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1. Humanities exam 1 questions | World history homework help
Question 1What was the Medieval model of the Universe?GeocentricHeliocentricThey
believed the universe was completely flatNone of the aboveQuestion 2Who developed the
heliocentric theory?Nicholaus CopernicusTycho BrahePtolemyAristotleQuestion 3What was
the Starry Messenger?A popular science journal created by Galileo to spread scientific
ideas.The manual early modern universities used to teach students astronomyKepler’s book
designed to teach people astrology – the reading of the stars to predict the futureA medieval
text describing the geocentric theoryQuestion 4What was the most important question
facing the Estates General in the months before it met? Whether the commoners would be
included at allWhether the clergy and the nobility would work togetherHow the estates
would voteWhether the Third Estate would be able to wear their hats in front of the
kingQuestion 5Who was the king of France during the French Revolution?Charles XPeter
the GreatPhilibert VILouis XVIQuestion 6What did Caesare Beccaria argue in On Crimes and
Punishments?He argued that current systems of European justice were barbaricHe argued
that people should not be considered guilty of a crime before they are triedTorture should
not be used to achieve confessionsAll of the aboveQuestion 7What foreign war did France
engage in that contributed to its own revolution?The English Civil WarThe American Civil
WarThe American RevolutionThe Thirty Years WarQuestion 8What was the Estates-
General?It was an assembly made up of representative of nobles, clergy and commoners
that the French king called in 1789 to help deal with the crises France was facingIt was an
assembly that represented landed estate owners in France and allowed them to petition the
kingIt was an assembly that brought together both poor and wealthy farmers to control
prices to assure that farmers got good prices for their productsIt was the small group of
men chosen by the king to be his advisorQuestion 9John Locke is known for promoting what
Enlightenment idea?The only appropriate government was a direct democracy in which
everyone voted on every governmental decisionIf a government fails to protect the natural
rights of its citizens, they legitimately have the right to overthrow that governmentAbsolute
monarchy is the best form of government because it preserves social orderHe favored
dictatorships because they provided clear rules and punishments for their peopleQuestion
10In June of 1789, the Third Estate made a radical decision by claiming that they were the
representatives of the nation. How did they do this?They voted to abolish the monarchy
and create a republicThey declared themselves to be the National AssemblyThey attacked
the first and second estates and threw them out of VersaillesThey created a constitution for
FranceQuestion 11What was the Bastille and what was its significance?It was a notorious

2. prison were political prisoners had historically been keptIt was an arms deposit where the
French army kept most of its weaponsIt was an insane asylumNone of the aboveQuestion
12Why did the French king not use his troops to crush both the National Assembly and the
Paris rioters in 1789? He disliked the idea of using force against his own peopleThe army
was already fighting wars in other places and he didn’t have enough troops in ParisHe
wasn’t sure he had the loyalty of his troopsHe was afraid that violence by troops would
strengthen the Revolution furtherQuestion 13How did French women respond to the king’s
refusal to accept the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?They sent a cahier de
doleance asking him to reconsider his decisionThe stormed the Bastille They marched to
Versailles to meet him and demand that the reconsiderThey tried to hold an election and
vote for a new kingQuestion 14The Constitution of 1791 established active and passive
citizens. What was the difference between the two? Active citizens could vote and passive
citizens could notAll men were active citizens and women were passive
citizensRevolutionaries could vote while those against the revolution could notNobles were
not allowed to voteQuestion 15In June of 1791, Louis XVI made a decision that not only
turned people further against him but made people believe he was a traitor. What did he
do?He tried to escape from FranceHe gave a speech condemning the RevolutionHe publicly
made fun of revolutionary symbolsHe sent a letter to the British asking them to come and
put down the RevolutionQuestion 16Why did France declare war on Austria in April of
1792?The National Assembly feared that Austria was fixing to invade France and France
wanted to strike firstAustria had resources that France needed but it refused to trade with
France so France invadedMarie Antoinette had taken refuge in Austria and France wanted
to bring her back to punish herNone of the aboveQuestion 17What committee did
Robespierre head?The Committee of the National ConventionThe Committee of Public
SafetyThe Department of Homeland SecurityThe Society of Revolutionary Republican
WomenQuestion 18How did Robespierre/the Committee of Public Safety try to change
French culture? He instituted a new French calendarHe undertook a campaign of
dechristianizationHe created the cult of the Supreme BeingAll of the aboveNone of the
aboveQuestion 19How did Napoleon start to restore order to France?He made peace with
the Catholic ChurchHe briefly ended the wars France was fighting in EuropeHe gave France
a new constitution with universal suffrageAll of the aboveQuestion 20What did Napoleon
create that is considered one of his most important long-term domestic successes in
France? He created a new system to hold electionsHe developed a new Civil Law CodeHe
set up a new system of courtsHe created a university systemQuestion 21What system did
Napoleon use to try to defeat Britain after a direct invasion attempt failed?He tried to shut
off all trade between Britain and the ContinentHe attacked the British colonies, especially
IndiaHe defeated the British in EgyptHe never wanted to defeat Britain but preferred to
form an alliance insteadQuestion 2What happened to Napoleon after he was defeated for a
second time at Waterloo in 1815?He was exiled to the island of St. HelenaHe was executed
by a coalition of British, Austrian, and Prussian forcesHe was imprisoned in France
foreverHe was exiled to ElbaQuestion 23Which of the following statements best applies to
urban life in the early nineteenth century?Government intervention worked to prevented
food contamination in factoriesHorrible sanitary conditions were made worse by city

3. authorities slow response to take responsibility for public healthGovernments quickly
began to regulate industry to protect the lives and health of workersConditions in the
countryside improved dramatically as electricity was introduced into their homesQuestion
24Samuel Smiles wrote a book entitled Self-Help. What advice did he offer to people living
in poverty?He suggested that the poor form unions and mutual aid societies to demand
better wagesHe suggested that governments create work assistance programs and job
training programs so the poor could gain skills and get better jobs He suggested that the
poor work harder and learn to save their money rather than wasting it on immoral leisure
activitiesHe suggested that people not have so many childrenQuestion 25Herbert Spencer
developed what concept?Social ContractSocial DarwinismCommunismSocialismQuestion
26Where did Charles Darwin do much of his research which led to his theory of
evolution?EnglandSpainHawaiiGalapagos IslandsQuestion 27Why did Europeans want to
control Africa and Asia?Having colonies gave them access to raw materialsThey wished to
“civilize” these other parts of the worldHaving colonies gave them status in Europe and
made them seem powerfulAll of the aboveNone of the aboveQuestion 28Liberals in Europe
preferred what kind of economic system?MercantilismLaissez-faire (free market
capitalism)Strict government controlEconomics directed by unionsQuestion 29Which of the
following did people ask for in “The Third Estate of a French City Petitions the
King?”BreadCorrect Equal taxesEqual income for all peopleEnd of the monarchyQuestion
30What criticism did Galileo level at people who refused to consider the heliocentric
theory?They failed to properly understand the BibleThey were slaves to the thoughts of
othersThey condemned Copernicus’s ideas without really understanding themAll of the
aboveA and CQuestion 31Which of the following arguments did Francis Bacon make to
encourage people to look beyond Aristotle for scientific discoveries?You might not be as
smart as Aristotle on the whole but everyone has strengths that can allow them to surpass
Aristotle in certain areasAristotle never wrote about science and never meant for his
writings to be considered scientific in natureBacon argues that Aristotle made up
information therefore his ideas can’t be trustedAristotle wasn’t Christian so he couldn’t be
trusted to make the kind of scientific discoveries God wanted people to makeQuestion
32According to Immanuel Kant, what held people back from becoming enlightened?People
are lazyPeople fear new ideasEnlightenment required freedom and most people didn’t have
freedom All of the aboveB and CQuestion 33Which of the following represented Voltaire’s
ideas about religion?He believed that religion could act as a positive force in people’s lives if
it were separated from violent denominationsHe accepted Christianity overall but felt it had
been twisted by the Catholic ChurchHe saw Christianity primarily as a violent superstition
that would eventually be destroyed by reasonHe thought Christianity could be saved if it
were separated from older forms of pagan superstitionQuestion 34What were cahiers de
doléances?Special privileges granted to aristocrats by the king?Specific demands for fair
taxes made by the Third EstateLouis XVI’s response to the creation of the National
Assembly List of recommendations made by people throughout France about reforming the
governmentQuestion 35How did Emmanuel Sieyès feel about the French nobility?He
believed the nobility vital to provide continuity to the French nation in the midst of the
changes of the revolutionHe supported the Second Estate but believed the First Estate

4. should be eliminatedHe saw the nobility as being a burden to the nation and weakening
itHe didn’t write about the Second Estate at all, his focus was on the importance of the Third
EstateQuestion 36What did Alexis de Tocqueville cite as the cause of the French
Revolution?Once the American Revolution broke out, it was inevitable that revolutionary
ideas would catch on in France given the inequalities built into their absolutist systemThe
ideas promoted by France’s many political philosophers matched the injustices people were
experiencing, which allowed revolutionary ideas to take hold in FranceThe Old Regime in
France refused to reform itself, which left revolution as the only means of changeThe
French prefer revolution as a means of action B and CA and DQuestion 37What is political
liberty according to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?Liberty occurred when
the government freed people from the bonds of poverty by assuring a reasonable standard
of living for all peopleLiberty was the ability to do anything that did not harm someone
elseLiberty was applying a set of laws to all peopleNone of the aboveQuestion 38What did
Mary Wollstonecraft believe would make the most significant change in women’s
lives?Granting women equal political rights with menEncouraging women to become
politiciansProviding women with equal access to high-quality education and equal access to
jobsValorizing women’s roles as mothersQuestion 39Which demand did the Society of the
Friends of Blacks make?The wanted to abolish the slave tradeThey wanted to abolish
slavery in all French territoriesThey wanted to educate slaves to accept their position as
slaves and work harderThey argued for the immediate end of all slavery
everywhereQuestion 40When Jews asked for the right to become citizens in January 1790,
what argument did they make? Religion should not determine a person’s rightsJews were
hard workers so should be allowed to be citizensOther countries had made Jews
citizensNone of the aboveQuestion 41Why did Maximilien Robespierre believe that terror
was the only way to create a perfect state in France?Terror would radicalize people in favor
of liberty and justice, it would create more participation in the political systemFear of death
would make people more creative in their development of new laws and governmental
systemsTerror would eliminate enemies to the revolution and purify the French
nationTerror would keep the most radical elements of the revolution happy and allow it to
continueQuestion 42What actions against counterrevolutionaries did General Turreau
describe to the Minister of War in January 1794?Mass murder to eliminate anyone
suspected of being against the RevolutionA press campaign to educate people about the
benefits of the RevolutionAn education program in schools to encourage children to support
the RevolutionA careful legal process designed to try counterrevolutionaries in
courtQuestion 43Napoleon promised his troops glory, honor and wealth. What did he
demand of them in return, at least early in this career as a military leader?They had to
accept Napoleon’s own political philosophyThey had to completely reject monarchismThey
had to treat conquered people with mercy and bring them libertyNone of the
aboveQuestion 44What is laissez-faire economics?Economic policy that promotes very little
government intervention in the economyEconomic policy that calls for significant
government intervention to promote the public goodEconomic policy that encourages
government to provide school, healthcare and security but nothing elseAll of the
aboveQuestion 45How did Thomas Malthus feel about helping the poor?As a Protestant

5. minister, he believed helping the poor was central to the Christian missionHe believed that
governments should focus on providing poor people with skills to help them bring
themselves out of povertyHe opposed helping the poor because it would cause population
to rise more quickly and bring about disease or famineHe believed that eventually Britain
would become wealthy enough to allow the government to provide basic necessities to all
peopleQuestion 46How did Houston Steward Chamberlain feel about racial mixing?He
believed that racial mixing combined the best traits of different races and created stronger
peopleHe believed that racially pure people were strongest but thought that limited,
carefully controlled mixing could sometimes be beneficialHe opposed all race mixing in all
circumstancesHe believed that Europeans paid too much attention to the idea of race
mixing arguing instead that a person’s culture had a greater impact on their
abilitiesQuestion 47How did Hermann Ahlwardt see Jews as different from other
Germans?He saw Jews racially different from other Germans. Jews didn’t integrate into the
nation, and they took advantage of the goodwill of other GermansThe Jewish faith set Jews
apart. They did not accept the basic tenants of Christianity so could not be trustedJews
brought Eastern European culture into Germany thereby diluting German culture and
institutionsHe opposed all immigrants, including Jews, and wanted to close Germany’s
borders to all immigrants in generalQuestion 48What did Joseph Chamberlain argue with
respect to British colonization?Colonization was too expensive. The British should only
maintain a few colonies that were most profitableHe wanted to keep India and Egypt as
colonies but hoped the British would pull out of Africa because conditions were too harshHe
saw expanded colonization as critical to the continued prosperity of England and the
happiness of native people in colonized landsHe wanted colonies to compete with the
growing power of the United StatesQuestion 49In Karl Pearson’s mind, what drove humans
toward progress?A struggle between races and nations that allowed the strongest to
dominate and eliminated the weakTechnological advances that would eventually eliminate
racial distinctions between peopleEvolution and racial mixing that will gradually lead to one
raceAll of the aboveQuestion 50What did Charles Darwin argue in his book, The Descent of
Man?Domesticated animals offered a useful model for understanding how accumulated
changes gradually led to new speciesHumans had altered their environment so much that
they no longer experienced evolution like other animalsHumans evolved from lower species
just like all other animals