5. Introduction To
Architecture
• People need places for their
activity
• These activities take place in
buildings
• A discipline concerned with
design of building is Architecture
8. What is
Art ?
• A creative human activity in which materials
are shaped to convey an idea, emotion, or
visually interesting form
• The use of skill and imagination in the
creation of aesthetic objects or experiences
that can be shared with others
Divided into two
• Fine Art: Painting, Sculptor, Music &
Poetry
9. What is Science ?
• The systematic observation of natural events
and conditions
• to discover facts about them and
• to formulate laws and principles based on
these facts
• Divided into two
• Natural Science: physics, biology,
chemistry
• Social Science: like sociology, economics,
geography
10. What is Design?
• A rational, logical, sequential
process intended to solve problems
• Involves making a detailed plan of
the form or structure of something
• Emphasizing features such as its
appearance, convenience, durability
and economy.
11. • Then Architecture is a discipline
which
• uses art and science
knowledge and skill to
create, improve and restore
habitable structures specially
buildings.
• It is an art and science of designing
buildings
12. Architecture and Other Related
Disciplines
• Task of designer is to change
• Client Needs to Concepts to Building Image
• Three parties involve in realization of Client Needs
Client Design
Team
Construction
Team
• Architect ( Coordinator)
• UP and UE
• Surveyor & Geologist
• Structural Engineer
• Electrical Engineer
• Mechanical Engineer
• Sanitary Engineer
• Idea
• Needs
• Money
13. • Design isn't a single
professional task
• It is important to know other
related disciplines including
• Urban Planning & Design
• Civil Engineering
• Electrical & Mechanical
Engineering
• Sanitary Engineering
Architecture and Other Related
Disciplines
14. Urban Planning
• the organization of all elements of a town or urban
environment.
• dealt with land use and the physical arrangement
of city structures taking into consideration
economical, social, physical environmental,
administrative, historical…. Aspects
• urban planning document related to Architecture
contains
• zoning ordinances like residential, commercial
zone
Architecture and Other Related
Disciplines
15. Urban Engineering
• the application of science ( specially
physics, maths and chemistry) in the
design of urban infrastructure like
• Urban Houses and related
buildings
• Urban Roads & Bridge
• Urban Water Supply,
• Urban Drainage & Sewerage
Architecture and Other Related
Disciplines
16. Urban Design
• Before 1960s: Architecture & UP
were the same
• After 1960s, split into
• UP: focus on land use pattern &
organization of services &
infrastructure
• Architecture : focus on design of
buildings
• Gap is created: who is responsible for
Architecture and Other Related
Disciplines
17. Civil Engineering
• Practical application of science and
math in the design of structures like
road, bridge, dam etc.
• Building components
• Architectural: non supporting &
space defining: walls, windows
• Structural : supporting like
foundation, beam, column, slab
• Civil (Structural) Engineer
Architecture and Other Related
Disciplines
18. Electrical Engineering
• design and manufacture of systems
and devices that use electric power
and signals
• Building components includes
electrical system
• switches, sockets, light points, water
pump
Architecture and Other Related
Disciplines
19. Mechanical Engineering
• design and manufacture all types of
machineries
• building also include mechanical
systems like
• elevators, escalators, heating, cooling,
ventilating systems
• Mechanical Engineer
Architecture and Other Related
Disciplines
20. Sanitary Engineering
• design of water supply , drainage
and sewerage system
• Sanitary Engineer
• designs the water supply, sewerage and
drainage system of a building and its
compound
Architecture and Other Related
Disciplines
21. Other Disciplines
• in a design of advanced buildings
like museums, cinemas, meeting
halls, hotels other disciples may
involve
• Light Engineer
• Acoustics Engineer
• Interior Architect
Architecture and Other Related
Disciplines
24. WHAT IS DESIGN?
Many people would think of design as some kind of effort in
beautifying the outward appearance of things. Certainly mere
beautification is one aspect of design, but design is much
more than this.
25. WHAT IS DESIGN?
Design is not just ornamentation. The well-
designed chair not only has a pleasing
outward appearance, but
• Stands firmly on the ground and provides
adequate comfort for whoever sits on it.
• Furthermore, it should be safe and quite
durable, able to be produced at a
comparatively economic cost, packed and
shipped conveniently and
• It should have a specific function,
whether for working, resting, dining or
other human activities.
26. WHAT IS DESIGN?
Design is a process of purposeful visual
creation.
Unlike painting and sculpture, which
are the realization of artists’ personal
visions and dreams, design fills practical
needs. A piece of
graphic design has to be placed before the
eyes of the public and to convey a
predetermined
message.
27. WHAT IS DESIGN?
• The organization of parts into a coherent
whole.
• A creative endeavor to solve a problem
So, Design is
28. WHAT IS DESIGN?
Major
characteristic
features about
design:
• Process
• Problem
solving
• Creative
activity
Design as Process
• Any process is expected to have a definite beginning that sets it
in motion and a definite end where the motion stops.
• A design activity is therefore triggered by some stimuli that starts
a process.
Design as Problem solving
• The trigger that sets things in motion is usually the need to solve
a problem.
• This in turn implies that the activity that we call design starts by
identifying a problem to be solved and tries to use inputs from
the human mind (the designer) to come up with possible
solutions
Design as Creative activity
• There might be more than one possible solution to a specific
problem.
• A designer is expected to explore possibilities and use his power
of imagination to generate the best solution that is unique and
original at the same time.
29. Who is a
Designer?
A designer is an
individual that
produces an original
work of creation.
What it Takes to
Undertake a Design
Activity?
• Knowledge: Set of accumulated
information
• Imagination: Power of visualizing various
layers, sides, Dimension &
Possibilities of Information
• Skill: The ability to execute our ideas
31. Understanding The Perceptual Process
Perception and sensation
Sensation:
Refers to the immediate, relatively
unprocessed result of stimulation of
sensory receptors in the eyes, ears, nose,
tongue, or skin.
Perception:
A process by which organisms interpret
and organize sensation to produce
meaningful experience of the world.
In practice, sensation and perception are
virtually impossible to separate, because
they are part of one continuous process.
32. Understanding The Perceptual Process
How do we perceive?
Organizing raw sensory stimuli into meaningful
experiences involves cognition, a set of mental
activities that includes thinking, knowing, and
remembering.
• Knowledge + experience
33. Understanding The Perceptual Process
How do we perceive?
Olny srmat poelpe can raed tihs.
I couldn’t blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht I was rdanieg.
The phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mnid, aoccdrnig to a rscheearch
at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a
wrod are, the olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be in
the rghit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it
wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey
lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Amzanig huh? yaeh and I awlyas
tghuhot slpeling was ipmorantt! If you can raed this psas it on !!
Psas Ti ON !
34. Understanding The Perceptual
Process
Perception and Gestalt theory
Perception
Perception is the process of organizing,
interpreting, and
selectively extracting sensory information.
The process of using the senses to acquire
information
About the surrounding environment or
situation
35. Understanding The Perceptual
Process
Perception and Gestalt theory
Gestalt theory
• Gestalt deals with the psychology of human perception
• Gestalt ( translated from German) means the entire figure or
configuration or shape.
• Gestalt’s basic premise is that organization is central to all
mental activity and is a reflection of how the brain functions.
• Using gestalt the whole is understood to be different from the
sum of its parts.
36. Understanding The Perceptual
Process
Perception and Gestalt theory
Gestalt theory
The main aspects of gestalt are
• Closure
• Proximity
• Continuance
• Similarity and
• Common fate
Individually or collectively, these aspects help us
understand form as a meaningful whole and not as
isolated , unrelated part.
37. • Understanding The Perceptual
Process
Perception and Gestalt theory
Closure
The main aspects
of gestalt are
• Closure
• Proximity
• Continuance
• Similarity and
• Common fate
• According to the law
of closure, we prefer
complete forms to
incomplete forms.
38. • Understanding The Perceptual
Process
Perception and Gestalt theory
Closure
The main aspects
of gestalt are
• Closure
• Proximity
• Continuance
• Similarity and
• Common fate
• According to the law
of closure, we prefer
complete forms to
incomplete forms.
39. • Understanding The Perceptual
Process
Perception and Gestalt theory
Closure
The main aspects
of gestalt are
• Closure
• Proximity
• Continuance
• Similarity and
• Common fate
• According to the law
of closure, we prefer
complete forms to
incomplete forms.
40. • Understanding The Perceptual
Process
Perception and Gestalt theory
Proximity
The main aspects
of gestalt are
• Closure
• Proximity
• Continuance
• Similarity and
• Common fate
• The closer objects are
to one another, the
more likely we are to
mentally group them
together.
41. • Understanding The Perceptual
Process
Perception and Gestalt theory
Proximity
The main aspects
of gestalt are
• Closure
• Proximity
• Continuance
• Similarity and
• Common fate
• The closer objects are
to one another, the
more likely we are to
mentally group them
together.
FREE WATER
FOOD SOLD
FREE WATER
FOOD SOLD
When you went to a
restaurant and read this
42. • Understanding The Perceptual
Process
Perception and Gestalt theory
Continuance
The main aspects
of gestalt are
• Closure
• Proximity
• Continuance
• Similarity and
• Common fate
• The law of continuity
leads us to see a line as
continuing in a
particular direction,
rather than making an
abrupt turn.
• We perceive the figure as two crossed
lines instead of 4 lines meeting at the
center.
• Occurs when a part of a form overlaps itself
with or an adjacent form. Your eye is led to
follow the dominant from across the
secondary without interruption.
43. • Understanding The Perceptual
Process
Perception and Gestalt theory
Similarity
The main aspects
of gestalt are
• Closure
• Proximity
• Continuance
• Similarity and
• Common fate
• The law of similarity
leads us to link together
parts of the visual field
that are similar in color,
lightness, texture,
shape, or any other
quality.
• In the example to
the left, the larger
circles appear to
belong together
because of the
similarity in size
44. • Understanding The Perceptual
Process
Perception and Gestalt theory
Similarity
The main aspects
of gestalt are
• Closure
• Proximity
• Continuance
• Similarity and
• Common fate
• The law of similarity
leads us to link together
parts of the visual field
that are similar in color,
lightness, texture,
shape, or any other
quality.
45. • Understanding The Perceptual
Process
Perception and Gestalt theory
Common fate
The main aspects
of gestalt are
• Closure
• Proximity
• Continuance
• Similarity and
• Common fate
• The law of common fate
leads us to group
together objects that
move in the same
direction.
46. Assignment 1( in a group of two )
• Task - using primary shapes, design any
figures that exhibits the common aspects
of gestalt ?
• Media- in sketch and model.
• Paper size - A4 format.
• Submission date - next class
47. Understanding The Perceptual
Process
Figure Ground Relationship
• Our visual field consists of heterogeneous
elements that differ in size, shape ,color or
orientation
• We tend to organize the elements in to two
opposite
groups :
positive elements which perceived as a figure and
negative elements which provide a background for
the figure..
FIGURE GROUND
RELATIONSHIP
48. Understanding The Perceptual
Process
Figure Ground Relationship
• Our perception and understanding of a
composition depends on how we interpret the
visual interaction between the positive and the
negative elements .
A A A A
a a
a
a
49. Understanding The Perceptual
Process
Figure Ground Relationship
• Our perception and understanding of a
composition depends on how we interpret the
visual interaction between the positive and the
negative elements .
a
a
Line defines
the mass and
the void
The form of solid
mass rendered as
a figure
The form of spatial
void rendered as a
figure
50. Understanding The Perceptual
Process
Figure Ground Relationship
• Sometimes the relationship between figure is so
ambiguous that we visually switch their
identities back and forth almost simultaneously.
Its face or vase?
51. Understanding The Perceptual
Process
Figure Ground Relationship
• Sometimes the relationship between figure is so
ambiguous that we visually switch their
identities back and forth almost simultaneously.
52. Understanding The Perceptual
Process
Figure Ground Relationship
• Sometimes the
relationship between
figure is so
ambiguous that we
visually switch their
identities back and
forth almost
simultaneously.
53. Assignments 2 (individual task)
• Design an outline that have an Ambiguous figure ground relation ?
• Take the shortest side of a landscape A4 paper and Design an outline
that fits in a squire at the edge of the paper. It must be easily
recognized and occupy the space in the format.
• Only two colors will be used: one for the figure and one for the
ground.
• Submission date – Next class
