dündar DENİZER, Anadolu University, TURKEY Dr. Fisun YÜKSEL, Adnan Menderes University, TURKEY Dr. Fatma Nur İPLİK, Adana Bilim ve Teknoloji University, TURKEY Dr. Göknil Nur KOÇAK, Mersin University, TURKEY Dr. Gökçe ÖZDEMİR, Yaşar University, TURKEY Dr. İbrahim YILMAZ, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaşı Veli University, TURKEY Dr. İlhan BÖLÜKOĞLU, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, TURKEY Dr. İrfan YAZICIOĞLU, Gazi University, TURKEY Dr. M. Oğuzhan İLBAN, Balıkesir University, TURKEY Dr. Kamil UNUR, Mersin University, TURKEY Dr. Mehmet KAŞLI, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, TURKEY Dr. Mahmut DEMİR, Süleyman Demirel University, TURKEY Dr. Murat DOĞDUBAY, Balıkesir University, TURKEY Dr. Mete SEZGİN, Selçuk University, TURKEY Dr. Oktay EMİR, Anadolu University, TURKEY Dr. Oğuz TÜRKAY, Sakarya University, TURKEY Dr. Ramazan Pars ŞAHBAZ, Gazi University, TURKEY Dr. Osman Eralp ÇOLAKOĞLU, Adnan Menderes University, TURKEY Dr. Şafak ÜNÜVAR, Selçuk University, TURKEY Dr. Serdar TARAKÇIOĞLU, Gazi University, TURKEY Dr. Şirvan Şen DEMİR, Süleyman Demirel University, TURKEY Dr. Şenol ÇAVUŞ, Adnan Menderes University, TURKEY Dr. Yasin BOYLU, Gazi University, TURKEY Dr. Umut AVCI, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, TURKEY Dr. Zafer ÖTER, İzmir Kâtip Çelebi University, TURKEY Dr. Yaşar SARI, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, TURKEY Dr. Tugay ARAT, Selcuk University Dr. Ceyhun Çağlar KILINÇ, Selcuk University Congress Organizing Board Congress Secreteriat Prof. Dr. M. Akif ÇUKURÇAYIR Dr. Şafak ÜNÜVAR Dr. Chandrakant SALUNKHE, India Dr. Semih BÜYÜKİPEKÇİ Harald PLAMPER, Germany Dr. Mehmet SAĞIR
  • 18. Dr. Qadir BAYRAMLI, Azerbaijan Dr. Melis ATTAR Dr. Şafak ÜNÜVAR Lecturer Münevver ÇİÇEKDAĞI Dr. Mete SEZGİN Res. Assist. Alaattin BAŞODA Dr. Abdullah KARAMAN Res. Assist. Şeyda SARI Dr. Vural ÇAĞLIYAN Res. Assist. Çağrı SAÇLI Dr. Tugay ARAT Res. Assist. Fatmanur Kübra CELİLOĞLU Dr. Ceyhun Çağlar KILINÇ Res. Assist. Seda ÖZDEMİR Dr. Mehmet SAĞIR Res. Assist. Betül KORKMAZ Dr. Gamze TEMİZEL Dr. Semih BÜYÜKİPEKÇİ Dr. Erkan Akgöz Dr. H. Alpay Karasoy Dr. Alper ATEŞ Dr. Betül GARDA Dr. Melis ATTAR Lecturer Münevver ÇİÇEKDAĞI Lecturer İhsan Devlet ATABEY Lecturer Neriman ÇELİK Res. Assist. Alaattin BAŞODA Res. Assist. Şeyda SARI Res. Assist. Çağrı SAÇLI Res. Assist. Fatmanur Kübra CELİLOĞLU Res. Assist. Seda ÖZDEMİR Res. Assist. Betül KORKMAZ
  • 19. Gel, gel, ne olursan ol yine gel, ister kafir, ister mecusi, ister puta tapan ol yine gel, bizim dergahımız, ümitsizlik dergahı değildir, yüz kere tövbeni bozmuş olsan da yine gel… Come, come, whoever you are, Wanderer, worshipper, lover of leaving, Ours is not a caravan of despair. Even if you have broken your vows a thousand times It doesn’t matter Come, come yet again, come
  • 20.
  • 21. i İÇİNDEKİLER TOURISM ORIENTED POLICING AND PROTECTION SERVICES (TOPPS) Mehmet Murat PAYAM.........................................................................................................1 A SYSTEM DYNAMICS MODEL FOR THE NUMBER OF INTERNATIONAL INBOUND TOURISTS IN TURKEY Mahsa SERPOUSH, Cemalettin Öcal FİDANBOY ..............................................................8 EMPOWERING WOMEN FOR THE PURPOSE OF ATTENDING IN PRESSING LOCAL HANDICRAFT MARKETS Reza Pourali, Mortaza Karami , Reza Khalili, Vahid Azizi..................................................12 EVALUATING STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM Locadia Leona MASARA, Masters Student, Hilal Erkuş ÖZTÜRK......................................20 THE ACCESSIBILITY EVALUATION OF OFFICIAL TOURISM WEBSITE OF TURKEY Göknil NUR SEVER, Salar KUHZADY ................................................................................30 INNOVATION PERCEPTIONS AND PRACTICES IN THE TURKISH HOTEL INDUSTRY Raif PARLAKKAYA, Kevser ÇINAR.....................................................................................37 SITE COLLECTION FOR INVESTMENT PROGRAM IN HOTEL ESTABLIS HMENTS AND AN APPLICATION Münevver ÇİÇEKDAĞI........................................................................................................48 TIME TRAVEL METHOT IN TOURISM: THE CASE OF KONYA/ ÇATALHÖYÜK Fatih YILMAZ, Fatma ARSLAN, Nilgün AVCI.....................................................................54 STUDENTS – LECTURER – EXPERT OPINIONS BASED NEEDS ASSESSMENT OF ENGLISH FOR OCCUPATIONAL PURPOSES (EOP) IN TOURISM ASSOCIATE DEGREE PROGRAMS Akif GÖKÇE, Orhan BATMAN ............................................................................................65 TURKEY IN UNESCO REPRESENTATIVE LIST OF THE INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF HUMANITY AND ITS IMPORTANCE FOR TURKISH TOURISM Cagri SACLI, Cevdet AVCIKURT ........................................................................................81 HOTEL MANAGERS’ PERSPECTIVES TO DISABLED TOURISM: CASE OF HOTELS IN KONYA Mete SEZGIN, Cagri SACLI, Seda OZDEMIR.....................................................................90 THE CONTRIBUTION OF GAZIPAŞA ALANYA AIRPORT TO ALANYA’S TOURISM ACTIVITIES Yıldırım SALDIRANER, Jan Sanem JULAR, Şebnem KÖSEOĞLU.....................................99 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXPECTATIONS AND SATISFACTION OF SOUTH KOREAN TOURISTS VISITING URKEY Tolga GÖK, Kürşad SAYIN ..................................................................................................110 SUSTAINABLE VALORIZATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE VIA TOUR GUIDES: TURKISH CASE OF EPHESUS ANCIENT CITY Mehmet Yavuz ÇETİNKAYA, Zafer ÖTER ...........................................................................118
  • 22. ii CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN INFORMATION MANAGEMENT Neriman ÇELİK, Suudan Gökçe GÖK..................................................................................130 AN ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING IN TRAVEL AGENCIES IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABILITY Rahman TEMİZKAN, Orhan YABANCI ...............................................................................136 POSITIVE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TOURISM TO TURKISH ECONOMY AND INNOVATIVE MEASURES FOR IMPROVEMENT İge PIRNAR, Ufuk TUTAN ...................................................................................................142 A RESEARCH ON VINEYARDS AND GARDENS IN NİĞDE AND ITS DISTRICTS AS A TOURISTIC PRODUCT FOR TURKISH TOURISM Ruhan İRİ, Burcu Gülsevil BELBER. ...................................................................................148 DISSEMINATION OF HOTELS SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY LEVELS ON INTERNET VIA GOOGLE SEARCH ENGINE IN TURKEY Burhan AYDEMİR, Cagri SACLI, Muhammet E. SOYDAS .................................................161 THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CUSTOMER ENGAGEMENT IN EGYPTIAN TRAVEL AGENTS Ghada Abdallah, Yasmeen Abd El-Moaty Attia....................................................................167 THE ADOPTION OF WEB1.0 AND WEB2.0 TECHNOLOGIES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE TOP TEN DESTINATIONS IN AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST Marwa M. Ghanem...............................................................................................................181 TYPOLOGICAL BRIEF OF SEX TOURIST PRODUCT CUSTOMERS IN THE OPINION OF THE YOUNG POLES (RANDOM SAMPLE TESTING) Grzegorz Godlewski, Beata Rafalska ...................................................................................199 TEMALI OTELLERİN TÜKETİCİ SATIN ALMA DAVRANIŞLARINA ETKİSİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA Ramazan Pars ŞAHBAZ, Murat TEKBALKAN.....................................................................209 IĞDIR DESTİNASYONUNUN SINIR TURİZMİ POTANSİYELİNE YÖNELİK BİR ALAN ARAŞTIRMASI Burcu ILGAZ YILDIRIM, Serap ALKAYA, Şevket YİRİK, Gamze MEŞE.............................222 TÜRKİYE TURİZM STRATEJİSİ (2023) VİZYONUNDA TÜRKİYE SAĞLIK TURİZMİ’NİN ANALİZİ Meltem UYGUN....................................................................................................................236 ADANA İLİ VE İLÇELERİNİN SPOR TURİZMİ AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ Alper BOZKURT...................................................................................................................243 SEYAHAT ACENTELERİ İLE KONAKLAMA İŞLETMELERİ ARASINDAKİ HUKUKİ ANLAŞMAZLIK Dilşah Mine SAĞBİLİ...........................................................................................................250 KIRSAL YÖRELERDE TELEVİZYON DİZİLERİNİN TURİZM HAREKETLERİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: SEVDALUK DİZİSİ ÖRNEĞİ Özge GÜDÜ DEMİRBULAT, Musa OFLAZ, Cemali BUZLUKÇU.....................................256
  • 23. iii OTEL İŞLETMELERİNDE ÇALIŞANLARIN SİNİZM DÜZEYLERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ: BALIKESİR’DE BİR UYGULAMA Nuran AKŞİT AŞIK...............................................................................................................267 KIRSAL KALKINMA BAĞLAMINDA ŞANLIURFA İLİNİN KIRSAL TURİZM POTANSİYELİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ Mustafa ŞİT, Kasım KAYA, Mehmet Reşit SEVİNÇ, Gönül SEVİNÇ, Veysel ASOĞLU.......280 TÜRK MUTFAK KÜLTÜRÜNDE İSLAMIN ETKİSİ İpek ÜNAL, Ramazan AKÇA ................................................................................................288 MENÜ PLANLAMADA TOYOTA WAY PRENSİPLERİNİN KULLANILABİLİRLİĞİ Murat DOĞDUBAY, Selin İLSAY, Gülhan CEVİZKAYA .....................................................294 MORTGAGE KRİZİNİN TURİZM SEKTÖRÜNDEKİ İSTİHDAMA ETKİSİ: MUĞLA ÖRNEĞİ Ece KIRLI ÖZEN, Ozan BAHAR ..........................................................................................304 TURİZM BÖLGELERİNDE EMNİYET VE GÜVENLİĞİN SAĞLANMASI Mehmet Murat PAYAM.........................................................................................................316 KENTSEL DÖNÜŞÜM VE KENT TURİZMİ: ANKARA-HAMAMÖNÜ ÖRNEĞİ Özgür SARI...........................................................................................................................327 MARKA KENT AMASYA’NIN ALTERNATİF TURİZM POTANSİYELİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ Atıf ULUBAY, Burak ERYILMAZ .........................................................................................333 TURİZM İŞLETMELERİNDE SATIN ALMA TERCİHLERİNİ ETKİLEMEDE KURUMSAL İTİBARIN MARKA SADAKATİNE ETKİSİ Kudret GÜL, Melike GÜL, Gençay SAATÇİ ........................................................................334 SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR TURİZM PERSPEKTİFİNDE HİBRİDİTE VE PAYDAŞ YAKLAŞIMI: ALMANYA, İNGİLTERE VE TÜRKİYE KIYASLAMALARI Dorian ALİU, Armando ALİU, Bekir PARLAK ....................................................................357 AYNI SOFRADA İKİ ÜLKE (Mİ?) TÜRK VE YUNAN MUTFAKLARININ KARŞILAŞTIRMALI ANALİZİ Burak MİL, Derman KÜÇÜKALTAN...................................................................................372 YETENEK YÖNETİMİ VE YENİLİK PERFORMANSI İLİŞKİSİ: BODRUM ÖRNEĞİ Özer ŞAHİN, Osman Nuri ÖZDOĞAN.................................................................................383 MÜŞTERİLERİN OTEL SEÇİMLERİNDE SOSYAL MEDYANIN ROLÜ Burak ERYILMAZ, Burhanettin ZENGİN.............................................................................396 KÜLTÜREL PEYZAJ BİLEŞENLERİ ve TURİZM İLİŞKİSİNDE GÖRSEL PEYZAJ ANALİZİ: NALLIHAN-BEYDİLİ KÖYÜ ÖRNEĞİ Gizem CENGİZ GÖKÇE, Sebahat AÇIKSÖZ.......................................................................409 TANITIM BROŞÜRLERİ GÖZÜYLE ANADOLU YÖRESEL MUTFAKLARI Osman ÇULHA, Aytekin KALKAN.......................................................................................420
  • 24. iv DÜŞÜK MALİYETLİ HAVAYOLU İŞLETMELERİNİ ETKİLEYEN MAKRO VE MİKRO ÇEVRE FAKTÖRLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME Ömer ÇOBAN, Serhat HARMAN .........................................................................................436 YÜKSEKÖĞRETİMDE TURİZM LİSANS EĞİTİMİ VEREN DEVLET ÜNİVERSİTELERİNİN SON 5 YILLIK DEĞERLENDİRMESİ Hüseyin ŞENEROL, Simge TOKAY ......................................................................................451 SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR TURİZMİN TALEP TAHMİNLEMESİ Nur ÇELİK, Ozan BAHAR ...................................................................................................464 TURİZM SEKTÖRÜNDE STAJ YAPAN YÜKSEKÖĞRETİM (ÖN LİSANS VE LİSANS) ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN MARUZ KALDIKLARI MOBBİNG İLE ÇALIŞMA PERFORMANSI ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN İNCELENMESİ: GİRESUN ÜNİVERSİTESİNDE TURİZM ÖĞRENCİLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR UYGULAMA Hakan AKYURT, Eray TURPCU, Gamze KILIÇ .................................................................476 İZMİR İLİNDEKİ 4 VE 5 YILDIZLI KONAKLAMA İŞLETMELERİNDE ÇALIŞANLARIN PSİKOLOJİK ŞİDDET (MOBBİNG) ALGILARI Fatma PALABIYIK, Mehmet Emre GÜLER .........................................................................490 ELEKTRONİK ORTAMDA YAPILAN ÇEVRİMİÇİ YORUMLARA DAYANARAK TÜKETİCİLERİN YİYECEK–İÇECEK İŞLETMELERİNDEN DUYDUKLARI MEMNUNİYETLERİN VE BEKLENTİLERİN BELİRLENMESİ Özlem GELEN, Mehmet Emre GÜLER ................................................................................501 TÜRKİYE’DE LİSANS DÜZEYİNDE TURİZM EĞİTİMİNİN SORUNLARI VE ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİ İbrahim YILMAZ...................................................................................................................517 KONAKLAMA İŞLETMELERİ ÖRNEĞİNDE İŞ STRESİNİN İŞE BAĞLILIK VE İŞTEN AYRILMA NİYETİNE ETKİSİ: ÇANAKKALE İLİNDE BİR ARAŞTIRMA Bekir EŞİTTİ, Damla DEMİR HARPUTLUOĞLU...............................................................527 KONAKLAMA VE YİYECEK HİZMETLERİ ALT SEKTÖRÜNÜN FİNANSAL PERFORMANSININ KARŞILAŞTIRMALI TABLOLAR ANALİZ TEKNİĞİ İLE İNCELENMESİ: TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYET MERKEZ BANKASI SEKTÖR BİLANÇOLARINDA BİR ARAŞTIRMA Erdinç KARADENİZ, Selda KAHİLOĞULLARI, Mehmet BEYAZGÜL...............................537 YEREL HALKIN ÜNİVERSİTE VE ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNE BAKIŞ AÇISI: ÇEŞME ÖRNEĞİ Cevdet AVCIKURT, Esin ÖZKAN, Samet Can CURKAN ...................................................547 KONAKLAMA İŞLETMELERİNDE REKABET STRATEJİSİ OLARAK ÜÇÜNCÜ YAŞ GRUBUNA ODAKLANMA VE “50+ HOTELS” STANDARTLARI Yüksel GÜRSOY, Ramazan GÖRAL.....................................................................................556 KONAKLAMA İŞLETMELERİNDE MOBBİNG - ÖRGÜTSEL GÜVEN İLİŞKİSİ: ÇANAKKALE İLİNDE BİR ARAŞTIRMA Bekir Eşitti, Bülent Akyüz .....................................................................................................566
  • 25. v TELEVİZYON KANALLARINDA YAYINLANAN GEZİ PROGRAMLARININ TURİZMİN GELİŞMESİNDEKİ ROLÜ Sedat CERECİ ......................................................................................................................580 NASIL GASTRONOMİ ŞEHRİ OLUNUR? Bilal YALÇIN........................................................................................................................588 STAJ DÖNEMİNDE MARUZ KALINAN MOBBİNGİN SEKTÖRDE KARİYER YAPMA İSTEĞİNE ETKİSİ: TURİZM ALANINDA ÖNLİSANS EĞİTİMİ ALAN ÖĞRENCİLER ÜZERİNDE BİR UYGULAMA Ayça YÜKSEL, Ebru ULUCAN, Murat ÖZMEN..................................................................595 ÇALIŞMA KOŞULLARI, İŞ TATMİNİ VE SEKTÖREL BAĞLILIK İLİŞKİSİ. OTEL ÇALIŞANLARI ÜZERİNDE BİR ARAŞTIRMA Bayram ŞAHİN, Ahmet KARATAŞ........................................................................................607 MACERA TURİSTİNİN AKIŞ DENEYİMİNE YÖNELİK BİR MODEL ÖNERİSİ* Reyhan A.AYAZLAR .............................................................................................................620 TEORİKTEN PRATİĞE, PRATİKTEN DAVRANIŞA: GASTRONOMİ VE MUTFAK SANATLARI ÖĞRENCİLERİ İÇİN İŞ BAŞINDA EĞİTİM Ümit SORMAZ, Eda GÜNEŞ, Yılmaz SEÇİM ......................................................................633 KONYA’NIN TOPRAK ALTINDAKİ SELÇUKLU HAZİNELERİ Mehmet HAYIRLIOĞLU.......................................................................................................645 DESTİNASYON REKABETİNDE GASTRONOMİ TURİZMİNİN ÖNEMİ: RİZE ÖRNEĞİ Zeynep KAZANCI BAŞARAN, Mevlüde Canan CAN ...........................................................660 RİZE TURİZMİNİN SWOT ANALİZİ İLE DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ Mevlüde Canan CAN, Zeynep KAZANCI BAŞARAN ...........................................................672 İŞ ETİĞİ BAĞLAMINDA BİR ARAŞTIRMA; GÜNEYDOĞU ANADOLU BÖLGESİ KONAKLAMA İŞLETMELERİ ÖRNEĞİ Said KINGIR, Mesut SOYALIN, Muhammet Fatih SANCAR ...............................................683 SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR TURİZM AÇISINDAN YEŞİL İNOVASYON: MUĞLA ÖRNEĞİ Mehmet AVCI, Onur YILDIZ, Nur ÇELİK............................................................................694 TURİSTİK BİR ÜRÜN OLARAK MÜZE PAZARLAMASINDA ZİYARETÇİ DENEYİMLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA: SAMSUN İLİ ÖRNEĞİ Yaşar GÜLTEKİN, Yetkin BULUT .......................................................................................704 OTEL İŞLETMELERİNDE ÇALIŞANLARIN TEMEL BENLİK DEĞERLENDİRMELERİ VE İŞ STRESLERİNİN İŞ TATMİNLERİNE ETKİSİ Dilek ACAR GÜREL, Yılmaz AKGÜNDÜZ..........................................................................716 AZERBAYCAN CUMHURİYYETİNDE TURİZM POTANSİYELİ VE ONUN MEVCUT DURUMUNA DAİR MESELELER. Ferhad Qamboy MIKAYILOV, Emil Filman QASIMOV Nicat Mirmehemmed SEYIDOV............................................................................................728 TURİZM İŞLETMELERİNİN İTİBAR YÖNETİMİNDE YEŞİL YILDIZ UYGULAMASININ ÖNEMİ Erkan AKGÖZ, Aytuğ ARSLAN, Hacer Derya AKKİRPİ .....................................................736
  • 26. vi TURİSTİK DESTİNASYONUN İKLİM KONFORUNUN BELİRLENMESİNDE TURİZM İKLİM İNDİSİ (Tİİ) MODELİ VE BEYŞEHİR İLÇESİ ANALİZİ Ramazan GÖRAL .................................................................................................................748 TÜRKİYE TURİZMİNE YENİ BAKIŞLAR: SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR TURİZM EKSENİNDE ÇEVRE SORUNLARI Sami KARACAN, Esin KARACAN, Yüksel GÜNGÖR..........................................................757 EKOTURİZM AÇISINDAN RİZE İLİ VE ÇEVRESİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ Eren ERKILIÇ, Fatma Doğanay ERGEN.............................................................................771 KURUMSAL YÖNETİŞİM VE TURİZM: ALARKO ŞİRKETLER TOPLULUĞU ÖRNEĞİ Günseli GÜÇLÜTÜRK BARAN, Gamze ÖZOĞUL..............................................................782 ÇİN TURİZM PAZARINDA TÜRKİYE’NİN YERİ ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME: ÇİN DIŞ TURİZM KALİTE HİZMET SERTİFİKASI PROGRAMI Aytuğ ARSLAN, Erkan AKGÖZ............................................................................................796 KIRGIZİSTAN İLE TÜRKİYE ARASINDA TURİZMDE İŞBİRLİĞİNDE VE GELİŞMEDE SİVİL TOPLUM KURULUŞLARININ ÖNEMİ Cevit YAVUZ.........................................................................................................................806 AZERBAYCAN TURİZM GELİŞİMİNİN PLANLAMASI, KARŞILAŞTIRMALAR - DEĞERLENDİRMELER – ÖNERİLER Ali Bülent KUTVAN, Sebuhi ASLANOV ..............................................................................815 İÇSEL PAZARLAMA UYGULAMALARININ, ÖRGÜTSEL ADALET ALGISINA VE ÖRGÜTSEL SİNİZME ETKİSİ Berrin GÜZEL, Ceren İŞÇİ, Tuğçe İLTER...........................................................................821
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  • 29. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 1 TOURISM ORIENTED POLICING AND PROTECTION SERVICES (TOPPS) Mehmet Murat PAYAM, Assist. Prof. Dr. Adıyaman University, Social Sciences Vocational College, Property Protection and Security Division nikbaht@yahoo.com Abstract It is obvious that tourism is a critical revenue source for many countries and visitors are affected by the perception of safety and security at the destinations. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council, tourism continues to be one of the world’s largest sectors. In addition to this, Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report considers safety and security to be a pillar of tourism competitiveness with ‘reliability of police services’ a central anchor. As any safety or security mishap can destroy a tourism destination’s reputation, the safety and security of tourists should be a matter of national security. In this context, it is believed that tourism police help create the destination image. For this purpose, the Tourist Police Unit should be set up in order to provide safety and security to tourists. Any investments in tourism oriented policing will be an investment in the economic future of the destination and the country. If a country wants to increase its competitiveness in the tourism industry, tourist police system must be introduced as soon as possible. The objective then is to become one of the top five most visited safe and secure destinations in the world. There should be consensus on the necessity to introduce a separate Tourism Police Unit at least in major cities such as Antalya, İstanbul and Konya. In short this paper provides an overview of tourism security and concentrates on the world of Tourism Oriented Policing and Protection services (TOPPs). Key-Words: tourism, police, security, tourism police 1. Introduction The tourism industry has been among the fastest growing industries in recent years and it is now the third largest industry in the world (United Nations World Tourism Organization [UNWTO], 2011). According to the World Travel and Tourism Council, tourism continues to be one of the world’s largest sectors, too. In addition to this, Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report (2013) considers safety and security to be a pillar of tourism competitiveness with ‘reliability of police services’ a central anchor (World Economic Forum [WEF], 2013). It is obvious that tourism is a critical revenue source for many countries and visitors are affected by the perception of safety and security at the destinations. In a study conducted in California, visitors stated that safety and security is a top factor in choosing their destinations (Tarlow, 2012a). As mentioned in World Tourism Organization’s Manual, safety and security are essential for providing quality in tourism (World Tourism Organization [WTO], 1996, p.11). Many researchers, who conducted tourism related studies, also argued that safety and security are most important to tourists while traveling and the first aspect they consider is safety and security (Pizam, Tarlow and Bloom, 1997; Rittichainuwat and Chakraborty, 2012; Sönmez and Graefe, 1998). Although the tourism sector has been growing steadily in the past few decades, the perception of insecurity at a destination can greatly hinder or even erase this progress. Namely, sudden changes in security situations in a country and the perception of insecurity at a destination can drastically alter the demand for tourism in a country. According to AlBattat and Mat Som (2013), safety and security are the most important factors in the tourism industry when compared with low price. As a results the destination’s image, safety and security affect the tourists’ destination choice. In a research made by Weiping (2010), it is found out that improving security is vital and all interviewees agreed that security image is very important to international travellers. They stated that security images were increasingly more important today, following the increased threat of terrorism attacks (Weiping, 2010, p.214). Thus, as any safety or security mishap can destroy a tourism destination’s reputation, the safety and security of the tourists should be a matter of national security. While Turkey is generally regarded as a safe and secure country and its security image is positive among visitors (Bilim, 2004), there needs to be a greater role in training police to safeguard
  • 30. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 2 tourism industry. It is believed that police are important in helping and protecting the tourism industry and tourism police help create the destination image (Bilim, 2004; Pizam and Mansfeld, 1996; Sönmez, Apostolopoulos and Tarlow, 1999; Tarlow, 2014b; Tarlow, 1998). Countries around the world have developed a number of strategies to involve police in tourism industry, with some countries even establishing separate tourism police units for image formation. Thus, cooperation between the tourism industry and police is critical. Most of the countries and cities in the world have also started to create specific tourism policing divisions (Sönmez et al., 1999). As safety and security in tourism are very important for tourists while traveling, we have to cooperate with the police departments to prevent tourism related crimes at the destinations and to enhance the sense of safety and security there. Consequently, we should form police units that are completely focused on overseeing the safety and security of tourists. For this purpose, the Tourist Police Unit1 should be established as soon as possible in order to provide safety, security and assistance to the tourists. Because it is believed that any investments in tourism oriented policing will be an investment in the economic future of the destination and the country. If a country wants to increase its competitiveness in the tourism industry, tourist police system must be enacted as soon as possible. The objective then is to become one of the top five most visited (Ministry of Culture and Tourism, [MCT], 2007, p.4) safe and secure destinations in the world. There should be consensus on the necessity to introduce a Tourist Police Unit at least in major cities such as Antalya, İstanbul and Konya because destinations’ security image is considered critical on travel decisions. In short this paper provides an overview of tourism security and concentrates on the world of Tourism Oriented Policing and Protection services (TOPPs). 2. What is Tourism Oriented Policing and Protection Service? Tourism security is often either divided into the public mode or private mode or some combination of these two (Tarlow, 2012a). Tourism policing often uses the acronym TOPPs, meaning Tourism/Tourist Oriented Policing and Protection Services. In Spanish the word is often translated as “seguridad turı´stica” or “politur – a composite of the two Spanish words policı´a and turismo” (Tarlow, 2014a, p.19; Tarlow, 2014b). TOPPs was first proposed in the early part of the 1990s by tourism security experts such as Tarlow, Pizam and Mansfeld (Tarlow, 2005). In 1994, the Metro-Dade Police Department formed the first Tourist Oriented Policing unit which was a partnership between the police department, the Federal Aviation Administration and the airlines serving the Miami International Airport (Henninger, 2001). Tourist Police is a system that protects and saves the lives and the properties of tourists from many threats and hazards. These are special policemen who work for tourists’ protection, safety and security (Nam, 2009). Tourism Oriented Policing was first defined by the Miami Metro-Dade Police Department as “a philosophy of policing based on the concept that specially trained police officers, working closely with business leaders, airport authorities, businesses that cater to the traveling public, and private citizens can help prevent or tremendously reduce the tourism problems related to crime, fear of crime, and the decay of the neighborhoods that tourist frequently travel” (Metro- Dade Police Department, 1994 cited in Henninger, 2001, p.3). Tourism policing is different from any other forms of policing and it takes the relationship between the visitor and the locale’s economy into account. So just changing uniforms or calling someone a tourism police officer without proper training and education may actually be counter-productive (Tarlow, 2012b). The tourism policing model is built on the community policing model of creating a partnership between the police and the community they serve (cited in Wolf, 2008, p. 407). Tourist Oriented Policing (TOP) is a process of applying Community Oriented Policing (COP) techniques to 1 The terms “Tourist Police Unit” and “Tourist Police” refer to “Tourism Police” (Turkish: Turizm Polisi) in this paper.
  • 31. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 3 another segment of our citizen base in the tourism industry (Henninger, 2001). Many of the ideas in community policing had a major influence on what would become another form of policing, tourism oriented policing/protection services which today is better known by its acronym TOPPs. TOPPs drew its inspiration from Community Policing (CP) but modified CP so as to meet the evergrowing security needs of the tourism community (Tarlow, 2005). In summary, Tourism Oriented Policing is based on the concept that the law enforcement agencies – public or private –, tourism industry, government and tourists work together in creative and strategic ways to help solve safety and security problems at tourism destinations. Tourism police are special police who work for tourists’ safety and security. Tourism Oriented Policing Unit is generally divided into many types of patrol teams, namely; Foot Patrol, Bike Patrol, Equestrian (Mounted) Patrol, Motorcycle Patrol, Patrol Car Crew, Marine Patrol and Aviation/Air Support. 3. Tourism Oriented Policing and Protection Services in the World During the mid 1990s the World Tourism Organisation carried out a major survey of member states on the topic of police services for tourists. The survey found that 48 countries (72%) said they provided special police or security protection to tourist facilities and sites, with these services mostly, 37/67, part of state or municipal police forces. Only 14/67 or 21% had a special tourist police force. Very few countries, 9/67 or 13%, had specific legislation establishing tourist police services (Handszuh, 1997). There has been an increase of countries and cities in the world that are introducing Tourist Police Units to bring down tourism related crimes and provide the best tourism services to the tourists at the destinations recently. For instance, the Tourist Police Unit established in 1988 is a specialised unit of the Royal Malaysian Police. In so far, the tourist police unit has been established in Kuala Lumpur, Penang, Selangor and Johor (wikipedia.org). Internet searches indicate that specialist tourist police services are currently operating in Australia, Thailand, Malaysia, Greece, Jordan, the Philippines, Egypt, London, Greece, Seoul- Korea, Libya, Nepal, Srilanka, Argentina, Republic of Dominique, Costa Rica, Peru and Vietnam. Kenya and Uganda have also set up dedicated tourism police units for tourism safety and security (United Nations Economic Commission for Africa [UNECA], 2013). The Tourism Police Unit (Turkish: Turizm Polisi) was established in 1973 in İstanbul (Kumbasar, 1988, p.43). Turkish National Police employing almost 250.000 sworn police officers is one of the largest public sector organizations that prides itself on providing professional police and security services to the general public and tourists. Now in Turkey, tourist police services are currently operating in the provinces of Ankara, Antalya, İstanbul and İzmir. 4. The Importance of Tourism Oriented Policing and Protection Services “Academic practitioners began to fathom the safety and security research in the tourism industry in the 1990s” (AlBattat and Mat Som, 2013, p.3) as the first rule of good hospitality is taking care of our guests. As tourism safet and security is part of the tourism system and a failure or a mishap in safety and security can cause the tourism system collapse. Customer services and good security are part of the same tourism system and without them tourism often withers (Tarlow, 2014c, p.7). “More than any other economic activity, the success or failure of a tourist destination depends on the ability to provide a safe and secure environment for its visitors” (UNECA, 2013, p.100). A research made on policing in reducing feelings of insecurity initially showed that the actions of the police really contribute to a reduction in the feelings of insecurity of the public and tourists. In a research the findings clearly showed that “the most effective manner to increase the public safety through police actions is to ensure that this takes place from within the direct residential areas of the public, and if the police provide localized made-to- measure services” (Lasthuizen, Van Eeuwijk and Huberts, 2005, p.375). So policing in tourism destinations can reduce the tourists’ feelings of insecurity. According to Tarlow (2012a), if tourism security is used properly
  • 32. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 4 it can be a powerful marketing tool that can bring people to one’s hotel, location, attraction, or community. Effective policing is of paramount importance when dealing with crime and tourism. In some countries such as Egypt there is dedicated tourist police who are also trained to interact with the tourists, assist with directions and are knowledgeable about the tourism products in a specific location to advice tourists (Perry and Potgieter, 2013, p.108). Thus, it is very important that there is also a sperate tourist police unit in Turkey and these dedicated police are trained to interact with tourists in a positive manner in Turkey. 1990s began to see the need for what was then called “tourism safety and security”. As the importance of tourism spread throughout the world, the idea of tourism policing also spread (Tarlow, 2014a). Sönmez et al. (1999) stated that cooperation between the tourism industry and police agencies is critical when proactively dealing with tourism safety and security. They also stated that the tourism policing is new in the United States, and police officers are needed more knowledge to implement the traditional community oriented policing with tourism techniques. That is to say, tourism policing presents a whole new concept of proactive policing as a form of economic development relating to tourism (Tourism & More, 2014, p. 11-2). Thus, police agencies throughout the world have begun developing and implementing specialised units whose “sole responsibility is the protection of tourists and have trained selected personnel to deal specifically with tourist matters” (Pizam et al., 1997, p.23). There has been a long standing discussion within tourism circles about the value of having specialised tourism policing services at destinations (Wilks, 2011). We can say that wherever there is tourism, there is a major need for tourism security and tourism oriented policing as tourist police help increase a country’s image in the eyes of tourists. Given the sensitivity of the tourism industry and tourists to safety and security related issues, member states should be encouraged to establish dedicated tourist police units or departments (UNECA, 2013, p.100). In fact, the Tourist Police Units should be set up in order to provide security and assistance to tourists by police personnel who are specially trained and briefed on tourism and to keep a check on crimes involving tourists (WTO, 1996, p.70). TOPPs units deal with 5 very distinct forms of protection. TOPPs populations then include: visitors (an unstable population), industry’s employees (a more stable population), tourism investors (a stable population), tourism sites (inanimate but concrete entities), and reputations and economies (abstract and highly changeable entities open to wide fluctuations) (Tarlow, 2005). That is to say, Tourist Police provide information and assistance to the tourists and visitors about laws, customs, culture and attractions in the local community. Tourist Police personnel also provide visitors with assistance and information, particularly concerning native customs, culture, laws, and local attractions. Police with foreign language skills and a special brief to look after visitors are a valuable addition to a quality tourism product. A visible police presence is still very important in tourist areas (Wilks, 2011; WTO, 1996; Tourism & More, 2014). Their visible presence not only implements increased security, but also effectively attends to tourist’s concerns, as it becomes more convenient for tourists to submit any issues or complaints. “The more uniformed police officers are visible at the tourist destinations, the more secure tourists feel about the destinations” (Mthembu, 2009, p.48). But, it is also very important that too much police presence does not constantly remind tourists of crime (Perry and Potgieter, 2013). Namely, uniformed tourist police should be careful not to make tourist feel uncomfortable and fearful. The Tourist Police presence then aids in solidifying Turkey’s reputation as a secure and enjoyable travel destination. A major premise of tourism policing is that policing at tourism destinations will reduce tourism related crimes, enhance the sense of safety and security at the destinations and help create the security image of the destinations positively. These units do more than protect visitors and the locale; they also make a positive tourism image statement. For the TOPPs to be successful it is not only how you prevent or deal with tourism
  • 33. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 5 related crimes, but also how you deal with each person or tourist as a customer. Thus, TOPPs units clearly know that good customer service is a vital element of good safety and security (Tarlow, 2014b). As a result, this reality proves the necessity to introduce Tourism Police Units in order to serve better services towards the foreign visitors and tourists and in order to improve the security of Turkey’s tourist environment. Keeping tourists safe, secure and informed while visiting Turkey must be a necessary commitment for Tourist Police. 5. Conclusion and Recommendations In general, the most effective way to prevent or reduce the number of safety and security incidents happening at tourist destinations is by strong cooperation between the tourism industry, law enforcement agencies, the local community, governmental authorities, and the tourists themselves (Pizam and Mansfeld, 2006, p.353). It is clear that partnerships between the tourism industry and police are an essential element in quality tourism services. If tourist police is used correctly and properly, they can become an economic development tool for the tourism industry (Tarlow, 2012b). So the police and tourism industry should work together in creative ways to help solve tourism related problems in order to have more safe and secure destinations. Tarlow (2014a) indicates that tourism oriented policing and protection services (TOPPs) around the world will be needed more than ever (Tarlow, 2014a, p.261). An investment in tourism oriented policing will be an investment in the economic future of Turkey. Thus, Tourist Police Unit must be introduced as soon as possible to increase Turkey’s competitiveness in the tourism industry. In addition, we should focus on improving Turkey’s reputation as a secure tourist destination and developing consensus on the necessity to introduce separate Tourist Police Units in major places such as Antalya, İstanbul, İzmir, Ankara and Konya. The objective then is to become one of the top five most visited coutries in the world. When introducing Tourist Police Units the following recommendations should be taken into consideration: First of all, separate Tourist Police Units should be established. They should consist of sufficient male and female officers. These units must be distinguished from other security/police officers by a unique and distinct uniform. Namely, tourist police should be easily recognizable with their uniforms. They should be stationed in popular attractions such as monuments or tourist-heavy commercial hubs. Tourist Police will be trained to assist visitors and offer a “more welcoming” experience. They must have near fluency in English or any other language. They also must have high moral and ethical standards. Secondly, tourist police need to receive training and education in how to interact with the tourism industry and how important they are in helping and protecting the industry (Pizam and Mansfeld, 1996; Sönmez et al., 1999; Tarlow, 1998). Tourism security related courses can be introduced in the police academy and then used as part of in‐service training. Each course should also contain information pertinent to the local county’s situation (Tourism & More, 2014). Tourist police must be well-trained. In the 21st century policing and security requires well-trained professionals who are specialists in their field (Tarlow, 2014b). Tourists should be thought of as no different than residents. But the demands of policing tourists is different than policing residents, and this basic training should be implemented to educate strategies to better handle tourist situations. Tourist Police should be trained on how to handle crimes against and crimes committed by tourists (Perry and Potgieter, 2013). That is to say, they should be equipped with knowledge of the unique crime characteristics associated with tourism. We should enhance the skills of tourist police in dealing with criminal activity in tourism environments. Tourism security and safety are not appropriate jobs for everyone. Tourist Police need to be extraverted people with high degrees of tolerance. Tourism security is specialty that not everyone is capable of doing. We should choose the personnel carefully and then give them the chance to progress in their careers within the ranks of tourism security professionals. Finally, extra pay should be considered for tourism policing and security specialists. Namely, tourist police should be highly trained professionals who are paid the same wages of any other well trained professionals (Tarlow, 2014b; Tarlow, 2012b). Tourism security is more than just
  • 34. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 6 having police officers patrolling at the destinations or equipping them with a uniform that reads “tourism police”. In short the aim of the Tourist Police should be to create a hassle free, secure, safe and memorable experience to all tourists and visitors within Turkey. References AlBattat, A.R., & Mat Som, A. (2013). Emergency Preparedness for Disasters and Crises in the Hotel Industry, SAGE Open, July-September 2013, pp. 1-10. Bilim, Y. (2004). Polüler Turistik Destinasyonlarda (Turizm Merkezlerinde) Polis ve Hizmetlerinin Avrupalı Turistler Tarafından Algılanması, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, Hatay. Handszuh, H. (1997). Policing in tourism for visitor and resident protection, in Report from a WTO survey, Madrid, World Tourism Organisation, 1997. Henninger, D. (2001). What Impact Will Tourist Oriented Policing Have On Small Sized Police Departments By The Year 2006?, A project presented to California Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training, Sacramento, California. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist_Police_%28Malaysia%29. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı. (2007). Türkiye Turizm Stratejisi 2023, Eylem Planı 2007-2013, T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayını, Yayın No: 3085, Ankara, Retrieved from http://www.sp.gov.tr/documents/Turizm_Strateji _2023.pdf. Lasthuizen, K., Van Eeuwijk, B. A. P., & Huberts, L. W. J. C. (2005). How Policing Can Reduce Feelings of Insecurity: Results from Survey Research in the Netherlands, Police Practice and Research, Vol. 6, No. 4, September 2005, pp. 375-390. Mthembu. N. (2009). Tourism Crime, Safety and Security in the Umhlathuze District Municipality, Kwazulu-Natal, Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University of Zululand, Kwadlangezwa. Nam, L. Y. (2009). The role and functions of tourist police in Gangwon province, Police Science Study, Apr. 2nd Edition. Perry, E. C., & Potgieter, C. (2013). Crime and Tourism in South Africa, J Hum Ecol, 43(1), (2013), pp. 101-111. Pizam, A., & Mansfeld, Y. (Eds). (1996) Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues, Wiley, New York. Pizam, A., & Mansfeld, Y. (Eds). (2006). Tourism Security and Safety: from theory to practice, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK. Pizam, A., Tarlow, P. E., & Bloom, J. (1997). Making tourists feel safe: Whose responsibility is it?, Journal of Travel Research, 31, pp. 23-28. Rittichainuwat, B. N., & Chakraborty, G. (2012). Perceptions of importance and what safety is enough, Journal of Business Research, 65, (2012), pp. 42-50. Sönmez, S. F., & Graefe, A. R. (1998). Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions. Annals of Tourism Research, 25, 112-144, Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0160- 7383(97)00072-8. Sönmez, S.F., Apostolopoulos, Y., & Tarlow, P.E. (1999). Tourism in Crisis: Managing the Effects of Terrorism, Journal of Travel Research, 38(1), pp. 13-18. Tarlow, P. E. (1998). Keeping tourists safe, (Section 1), Review Journal, Las Vegas: International Association of Community Police (IACP). Tarlow, P. E. (2005). The Impact of Community Policing on Tourism and Tourism Oriented Policing/Protection Services (TOPs), e-Review of Tourism Research (eRTR), Vol.3, No. 1, 2005. Tarlow, P. E. (2012a). Tourism Security as a Marketing Tool, Tourism Tidbits, Hotel Online News for the Hospitality Executive, November, 2012. Tarlow, P. E. (2012b). How Can Your Guests Be Sure They Are Safe?, Tourism Tidbits, Hotel Online News for the Hospitality Executive, May, 2012. Tarlow, P. E. (2014a). Tourism Security: Strategies for Effectively Managing Travel Risk and Safety, Waltham-MA, USA: Elsevier, Butterworth-Heinemann. Tarlow, P. E. (2014b). Tourism Police Help Create the Destination Image, Retrieved from http://www.tourism-review.com/travel-tourism-magazine-tourism-police-create-the-image-of-the- destination-article2450. Tarlow, P. E. (2014c). Tourism Oriented Policing and the Tourism Industry, International Journal of Event Management Research, Special Edition: Risk Management, Volume 8, Number 1, 2014.
  • 35. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 7 United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. (2013). Sustainable tourism master plan for the Inter- Governmental Authority On Development (IGAD) Region 2013 – 2023, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, www.uneca.org United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2011). United Nations World Tourism Organization, “Tourism Highlights 2011”, United Nations, 2011. Weiping (2010). Exploring Images Of Indonesia As Perceived By Indonesian Tourism Industry Members And UK Residents ‘Pre-The Bali Bombings’ And ‘Post-The Bali Bombings, (Doctoral dissertation), University of Bedfordshire, UK. Wilks, J. (2011). Policing In Tourism, Travel Law Quarterly, 2011, pp. 30-34. Wolf, R. (2008). Tourism oriented policing: an examination of a Florida/Caribbean partnership for police training, International Journal of Police Science & Management, Volume 10 Number 4, 2008, pp. 402-416. World Economic Forum. (2013). The travel and tourism competitiveness report 2013, Geneva: World Economic Forum. World Tourism Organization. (1996). Tourist Safety and Security: Practical Measures for Destinations, Madrid: World Tourism Organization.
  • 36. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 8 A SYSTEM DYNAMICS MODEL FOR THE NUMBER OF INTERNATIONAL INBOUND TOURISTS IN TURKEY Mahsa SERPOUSH, PhD. Student Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Graduate School of Social Sciences, Management and Organization Department ms_phdm@yahoo.com.tr Cemalettin Öcal FİDANBOY, PhD. Candidate Başkent University, Graduate School of Social Sciences, Management and Organization Department ocalfidanboy@hotmail.com Abstract There are lots of changes happening every day from climate changes to international legal changes. These may have an impact on the tourism industry and more specifically, the number of tourists. The study of what influence the tourism sector should be an updated one as the changes are happening continuously .In this paper, the number of international inbound tourists in Turkey is taken as a level variable with reference to system dynamics and subsequently, the consonants and flows are defined for it. Finally, a system dynamics model is suggested which demonstrate what affects and what is affected from the number of international inbound tourists in Turkey. This will help us understand what variables cause the increase and decrease in the number of tourists followed by what variables are going to change in response to this increase-decrease and in which way; positive or negative reinforcement. Key-Words: system dynamics, international inbound tourists 1. Introduction Tourism has been of great importance throughout the history; when people travelled thousands of kilometers for days to reach their destination and now that the long distances are taken within hours or even minutes. Along with the development of tourism industry, there were some periods where a decrease or an increase was seen in the number of tourists. Studies have tried to identify the factors that can affect or be affected from the number of tourists coming to a specific destination. The studies have not been restricted to the identification of factors, however, they have gone one step further and some scholars have attempted to forecast tourism. In the recent years, specifically, the forecasting models have attracted the attention of many scholars and the ones active in the market such as travel agencies who are thriving for information concerning the future of tourism and its probable changes. As there are factors which affect tourism and the factors which are affected from tourism, it can be said that there should be two groups; one that have impact on tourism and one that get impact from tourism, however, an organization or a person can be present in both of the groups. Fulfilling the expectations of these groups which is the accurate forecast of tourism is not going to be met until the factors both affecting and affected, are carefully determined. In this paper, a system dynamics model is suggested for the number of international inbound tourism in Turkey after review of the available literature. This can assist us to depict a picture of the possible future of tourism and to use this picture while devising plans for future. This can provide a full image to a wide range of people directly or indirectly related to the tourism sector from the top managers to an owner of a small market in a touristic destination. If the model can be completed and run, there will be chance for forecasting the number of international inbound tourism in future. Although the estimations will not be certainly true as the continuous changes are happening all the time, they can be of help even at a minimum level because they can depict a general picture of the future situation to us.
  • 37. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 9 2. Literature Review Peng et al. (2014) used meta-analysis for predicting the international tourism demand and their results demonstrated that despite the modeling method, number of variables and their measures, sample size and also data frequency, the origins of tourists, time period and destination may affect the accuracy of the forecasting model (Peng, Song, & Crouch, 2014). Another related study was also done comparing the accuracy of these models, univariate or multivariate, for the international city tourism demand for Paris (Gunter & Onder, 2015). Forecasting the tourism requires the identification of the factors which influence the tourism. Badulescu and Rusu (2009) explained some of these factors in their article which are as follows: environmental issues, security issues, globalization, demographic challenges, competition and business environment, and economic crisis. Aktaş (2005) indicated a regression equation for the variables affecting tourism revenues in Turkey and he expressed the dependent variables as: the number of coming tourists (inbound tourism) to Turkey during a specific time, the capacity of Turkey for giving services to tourists based on the number of beds available, the number of travel agencies, government’s assigned budget for introducing tourism and advertising relatedly, US dollar exchange rate, Germany’s Mark exchange rate and the allowed amount of foreigners’ investment in Turkey. In another article, key factors were recognized for the case of Cat Ba Biosphere Reserve (CBBR) in Vietnam which have been categorized under three groups: tourism economy, natural resources and social-demography (Mai & O.J.H). Besides, a dynamics of the system was delineated in that article. A similar attempt has also been taken in order to present a system dynamics model for the sustainable development of economic circle in tourist destinations (Luo, Jin, Liao, Ren, & Gao, 2012).The case of Guilin was also studied and the resort development was explained by the means of system dynamics (Honggang & Jigang, 2000). In another research, sustainable tourism industry in China was analyzed by employing a system dynamics approach (Fu, Li, & Ning, 2011). As it was mentioned, the system dynamics model was used in tourism in different countries and cases nevertheless the results gained from each case is not the same as the other one. Therefore, the case study of Turkey may result in new findings and results regarding the fact that tourism is one the most important and developed industries in Turkey. 3. Method Level variable was taken the number of international inbound tourists in Turkey. There can be two kinds of flows to the level variable; in-flows and out-flows. In-flows are the variables which cause increase in the level variable, number of international inbound tourism in Turkey. Out- Flows contain the variables which can reduce the number of international inbound tourists. The flows and level variable can be seen in figure1. The second step is to determine what affects the number of tourists’ entries and also the number of tourists who leave Turkey. In this step, we need to collect data to distinguish factors. The first choice may be the review of the literature and history of changes in tourism. We need to look back at the changes in the number of international tourists’ entries or their leavings which have happened throughout a period of time, for example for a period of fifty years and then, seek for their probable causes. The study of current situation will just help us to determine few numbers of factors; however, researching a period of time may enable us to find more factors. Moreover, a factor which could be seen in the past, but it cannot be seen now and the effects may be present, can be identified in this case as well.
  • 38. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 10 Figure 1: Level and flows The second method for data collection regarding the current situation is asking the experts in the fields which were related to the tourism field according to the literature about the possible factors. Next, the methods which are available for the consensus between experts can be used though it can be hard to reach consensus as the tourism environment is so wide and varied and lots of variables may be named by diverse experts. The simplest way may be noticing the frequency of the answers. For example, security issues will be mentioned by almost all of the respondents and as a result, it is going to be fitted into the system dynamics model. The third step is to seek for the statistics and numbers; the number of international tourists to Turkey and the number of exits or the total number of inbound tourism in Turkey. Testing the data of each year, may result in an approximate equation between the level variable, the number of international inbound tourism in Turkey, and the flows, the number of international tourists’ entries and exits. By putting the equation in the model, the prediction will become possible. The fourth step, as it was mentioned, is running the model and seeing the results which are estimations of the future. 4. Conclusion and Recommendation This paper suggested that there are factors involving with tourism, causing it to change in a specific direction, positive or negative. There have been studies in different countries and different cases focused on presenting a system dynamics model for tourism, however, there seems to be a need to conduct the same study in the Turkish context for the reason that even in the literature, each case was studied independently from any other cases and the findings from one case was not tried to be generalized to the other ones because of the various tourism environments in each case and their special characteristics which make them different from each other. On the other hand, although some studies have examined the interfering factors with tourism, the changing nature of the environment, here the environment of tourism makes us to think of researching the factors which have influence on tourism and to come up with updated results. The key point in this article is that employing the system thinking approach, more specifically the system dynamics model, will empower us to have rates in the model and therefore, the model cannot be just in qualitative mode but also quantitative. For instance, in a certain time, “time A”, if we find the number of international tourists’ entries to Turkey, we can calculate the number of exits or the total number of inbound tourism in Turkey. More detailed, when the factors which affect entries or exits are defined, the same calculations can be taken place but from the earlier step. In other words, the capacity of services given to tourists is showed by the number of beds and this number is known, then the number of entries on the first round, following by the total
  • 39. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 11 number of international inbound tourism, then again following by the international tourists’ exits from Turkey can all be estimated as they are in relationships with each other and the tourism system is a dynamic system. For future research, the period of fifty years of international inbound tourism can be taken into account and subsequently, the factors having impact on the number of international inbound entries and international inbound exists can be recognized and they can be fitted into the system dynamics model. The second suggestion is to arrange interviews with the experts in both tourism- related fields and tourism in order to get an insight of the current factors and then compare the historical factors and the current ones for any similarity. There may be hidden trends behind the number of international inbound tourism. References AKTAŞ, C. (2005). Obtaining the Optimum Regression Equation for Variables Which Affect tourism Revenues in Turkey. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 163-174. BĂDULESCU, A., & RUSU, S. (2009). The Dynamics of The International Tourism Market. Recent Developments and Challenges. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 145-152. Fu, Y., Li, D., & Ning, L. (2011). A System Dynamics Approach for Analyzing Sustainable Tourism Industry in China. International Conference on Management and Service Science (MASS) (pp. 1-4). Wuhan: IEEE. Gunter, U., & Onder, I. (2015). Forecasting international city tourism demand for Paris: Accuracy of uni- and multivariate models employing monthly data. Tourism Management, 123-135. Honggang, Z., & Jigang, B. (2000). A System Dynamics Study of Resort Development Project Management in Tourism Region: A Case Study of Guilin. Retrieved from CEUR Workshop Proceedings: http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-72/038%20Xu%20Resort.pdf Luo, Y., Jin, M., Liao, Z., Ren, P., & Gao, H. (2012). Sustainable Development of Economic Circle in Tourist Destinations Based on System Dynamics. Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences, 1011-1018. Mai, T. V., & O.J.H, B. (n.d.). System Thinking Approach as a Unique Tool for Sustainable Tourism Development:A Case Study in the Cat Ba Biosphere Reserve of Vietnam. Retrieved from Journals ISSS | International Society for the Systems Sciences: http://journals.isss.org/index.php/proceedings54th/article/viewFile/1457/509 Peng, B., Song, H., & Crouch, G. I. (2014). A meta-analysis of international tourism demand forecasting and implications for practice. Tourism Management, 181-193.
  • 40. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 12 EMPOWERING WOMEN FOR THE PURPOSE OF ATTENDING IN PRESSING LOCAL HANDICRAFT MARKETS Reza Pourali M.A in Geography and Tourism Planning, Tabriz Metropolis Municipality Rezapourali87@yahoo.com Mortaza Karami M.A in Geography and Tourism Planning, Tabriz Metropolis Municipality mortazakarami@rocketmail.com Reza Khalili PhD in Geography and urban Planning, Tabriz Metropolis Municipality Vahid Azizi M.A student in management, Tabriz Metropolis Municipality Abstract Paying attention to women was reached to new phase in the process of human development and women are placed on the center of gravity of the development descriptions by distributing the theory of stable development in the year 1980. Nowadays different countries as an example Iran has accomplished many programs in order to improve rural and urban woman's place in the society. Therefore paying too much attention for empowering rural women, who are about the half of the village's population, is one of the important policy. Empowering women is a process in which women are informed their own inner needs and demands. They try to have spunk in order to reach the goal and to have required ability to carry out their needs. This research has accomplished by a reviewer studies to understand the importance of empowering women, the important factors in empowering women especially rural women, women employment within the framework of local markets and the impressions which can leave in local society. This research shows that some factors like increasing education, accessing to financial sources, improving the state of health, having legal rights arising from tenancy. Removing market discrimination and decreasing wrong traditional beliefs are the important factors in empowering women. Keywords: empowering, women, local markets, handicraft. 1. Introduction Nowadays empowering exploits as a manageable technique in reaction to need of employment in organization throughout the world (Berri, 1993; Johnson, 1993; Foy, 1994). Kanter (1977) believes that empowering is donation of power to person, who presents in inefficient part of organization. He imagines the power in one (connectedly), that powerful people are at one end of it and powerless people are at the other end of it. Empowering has relation to confidence. Simulation decision and specially breaking up the inner limit between ordinary people and management. There is too much agreements between empowering and new organizational forms like reticulate structure (Rahnavard, 1387:106). It is not acceptable that empowering is always good and suitable for organization. Empowering doesn't guarantee the prosperity in any situation. Its impression is depend on accompany with needs, aims, culture of organization, people's idea and structure. The recent studies of social authorities have shown that accessing to stable development is impossible without active participation of woman all fields like social, economical and family. The performances examinations on the field pf participation of women in affair's society have shown that social and cultural factors and different expectations of society from men and women are important obstacles on the way of women participation. Therefore by the year 1980, the term "Sexuality and Development" was applied instead of the term "Women" in development. After
  • 41. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 13 that some methods were adopted to participate women in development and to remove obstacles. One of theses methods is empowering women of course by putting the emphasis on this point that the participation of women is not only because of their enjoyment from benefits and outcomes of development plans but also they should participate in accomplishment of development plans activity. 2.Explanation of the Problem Constructing handicraft markets is one of the aims of cultural heritage, handicraft and tourism organization. Finally suitable places for marketing, necessity materials accord with ecological condition of region, participation of local community in its constructing process and so on are its substructure aspect that programmers pay too much attention to this subject. Empowering local community (esp. women) has particular importance in order to prepare them to present their local handicraft and it isn't placed on priority of relevant plans to promotion of handicraft. In order to empower the local community it is necessary to apply some policies to improve literacy and proficiency, access to required investment, easiness access to financial resources and repay the received loans, prepare necessary fields to access to markets and on the other side it is necessary to make them familiar with demands and tact of tourisms, marketing methods, accounting techniques and so on. Also by observing different educating workshops it should try to reveal the importance and value of introducing and selling the local products to people. According to the place of handicraft as a second factor of growth and development of national impure production and also its place beyond the tourism industry as an important source of universal economic growth and rural women place as an important kind of handicraft producers, the role of women employment defines in both universal and national level. 3. Literature Review 3.1. Definition of Empowering The term empowering has nominated as "acquisition of liberty and voluntary self-government or legal power", being able and promoting of (Farhady and Bastar, 2006). UNICEF knows empowering as a process during which people do same activities in order to overcome the improvement obstacles that cause to guarantee their own destiny. In another definition empowering is defined as an access to information, education resources, decision power, self- government and dominate to their own life (Annonymous, 2005). On the other hand the fund of U.N.O (2006) has introduced 5 factors of empowering women which consist of processing, right to vote, accessing to resources and opportunities, right and power to control their life inside and outside of the houses, ability to influence on social changes to create national and international economical and social order (Moridosadat and Cowerkers, 1386:9). So empowering and partnership are deeply interdependent in some way that the participation of women cause empowering and their empowering will cause the increase of participation. As Honold (1997) says: various presuppositions about empowering render its definition. Menon 2 (1995) emphasizes on recognition aspect in empowering and believes that empowering is perception and controlling decision by subordinators. Bowen and Lawler define empowering as a political strategy to share the ability of empowering (Bowen and Lawler, 1992: 42). Barbee and Bott define empowering as donating the responsibility to those people who affairs with matters. These mentioned definitions are reflections of various presuppositions about the nature of empowering. In the first definition, recognition aspect of empowering was taken under advisement. The second definition emphasizes on the lienation of authority. While the third definition takes responsibility into consideration (Barbee and Bott, 1991:28). Anyhow we should consider that all of these definitions about empowering are night slightly. Fisher (1993) believes that empowering is a function of 3 variants: 1- Authority 2- Resources 3- Information.
  • 42. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 14 3.2.The Demand Nature of Empowering Clodon and Doyle (1996) emphasize on morality aspect of empowering and believe that the confidence of management to subordinators is an important factor. The emphasis on protection role of management can be seen in the writings of some authors like Block (1994), Sullivan (1994), Sullivan and Howell (1996). According to this viewpoint, a strong organization is an organization that the managers appear in protection role and give more decision power to the subordinators (Malon, 1997). In other words managers behave like a teacher and let the subordinators to involve themselves deeply in solving problems. Lashi (1999) believes that the effective factors on empowering are as follow: management conception (precautionary action of managements in transferring authority), structure of obligation (a degree of self-acting in doing entrusted duties). Organizational culture (the degree that the culture of organization strengthens the feeling of empowering) and kind of strengthening (fascination of employment based on reward or ownership feeling among people). He believes that various combinations of these factors will represent different shapes of empowering in organizations. 3.3.Definition of Handicraft From UNESCO points of view those manufactures can be called handicrafts which are made completely or made by helping manual device. Interfering mechanical devices is acceptable till it doesn't disprove the direct presence of hard or mankind (UNESCO Publication, 2006:4). The items should be prepared by natural original materials and it can be produced unlimitedly. These manufactures can be beautiful, innovative, artistic or consumption and while describing cultural, artistic meanings, consisting of decorative, religious, traditional and social aspects and other meaningful symbols (Hajipour Shoshtari, 1387:11). 3.4.The place of handicraft in social-cultural development Because of few millennium antecedents of handicraft in Iran and its various courses. This is considered as Iranian important professional and also devotes the highest rote of employment. In recent years the examination of the process of non-petriolic exports shows that more than half a milliard dollars has gained to the country by carpet and handicraft exporting. Whereas the regular statistics of WTO of handicraft had been amounted to 4 milliards. From the viewpoint of employment rate in handicraft. Iran has the 3rd place after India and China. Also from various courses of handicraft, which 150 kinds of it has recognized has the 1st rate and from the produce capacity point of view has the 3rd rate in the world. But from viewpoint of export rate, Iran is placed in the lower rate (Pop, 1380:39). Now from the employment potentiality point of view about 10 million persons are bustling either directly or indirectly (Rostami, 1383:45). From the importance viewpoint of handicraft in national impure products, we should say that the higher rates in another words 3 percent is devoted to this part. Whereas automotive industry devotes 2.5 percent and the portion of petrochemical industry is only about 2 percent. This statistic shows that the role and place of handicraft in economical development of Iran and word is in a higher level. In recent years some factors like weakness of economical establishments, cooperative and private sector inefficaciousness of custodian of producing organization in policy and protection of handicraft, incomplete infirmity of universal markets, nonattendance of foreign tourisms, in acquaintance of producers, cooperative and establishments and private sectors with exporting process and lack of adequate information from the tact of consumers cause exporting handicraft to decrease. In spite of the attentions of many countries to national arts some factors like severalty of public and governmental sectors on the field of handicraft, lack of required assistance for policy and
  • 43. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 15 planning, lack of suitable investment and bank facilities and lack of laws, which has assembled more protections from industrial workers, has caused that this industry face with many problems. The important point is that there is a deeply relation between beneficial part of handicraft with development of tourism industry and in many cases they consider as a complementary in economical development. In addition to economical place, cultural role of handicraft is important in universal development. The main message of handicraft and tourism industry is exchange of culture i.e, fulfillment of civil talks, finding social and cultural similarities, familiarity with the kind of structures and social relations, cultural and social ceremonies, artistic, industrial and scientific abilities, anthropology and traditional arts are the kind of this permanent talks. 3.4.Women Employment According to this point that the high percent of women are getting busy with activities that are related with handicraft so it is necessary to point to women employment in the form of statistic. Paying attention to the presented statistic in the last 3 decades shows that some factors cause that the portion of women employment decrease more than men. Some of these factors are as follow: social obstacles, illiteracy and lack of literacy, sexuality discrimination, law obstacles like: family law, employment law, economical factors like: economic standstill and upswing, emigration from village to city, believe in uneconomical rate of women, lack of variety in employing chance and promoting women's payment and cultural and traditional limitation. According to exact numeration of the whole country in the year 1335, 90.9 percent of active men are employed and 9.1 percent of them are unemployed. This ratio has run to this statistic that in the year 1365 to 81.7 and 12.9, in the year 1375 to 91.5 and 8.5. But the exact numeration of women shows that in the year 1355n, 83.6 percent of active women are employed and 16.4 percent of them are unemployed. This ratio has run to this statistic that in the year 1365 to 74.4, 25.4 and in the year 1375 to 87.6 – 13.7 percent. If we consider the ratio of employed women to all employed in the year 1354, 1355, 1365 and 1375 the portion of women have been in this order: 12.2%, 13.8%, 9%, 13.1%. it is noted that the portion of employed women in the ratio of 1375 to 1345 has decreased only 1%, which is not considered too much changes in the portion of employed women (Iran Statistic Center, 1381). Decreasing portion of women employment in comparison with the rate of working men and women participation, which is the sign and rate of real people at the age of working in economical activities, is quite perceptible in the year 1380. Whereas this criterion for women was quite to 62.1% and women have had 11.8% rate of participation. In another words, men have attended 5.2 as much more than women. Statistic shows that in addition to low portion of economical participation of women in the country. Iran has the lowest rate of economical participation of women among developing countries. Therefore according to these statistics among the developing countries Angula has graded the highest rate of economical participation of women (66.9%) and Iran has graded the lowest rate (10.6%) in the end of 200 A.D. whereas women attend in social-economical activities in industrialized countries like Europe and America. So that Canada with 59.9% has the highest rate of economical participation of women and Italy with 35.9% has the lowest rate. Also the rate of economical activities of women in Iran in comparison with neighboring countries like Pakistan and Syria are in lower level (Rostami, 1383:42). Therefore women can't entrance to markets in developing countries because of economical and cultural poverty. Let it not remain unsaid that by struggles of government and the role of women activity has increased since 1996. Some factors like decrease of family dimension, rising cost per head of family, rising the marriage age, tending to more social participation of women has affected on the rate of economical participation of women in recent years.
  • 44. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 16 According to the examination of active woman's age structure, the highest rate of active women are by the age of 25-29 and it is about 14.1%, which is the lowest rate among other developing countries (Educating meeting articles, women employment and national development, 1381:69). It appears as though getting busy with high education of women is a reason of delaying their economical participation by the year 25-29 in Iran. Before the year 1370 illiterate women participation didn't have balance as compared with men. However by increasing number of literate women, the rate of social participation of women has challenged with men especially after 1370 (Pakbaz, 1379:85). This transformation has an effective role in industry specially handicraft and carpet industry, which devoted the most percent participation of women. 3.5. Efficacious factors in women employment A) Empowering women Authorities have presented different definitions for empowering. The writers of "Iranian women events and development" says: "Empowering means people reach to a level of self-development that they may be able to select based on their desires." Generally empowering is possible by 2 ways: 1- Elimination of some factors which are as an obstacle for women activities. 2- Increasing women abilities In order to eliminate the existing obstacles we can point to some factors like: resolving the sexuality discrimination, accessing to the same educational and financial resources, having the same priority and rights arising from tenancy according to low, possible participation of others in taking care of employed woman's babies and dividing the house chores. Generally women education can be their main social obstacle. They try to access to high education to reach to a suitable and formal professions and this cause that their portion in market increase too. If cultural obstacles don't encounter a difficulty in increasing women participation and the existing obstacles are ruined to their attendant in specialized and managerial places and deservingness principles are observed in person's admissions, women will attain to their real position in the markets. The most important reasons of attending women in economical activities are as follow: 1- Increasing the amount of families' income 2- Decreasing man's supervision responsibility and decreasing the economical pressure 3- Increasing the amount of presented works by women and decreasing the production and services' costs in the society (Emadzadeh, 1382:9) B) Increasing women employment fields Slow changes has taken place since Iranian managers and employers have believed the necessity of attending of women in ‫خدماتی‬ and production parts till their active attendance. In the recent years woman have informed the importance of the lost opportunities by increasing their educations. This cause to logical decrease of fertilization and control of the rate of population growth. Although by increasing women education level and increasing the marriage age their presenting works has increased but their job opportunities has not increased in the same speed. As the statistic shows the rate of women participation was 9.1 in the year 1375 and it has reached to 11.8 in the year 1382. in a manner that the rate of those urban women who wants job become twice as much and more than 24.5% in the last eight years (The report of women employment office, Department of labor and human services, 1384). C) Elimination of unjust sexuality From a sociology point of view, development means continuous increase of the best utilization of resources to increase interior and national impure productions. Export of products and technical knowledge, growth of agriculture, ‫خدمات‬ and industry sectors, continuous increase of