Understanding Revolution and Revolutionaries

Understanding Revolution & Revolutionaries
By Dr. Peter Hammond
Case Study 1: The French Revolution

As so many today seem entranced
by the deceptive promises of communism,

it is vital that we look again at
what communism really is

and why so many rose up in resistance against it.

Over 30 years ago, the Iron Curtain fell

Yet, today, there is an entire generation
who are apparently ignorant that
they are being lied to and used,

to advance a failed and evil system,

under the delusion that they are working
for a better world.

Otto Scott's
Robespierre
– inside the French
Revolution
is the very best exposé
of what led up to that
cataclysmic event
and what really took place
during that
disastrous revolution.

Reading this extraordinary book enables one to understand the
revolutionary forces arrayed against Christian civilisation today.

It is uncanny the similarities one can immediately recognise to
what is happening in our streets,

"Since they did not think it worthwhile to retain the knowledge of God,
He gave them over to a depraved mind…" Romans 1:28.

"Their thinking became futile and their foolish hearts were darkened."
Romans 1:21.

in churches and in government.

Those of us who fought against communism during the Cold War
need to remind the younger generation of the reality

which destroys the modern propaganda narrative being taught on
so many university campuses and broadcast under the guise of
news on the mainstream/lame stream media.

Communism is the most malicious and
destructive system in the history of mankind.

“That we should no longer be children,
tossed to and fro and carried about with every wind
of doctrine, by the trickery of men, in the cunning
craftiness of deceitful plotting.” Ephesians 4:14

“But we are not of those who draw back to perdition, but of
those who believe to the saving of the soul.” Hebrews 10:39

“And have no fellowship with the unfruitful works of
darkness, but rather expose them.” Ephesians 5:11

“Stand fast therefore in the liberty by which
Christ has made us free and do not be
entangled again with a yoke of bondage.”
Galatians 5:1

God’s Covenant people have beaten communism before
and we must defeat communism again.

“Who will rise up
for Me
against the evildoers?
Who will stand up
for Me
against the workers
of iniquity?”
Psalm 94:16

Case Study 1: The French Revolution
By Dr. Peter Hammond

14 July is celebrated in France as Bastille Day.
It commemorates the storming of the Bastille
and the launch of The French Revolution.

A Time of Turmoil
The French Revolution was one of the most influential events
of modern history.

The ten year period from 1789 to 1799 when France went
from a Monarchy to a Republic,

to Dictatorship
was one of the most tumultuous times in European history.
Anarchy inevitably leads to Tyranny.

Much myth and romantic legend has been written
Myth And Reality

on what some politicians would like the French Revolution to have been,

but the reality was that the French
Revolution was a monstrous horror.

In the name of
“liberty, equality,
fraternity or
death!”
over 40,000 people
lost their heads
to the guillotine,

300,000 people were publically
executed by firing squads,

drownings and other methods
of mass murder

and ultimately many millions died in the
25 years of war and upheavals that resulted.

The French Revolution has been the inspiration and model
for all socialist and communist revolutions in modern history.
The Prototype Revolution

Lord Acton in his Lectures on the French Revolution observed:
“The appalling thing in the French Revolution is not the
tumult, but the design.
Deliberate Design

Through all the fire and smoke we perceive the
evidence of calculating organisation.

The managers remain studiously concealed and masked;
but there is no doubt about their presence from the first.”

The tools of the French Revolution were: dis-information,
propaganda, the subversion of language, malice, envy,
hatred, jealousy,
Tools of Revolution

mass murder and foreign military adventurism as a diversion
to distract the masses from the failure of government.

These tools have been implemented by more modern
revolutionaries: Vladimir Lenin, Trotsky, Joseph Stalin,

Mao Tse Tung, Fidel Castro, Che Guevara, Patrice Lumumba,
Nicolai Ceausescu, Pol Pot, Ho Chi Minh and Robert Mugabe.

The power mad and disenchanted
have continued to sing the praises of
the French Revolution and to
attempt to replicate its ideals in
revolutions as far afield as Russia,
China, Cuba, North Korea, Vietnam,
Laos, Cambodia, Ethiopia,
Revolutionary Ideas

Mozambique, Angola, the Congo and Zimbabwe. Demonic
forces and the Enlightenment ideas of humanist philosophers
such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Voltaire prepared the
ground for revolution.

Historian Otto Scott observed: “French intellectuals, middle
and upper classes had grown ashamed of their country,
history and institutions.

Such a phenomenon had never before arisen in any nation or
race throughout the long history of mankind. …a great
loosening began; the country slowly came apart…

for the first time since the decadent days of Rome,
pornography emerged from its caves and circulated openly in
a civilised nation.

The Catholic Church in France was intellectually gutted; the
priests lost their faith along with the congregations.

Strange cults appeared; sex rituals, black magic,
satanism. Perversion became not only
acceptable, but fashionable.

Homosexuals held public balls to which heterosexuals were
invited and the police guarded their carriages…

the air grew thick with plans to restructure and reconstruct
all traditional French society and institutions.”
(Robespierre – Inside the French Revolution,
the Reformer library, New York, 1974.)

“The heirs of the Enlightenment of the late 18th century…
launched the first Revolution in all history against the ideas
of Christianity and Christianity’s God.
The Role of The News Media

…the press… was spearhead, font, and fuel for the
Revolution.… the journals were mixtures of politics and smut.

They admired agitators extravagantly and
never discussed the Church without
mention of scandal, nor the government
without criticism.

They relied heavily on tales of sin in high places and
high handed outrages of the court; no name,
however highly placed and illustrious, escaped.

…through its journals and pamphlets …it could distort, colour, plead,
argue, lie, report and mis-report the information upon which the
balance of the realm depended.” (Otto Scott, Robespierre)

…The most outrageous example
of this media propaganda
campaign was the malicious
targeting of Queen Marie
Antoinnette

Although the princess was initially very popular, there were elder
members of the court who deeply resented having an Austrian

as heir to the throne and
made her the target of
outrageous smears, gossip
and slander.

Marie Antoinette was
generous with her
friends and with the
poor alike.

The princess also became a major patron of the arts and
sponsored soup kitchens for the poor, innovating education
for orphans and even adopting some unfortunates.

Despite all this, her enemies circulated rumours
that she was extravagant, immoral
and plastered the walls with gold and diamonds!

The real reason for France’s increasing financial woes was
actually the enormous debt incurred by France during the
Seven Years War and later the expense of assisting the
North American colonies in their war against France’s
traditional rival and enemy, Great Britain.

Despite her enemies depicting her as frivolous and heartless,
she had many meaningful friendships, was an
avid reader of historical novels, studied English,
and certainly never said the quote attributed to her:
“If they have no bread, let them eat cake!”

All serious historians dismiss that as revolutionary
propaganda which was attributed to the Queen because,
being an Austrian by nationality,
she made a convenient target for the revolutionaries.

The French involvement in the American War of
Independence against Great Britain created
an enormous debt for France.
The Debt Crisis

This debt added to the financial crises which had started with
France’s involvement in the earlier ruinous Seven Years War
against Great Britain and Prussia.

The colossal debt added to the financial crises which
propelled the French state into bankruptcy.

King Louis XVI began his reign wisely. He dismissed the large
number of corrupt and incompetent ministers inherited from
the court of his father, Louis XV and he appointed an excellent
economist, Anne Robert Jacques Turgot as Controller General.
Sidelined From Recovery

Turgot proposed a drastic solution to France’s crises:
the cancelation of tax privileges for the nobles,
the abolition of industrial monopolies,

removal of restrictions on free enterprise,
and other bold, practical solutions. However,
the nobles pressured Louis XVI to dismiss Turgot.

The young banker Jacques Necker was then given the task of
managing the unmanageable bankrupt economy.
Stop Gap Measures to Stave off
Economic Collapse

He bravely tried some short-term measures
to stave off the inevitable economic collapse.

But when he attempted
to move towards
adopting Turgot’s free
market strategies, the
privileged nobles and
wealthy middle-class
forced the king
to dismiss him too.

This was in 1781. Louis entrusted one hapless man after another
with the financial crises, but all to no avail.

France’s international credit rating was plummeting
and the country was no longer able to secure loans.

By mid 1788, the government had become paralysed
and no longer able to avoid admitting bankruptcy.
Bankruptcy

The king was forced to re-instate Necker

and call for a meeting of the Estates-General to be convened
in May 1789.

The Estates-General consisted of three houses, the first Estate
was the Clergy, the second Estate was the Nobles and the
third Estate were merchants and the common people.
The Estates General

Although the third house had twice as many people as the other houses,
each house was understood historically to have only one vote.

Louis’ government failed to specify how the three houses
of the Estates-General were to function,
nor did he provide them with any Agenda or Constitution.

The commoners in the third house boldly organised
themselves as a self-contained National Assembly.
The National Assembly

The nobles were outraged and convinced Louis XVI
to send troops to blockade the hall
where the Assembly planned to meet.

The third Estate then met in a nearby tennis court and vowed to
continue in session until they could complete a new Constitution.

This was outright rebellion against the authority of the king.
Yet on 27 June 1789 Louis ordered the other two estates to
join the commoners in a new combined Assembly.

The National Assembly spent most of its time debating the
latest philosophical and political theories.
The Liberals

The Marquis de Lafayette,
who had achieved fame
through his involvement in
the American War of
Independence, espoused
the cause of freedom and
rallied the liberal wing
of nobles around him.

The Count of
Mirabeau
dominated the
Assembly through
his eloquent
campaign for a
constitutional
monarchy.

The most fanatical extremists gravitated to Maximillien
Robespierre who was a strong devotee of the writings of
radical philosophers Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
The Fanatics

Rousseau
wrote that:
“It is necessary
to have a
cohesive force
to organise
and coordinate
the movements
of (societies),
members.”

Rousseau advocated constant agitation for “equality” in order
to maintain an atmosphere of fear where individual
differences will not be tolerated.” Do away with the family !”

Inspired by the defiance of the Assembly and stirred up by
revolutionary pamphlets and speeches, mobs began to roam
the streets of Paris attacking and murdering royal officials.

France’s financial house of cards collapsed. Capital fled the
country and economic depression resulted.
Co-ordinated Chaos

A series of events combined to create food shortages
and hunger.

Agitators panned out across the
countryside to destroy the grain stores
and terrorise the inhabitants.

Hired mobs staged “spontaneous” riots in Paris.
The powers of government then collapsed.
Everything fell apart with astonishing co-ordination.

In reaction, some of the nobles persuaded the king
to seek to reassert royal authority.
Reaction

Soldiers
were
ordered into
the streets
of Paris as a
show of
strength.

The appearance of the soldiers inspired mobs to seize
whatever weapons they could find
and to storm the old fortress of the Bastille.

The French Revolution is officially dated from this point:
14 July 1789.
Revolution

The Bastille had become a symbol of hated tyranny
and much legend has grown out of this event.

As it so happens,
there were
no political
prisoners
at the Bastille
at that time,

and despite the fact that the Lieutenant Governor of the
Bastille, M. de Launay, was guaranteed safe conduct and
surrendered the fortress under a white flag of truce,

the mob massacred his soldiers, and the governor, cutting off their
heads and carrying them on spikes throughout the streets.

As body parts of the defenders of the Bastille
were paraded through the streets,
a mere seven common prisoners were found in the Bastille.
There were no political prisoners in the Bastille at that time.

When the news reached the palace of Versailles, King Louis
was astonished: “This is revolt!” He said.

The Duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt responded:
“No, Sire, it is a Revolution!”

The next day King Louis arrived, simply dressed
and with no bodyguards or attendants,
and spoke at the National Assembly.
Appeasement

He had ordered the troops to leave Paris,
the people would have no reason to fear their king.

Louis assured them that he had confidence in the Assembly.
The deputies rose to their feet cheering with great fervor.

88 of the deputies gathered at the Paris City Hall
and took turns speaking to the enormous crowd
from the balcony.

The famous
32-year-old
Lafayette
was elected
General of the
National Guard.

While many seemed
optimistic for the future,
Marie Antoinette was
filled with foreboding
and burned her private
papers.
Deterioration

Nobles started to flee the court and the country,
many settling across the border.

On the 17 July the king travelled to Paris to identify with the
revolutionary mob.

In October a mob marched to Versailles demanding
that the king transfer his residence to Paris.

On 6 October the royal family were escorted by the rioters
to Paris where they could be under the control of the
revolutionaries.

Otto Scott observed that: “Paris, like the nation,
was divided into the politically active and the passive,
Manipulation of the Masses

between the many confused, disorganised and abstracted
and the highly concentrated organised and intent few.”
(Robespierre).

Two clubs came to dominate the Assembly at this time:
The Cordeliers were led by Georges Jacques Danton
and Jean Paul Marat.
Radicalisation

The most radical of all, the
Jacobins, were skillfully
manipulated by Robespierre.

It was in the French Revolution that the terms “left wing”
and “right wing” were first coined.
The Origin of The Left Wing

Those on the left were the Radicals,
who proudly adopted the designation Left as a symbol
of their Revolutionary defiance of Christian tradition

which always represented those on the right hand of God as
saved, and those on the left as damned. (James Billington,
Fire in the Minds of Men: Origin of the Revolutionary Faith.)

On 4 August 1789 the Nobles and
Clergy renounced their privileges in
the name of revolutionary equality.

On 2 November the Assembly voted to issue new paper
money, called Assignats.

This sparked off rampant inflation.

On 2 November the Assembly voted to
confiscate church property.
The Hijacking of the Church

In July 1790 the Assembly nationalised the Roman
Catholic Church by enacting the Civil Constitution of
the Clergy.

The Assembly undertook to pay the salaries of the priests from the
National Treasury and to create a French church
under the control of the government.

Pope Pius VI excommunicated all clergymen who took
the new oath demanded by the Assembly.

Most of the clergy refused to take the oath and were
evicted from their pulpits and parishes.
France was divided into 83 Departments (counties).

The National Assembly produced the
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizens.
Declaration of the Rights of Man

Although this was patterned after the English Bill of Rights of
1689 and the American Bill of Rights which had been
appended to the United States Constitution,

the French Declaration embodied mostly
humanistic ideas of the Enlightenment.

While attempting to adopt many of the forms of the Biblically
orientated Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights,

the French Declaration of the Rights of Man
failed to recognise the Creator and ignored
the Biblical foundations for true freedom.

A new Constitution was completed in 1791,
with a unicameral legislature elected by “active citizens”.

Before Mirabeau died, in April 1791, he predicted that
all their well deliberated efforts at Reform would collapse
and be washed away in a bloodbath.

Louis XVI attempted to flee with his family from France
on the night of 20 June 1791.
Abolishing the Monarchy

When radicals discovered them, they blocked their path

and escorted the royal family back to Paris.

Danton and
Robespierre
seized upon
this event as
an
opportunity to
proclaim that
France was
now a
Republic.

As the new Legislative Assembly met, 1 October 1791, the
Girondists proposed replacing the just-adopted Constitution
and creating a Republic.

Deeply concerned for the fate of the royal family, Austria,
ruled by Leopold II, the brother of Mary Antoinette,
prepared to invade France.
War

The Assembly of France declared war on Austria in 1792.

The French were soon defeated by the Austrians and the Prussians.

The mob stormed the king’s residence
and massacred the royal Swiss guards.
Massacres

The
Assembly
voted to
depose the
king and
write a new
constitution.

On 10 August 1792 the municipal government was
overthrown and Danton became
the self-appointed national dictator.

The entire male population was drafted for military service
and weapons production entered high gear.

In September 1792 terrorist mobs
swarmed through the prisons and
massacred thousands of prisoners,

including many nobles who had been arrested for no other
reason than that they were nobility.

A new National Convention was called on 21 September 1792
to write a new constitution.
Killing the King

In December 1792, the Convention summoned the deposed
King, Louis Capet, as he was now called.

On 21 January 1793 King
Louis XVI was beheaded on
the guillotine.

All of Europe was horrified and a coalition was formed
against France.
Coalition Against Revolution

Austria, England, Holland, Prussia, Spain and Piedmont
prepared to restore order to France.

The Jacobins mobilised the mob to
invade the Convention and arrest the
31 leading Girondists.
The Reign of Terror

This launched the Reign of Terror, which officially began
2 June 1793. Robespierre established
the Committee of Public Safety.

A policy of mass public terror was
unleashed with Revolutionary Tribunals,
in which all “enemies of the Revolution”
were summarily tried.

Mere accusations were tantamount to
verdicts of guilt. The trials were abrupt

with no real
opportunity
granted to the
accused to
prepare or
present any
defence.

The accused were quickly convicted
and carted off to the guillotine.

The Queen, 37 year old Mary Antoinette, was dragged through the
mockery of a trial on 16 October 1793 and guillotined the very next day.
Killing of The Queen

She was tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal and remained
composed in the face of outrageous accusations and abuse.

She declared her clear conscience, her Christian Faith
and her love for her children.

Within a day her hair was cut short and she was driven
through Paris in an open cart wearing a simple white dress.

At 12:15pm
at the age
of 37 she
was
executed
at the
Place De la
Revolution
(Today
Place de la
Concorde).

She was courageous to the very last.

Her son, later
recognized as Louis XVII
died as a result of
inhumane treatment by
his revolutionary jailers.

In 1815 during the Restoration both her body and that of
Louis XVI were exhumed and received a decent Christian
burial in the Necropolis of French Royalty
at the Basilica of St. Denis.

Few women have had to endure such a total reversal of
fortunes, being born at the very apex of power and privilege
in Europe and dying at the hands
of such a brutal mob during the French Revolution.

Marie Antoinette was a
victim of circumstances
completely outside of
her control,

yet she faced her fate with Christian courage
and faith.

Twenty one Girondist leaders, including Madam Roland,
were also beheaded shortly after the Queen.

The Duke of Orleans who had joined
the Jacobins and taken the name of
citizen Egaliter, even voting for the
death of his cousin the King,
was also executed at this time.

Romantic occultism taught a big bang theory of social science.
If one could blow up, or burn down, enough buildings
and kill enough people, you could produce Utopia!
Big Bang Social Science

The Reign of Terror spread throughout France.
When one city sought to resist, it was destroyed.
Destruction

The revolutionaries set up a pillar outside Lyons inscribed:
“Lyons waged war with Liberty. Lyons is no more.”

Toulon was subjugated under the leadership of a young
artillery officer from Corsica, Napoleon Bonaparte.

The Committee of Public Safety launched a
vicious atheistic war against Christianity.
War Against God

They invented a new religion which they called
the Cult of Reason.

At a festival at the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris an actress
was enthroned as the “goddess of the French people.”
France was renamed “The Republic of Virtue”.

Ancient Rome was lifted up as its model.
The press and theatres were turned into
instruments for state propaganda.

Fashions
changed to
immoral loose
Roman robes.
Over 2,000
churches were
renamed
Temples of
Reason and
hijacked for
the promotion
of this cult.

Historian Arnold Toynbee wrote: “In the Revolution a sinister
ancient religion suddenly re-erupted with elemental violence…
the fanatical worship of collective human power.
A Secular Religious Cult

The Terror was only the first of the
mass-crimes that have been committed…
in this evil religion’s name.”
(John Willson, The gods of Revolution.)

On 7 May, Robespierre sought to impose a
new religion on France, declaring a new
calendar to replace the Christian calendar.

21 September 1792, the day the Monarchy
had ended, was declared the First day of
year one of their revolutionary calendar.

Robespierre appointed himself as high priest
of the Supreme Being in this new cult.

The revolutionaries began to turn on one another.
Danton was executed 5 April 1794.
Meltdown

While taking a medicinal bath for his debilitating skin condition, Marat
was assassinated by Charlotte Corday, a Girondist sympathizer. In his
death, Marat became an icon to the Jacobins as a revolutionary martyr

Charlotte de Corday d'Armont ,
the Angel of Assassination
Charlotte de Corday
declared at her trial:
"I knew that he
Marat
was perverting
France.
I have killed
one man
to save a
hundred thousand.“

Charlotte de Corday d'Armont ,
the Angel of Assassination
She referred to Marat as a
"hoarder" and a "monster"
who was “respected
only in Paris.”

On 17 July 1793, four days after Marat was killed,
Charlotte Corday ,aged 24, was executed by the guillotine.

On 27 July 1794, Robespierre and 20 other of his henchmen
were seized and executed by the survivors of the Convention.
Reaping What They Had Sown

More than 40,000 victims had been murdered
on the guillotine under the Reign of Terror.

300,000 others were murdered by firing squads or drowning.

Over two-thirds of those victims had been
peasants, artisans and workers.

As Madam Roland was being ushered up to the platform
to be guillotined she faced the statue of the goddess Liberty
and cried out:

“O Liberty, Liberty! What crimes are committed in thy name!”

The end of the Reign of Terror was not the end
of the French Revolution.
Unleashing Forces of Destruction

It would be followed by the Directory

and by the Dictatorship eventually culminating in Napoleon’s

Empire which embroiled all of Europe in ruinous war.

Even after the death of Robespierre, the Revolution
continued to talk about liberty and equality,

to fight against the Christian Faith and to inspire more
communes, voices of virtue, Vladimir Lenins, Joseph Stalins,
Fidel Castros, Mao Tse Tungs and Robert Mugabes.

The French Revolution was the prototype,
Revolutionary Tyranny

which was followed by the Bolshevik Revolution,

In every case they proved that yesterday’s revolutionaries
become tomorrow’s tyrants and dictators.

Yet, very few books have
dealt with the overall
human cost of “death by
government” (The Black
Book of Communism
being one exception).

This astonishing statistic is
the result of decades of
research, by political
science Professor R.J.
Rummel of the University of
Hawaii. Prof. Rummel’s
shocking research is
presented in the 500 page
book: Death By
Government (2006,
Transaction Publishers,
New Branswick, NJ).

“They promise them freedom,
While they themselves are slaves
of depravity…” 2 Peter 2:19

“…Should you help the wicked and love those
who hate the Lord? Therefore the wrath of
the Lord is upon you.” 2 Chronicles 19:2

In Charles Dickens’ classic
novel, A Tale of Two Cities,
he contrasts London
with Paris…
A Tale
of Two Cities

In London he showed the fruit of the Great
Evangelical Awakening of George Whitefield
and John & Charles Wesley..

This was contrasted Paris - where the Renaissance
Humanism of Rousseau & Voltaire led to the
French Revolution and The Reign of Terror.

Dickens’ famous opening sentence summarises the drama of
A Tale of Two Cities:
“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times,
it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness,
it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity,

it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness,
it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair,
we had everything before us, we had nothing before us,
we were all going direct to Heaven,
we were all going direct the other way…”

The contrast between Christianity and communism
is dramatically presented throughout A Tale of Two Cities.
Christianity vs Communism

The fruit of the Protestant Reformation and the Great
Evangelical Awakening was wisdom, faith, light, hope
and joy.

The fruit of anti-God, radical secular humanism and the
revolutionary fanaticism that triumphed in France in 1789,
produced the worst of times

and an age of foolishness, unbelief, darkness, despair and misery.

It was most appropriate that in 1989, on the 200th anniversary of
the French Revolution, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher
of Great Britain presented French president, Francois Mitterand,
The Iron Lady in Paris

a leather-bound first edition of Charles Dickens’, immortal
A Tale of Two Cities book.

When reporters at the G7 Conference in Paris flocked to ask
Margaret Thatcher’s impressions of The French Revolution,
the Iron Lady replied: “It resulted in a lot of headless corpses
and a tyrant.”

Prime Minister Thatcher had a sense of the momentous event,
as this G7 Conference had been scheduled in Paris to coincide
with the 200th anniversary of The French Revolution.
Resistance to Revolution

The Iron Lady’s symbolic act of resistance was itself historic.
Margaret Thatcher advised the French President to read
A Tale of Two Cities, to learn why the French Revolution
had been completely unnecessary.

“While they promise them liberty,
they themselves are slaves of corruption.” 2 Peter 2:19

Fred Schwarz and David Noble's
You Can Still Trust the
Communists to be Communists
is essential reading for anyone
wanting to understand
how to negotiate and deal with
Marxist revolutionaries
like BLM and ANTIFA.

The Agenda - Masters of Deceit DVD documentary is a brilliant
exposé of how revolutionaries work and how one can resist their
unreasonable and suicidal demands.

Dr. Peter Hammond
Reformation Society
P.O. Box 74
Newlands, 7725
Cape Town, South Africa
Tel: (021) 689-4480
Fax: (021) 685-5884
Email: info@ReformationSA.org
Website: www.ReformationSA.org

Understanding Revolution and Revolutionaries

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