Interactions between oceans and climate

Interactions Between The Ocean And Oceans
Oceans are a prominent feature of earth's environment, containing ninety–seven percent of the earth's water 1.332 billion cubic kilometres (M.A.
Charette and W.H.F. Smith., 2010,) which spans over almost three–quarters of the planet. Due to the variance of ocean sizes, the processes occurring in
them vary greatly as well. Oceans are defined by borders that separate them or limits, the most basic being continental shelves that define where
oceanic crust forms. There are currently five recognised oceans; the Pacific; Atlantic; Indian; Southern and the Arctic oceans. All of these oceans are
connected to each other in some way and go on to categorise the world ocean which makes up the bulk of the hydrosphere. The oceans store huge
quantities... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The distribution of energy creates atmospheric circulation; the atmosphere is in constant flux trying to achieve an equilibrium that won 't be reached
therefore weather is continuously in a state of flux moving in a complex and dynamic manner that has many minor processes contributing to its state.
Climate, on the other hand, refers to the average weather conditions of a given place. Like weather it does change but this is over a much larger
period of time over longer periods of time usually 20–30 years. This can be the fact that the last ice age ended about 10,000 years ago is evidence that
climate is more permanent when compared to short–term weather events like rainfall seasons. Earth 's atmospheric systems show complicated transfers
of energy between the world oceans, the atmospheric cells and land masses.
Heat flux is the term used to describe the interchanging of energy (heat) between 2 surfaces, here I will look at 'Air–sea fluxes' this is a key climatic
process that influences oceanic and atmospheric circulation to drive weather events and the motion/behaviour of the world 's currents which disperse
energy to more local climate systems. Take the bar chart below, (M. Gloor, 2001)
As shown on the bar chart seas at or near the equator experience the most heat flux whereas the oceans further away from the equator receive less
insolation and, therefore, have a more negative heat flux as most of the heat is transferred to the atmosphere. This
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Ap Human Geography Research Paper
Melbourne:
Due to Melbourne's climate is one of a temperate oceanic climate. During the summers between the months of December and February, temperatures
may rise to 40oC, but are averagely ranging between 20oC to 26oC. The coldest temperatures occur during the winter months of June and August
which often lie within a range of 10oC to 15oC
North Vietnam:
The climate in the north of the country is humid and subtropical. Although, in the highlands at more higher altitudes the temperature is lower than lower
elevations. Vietnam is located in the North hemisphere, whereas Australia is located in the Southern. Due to this, the seasons have been flipped, where
the winters lie between December and February and their summers between June and August. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It crosses through China to Cambodia where it enters a delta at the mouth of the river. It then diverges towards the south–east before debouching into
the South China Sea in Vietnam. This overall stretch extends approximately 4,900 kilometres before reaching the delta which diverges the river into
several other outlets. On its journey towards the delta it crosses 6 countries including China, Myanmar, Lao People's Democratic Republic (Laos),
Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam.
Identify the river feature at the mouth of the river
Tonle Sap, a Cambodian shallow lake is a part of the Mekong River system. It is also notably the largest lake located in south–east Asia. Unique to this
feature is that during the monsoon seasons the high waters of the Mekong River cause the flow of the Tonle Sap to be reversed, increasing the size of
the lake from 2,600 to 10,400sq. km. During after these seasons where the water recedes, the flow is altered once again. This natural mechanism plays
an integral role in the providing fresh water downstream during the dry seasons into the Mekong Delta to counter the saline waters of the South China

Effect Of Climate Change On Marine Mammals
Effect of Climate Change on Marine Mammals
The earth is protected from the sun rays by a thick layer known as the ozone layer.
The ozone layer act as a semi permeable membrane, by allowing some gasses to pass through while preventing others thereby keeping the earth's
temperature in a stable state. Global warming is the increase in earth's temperature due to the depletion of the ozone layer. This depletion is having an
adverse effect on the earth as a whole. The earth's temperature is constantly rising. This rising temperature has disrupted the ecosystem in marine lives
by altering the food chain, breeding cycles and migration of marine mammals. According to the intergovernmental panel onclimate change, ... Show
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The arctic top predator, the polar bear is being greatly affected by global warming. The polar bear uses ice as its resting place and also as its
hunting ground, by capturing sea lions when they come up through holes in the ice. As a result of the melting of the arctic because of global
warming, these predators have being forced to search for areas with more stable ice that can support their lifestyle. Others have being forced to swim
for long distances and even drown in the ocean in search of a new habitat. A 2007 report from the U.S. Geological Service estimated that "as a result
of sea–ice decline, today's population of about 22,000 polar bears would decrease by two–thirds by the year 2050". The rapid decrease in the number
of polar bears will force these animals into extinction. Climate change doesn't only have an adverse effect on polar bears but also on sea turtles.
Part of the life cycle of these marine creatures take place on land as well as in the ocean. Female turtles come on land to nest and lay their eggs, and
later return back to the ocean. The increase in water levels as a result of melting icebergs has forced these marine mammals to swim long distances to
go on shore and lay their eggs. Increase in marine temperatures may have an adverse effect on the incubation period of these marine mammals. It may
lead to most eggs are not being fertilized, or a bias in the

Coban Research Paper
Guatemala is a country that represents colorful festivals and an energetic populace. With everything going on, it is no surprise that Guatemala is
known all over the world as a travel destination. One city that the country is rooting for is a place called Coban; an area wherein being simple is better
than showing–off, from the minimalistic approach of building their homes, to the silence that everyone finds peace in, the sheer joy of having eaten a
scrumptious dinner instead of a feast to the serenity gained from the surrounding nature. Coban is the place you want to be when you want to shrug
off the pressing issues of your life and just be cleansed by the experience. Location (2) Coban is geographically located in the middle... Show more
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Paying homage to the city's patron saint, this church is embellished with strokes of history and luxurious architecture that can be seen on its pews,
altars and facade. The church is now a place frequented by visitors due to its magnificence. Museo El Principe Maya (6) Though it is saddening that
this museum is privately owned by an affluent family, there are scheduled visits open to the public in the Museo El Principe Maya. This museum is
home to an expansive collection of preserved pre–Columbian relics like jewelry, pottery and other accessories meant to be worn as an adornment.
Well–maintained at its utmost condition, the historical artifacts found inside the museum are priceless due to the associated importance they possess.
Orquigonia (7) The city of Coban takes pride in this orchid sanctuary they call the Orquigonia. Located just off Coban's major highway, the
Orquigonia is a cistern of wild orchids grown to perfection which a good way for you to appreciate these difficult–to–grow plants. The tour normally
takes an hour and a half which will expose you to the simplest types of orchids until those that survived from earlier

Analyzing The Significant Differences Between Main Climate...
Introduction
The objective of this project is to analyze the significant differences between main climate variables (average, maximum, and minimum temperature;
precipitation, humidity, and wind speed) five years before and five and ten years after the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption in the Philippines. This paper
will also determine the long term affects the eruption had on the region through two tailed t–test and any correlation between wind speeds and
maximum temperatures. Climate data from March 1986–1996 of the region around the mountain will be correlated based on the monthly changes.
A volcano is a mountain that formed when magma escapes from a molten rock vent. Usually a volcanic eruption is caused when magma with dissolved
gases ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first magma touched the surface of Mount Pinatubo between June 7 and 12 because most of molten rock lost its gas on the way to the surface.
There were thousands of small level–5 earthquakes under the mountain, and it caused powerful steam explosions. However, millions of cubic yards of
pressurized gas caused the magma to reach the surface and erupted on June 12 (Newhall, Hendley & Stauffer, 1997). After the eruption, the region
around Mount Pinatubo had some natural disasters. The most affective disasters were global cooling, large temperature variations around the region,
and negative effects on the ozone layer (Rantucci, 1995). Penna and Rivers (2013) found out that the lower stratosphere rose about 4В°C and the
region around the mountain declined about 0.4В°C right after the eruption happened (Penna & Rivers, 2013). The temperature increase of lower
stratosphere strengthened the polar vortex. During the winters of 1991 and 1992, the Philippines were warmer than normal by up to 3В°C. During the
summer of 1992, the temperature was cooler than normal by up to 2В°C. Alan Robock (2002) elucidated that the lower part of the stratosphere became
clear and would allow observation of the stratosphere after other future eruptions. The limitations of existing satellite sensors and of the latitudinal
distribution were highlighted by the Pinatubo eruption (Robock, 2002). On June 1991, more than 800 people died and more than 200,000 people
became homeless. (Rantucci,

Milankovitch Mechanisms Of The Pleistocene
The Pleistocene Epoch is usually recorded as the geological time period that commenced ~1.8 million years ago and lasted until ~11,700 years ago
(Zimmermann, 2013). The Pleistocene Epoch experienced an escalation towards global climatic cooling (Sytsma, 2011), with series of glacial and
interglacial periods in which large areas of the Northern and Southern Hemisphere were under the cover of thick ice sheets. At first, many scientists
thought that there were about 4 major ice ages in this Epoch. However, as proxy data improved, and scientists were able to use deep ocean Оґ18O
isotope records to review historic temperatures, they have calculated that there have not just been these 4 ice ages, but dozens (Battersby, 2010); some
records suggests... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From both Figure 2 and Figure 3, it can be seen that the glaciations occur at frequent and predictable frequencies, often coinciding with the
Milankovitch Mechanisms. The periods when global temperatures began to rise causing interglacials, occurred when the precessions of equinoxes
were at a shallow tilt and the orbit of the Earth around the sun was more circular. The combination of these factors permitted the summer solstice to
have increasing effect on the ice sheets, increasing until a threshold was reached whereby the ice caps melted during summer. Curiously however,
from Figure 4 (below), it can be seen from the analysis of ice cores that at the start of the Pleistocene, from about 1.8 till 0.8 million years
(Nisancioglu, 2009), ice volumes seemed to be dominated by 41,000–year amplitude cycles, mainly in line with orbital Obliquity and Precession.
However, in the late Pleistocene, between approximately 0.8 till 0 million years (Nisancioglu, 2009), the ice volumes were dominated by large
100,000–year cycles, as well as larger amplitude of these glacial oscillations, implying that there was a growth in larger ice sheets (Nisancioglu, 2009).
The exact reason for the change in response to Milankovitch Mechanisms is not entirely known to scientists, however, many predict that as the ice
sheets grew from 1.8–0.8 million years, eventually, the summer ice ablation which came about from insolation changes due to

The Deep Oceanic Trenches Near Thermal Vents
Objective:
How to find evidence of life in deep oceanic trenches near thermal vents
Introduction:
Deep ocean trenches are environments that have historically been shrouded in mystery, their inaccessibility rendering such limited explorations as net
dragging and dredging for samples (Lee, 2012). While potential for chemosynthesis had been proposed as long ago as 1890, it was nearly a century
later before such systems were demonstrated to be active on the ocean floor (German, 2011). Further investigation has shown that ecosystems are
surviving and thriving along the ocean floor within these trenches. Studies have shown that deep ocean trenches contain ecosystems that are
biologically and geologically active, producing a high diversity of organisms that must withstand a variety of environmental changes (Anderson et al.,
2014). Recent explorations have confirmed new forms of life in deep ocean trenches. Life discovered in such an extreme environment is call for
investigation.
We will analyze 5000 grab samples from the deep oceanic trench to determine if the samples are dead, alive, or have never had life. We are
attempting to create a picture of what life is like on the bottom of the ocean. To figure this out, we will categorize these samples, determining what has
/had life and never has. In all cases, wherever there are chemically reduced compounds present, microbial activity is enhanced (German, 2011). Deep
sea trenches are underwater vents to the core of the earth that

Climate Warming : Climate Change
Samantha Ballard
470 Climate Project
Anthropogenic Emissions in the Ocean
Anthropogenic emissions affect the atmosphere, ocean, biosphere and cryosphere. These components of the climate system create interactions between
each other ranging from a synoptic to microscale including everything in between. Ever since the industrial revolution, human–produced emissions
have been changing the world around us. The phenomenon of having greenhouse gases and aerosols in the atmosphere is natural and necessary to
support life on Earth. However, the buildup of greenhouse gases can change Earth 's climate and result in dangerous effects to human health and welfare
and to ecosystems. These changes are new to the earth as never in this planet's terrestrial history has anthropogenic emissions been a factor in changing
the natural processes. This change to the earth's natural environment has been termed "climate change". Various research departments in the academic,
government and public sector has done extensive research regarding climate change. This includes studying the earth's paleoclimate, atmospheric
composition changes, oceanic changes, biological responses and possible consequences. This research is intended to further the understanding of how
the Earth's climate will be affected with rising anthropogenic emissions.
Each of the world's countries contribute various amounts of both gas and particle emissions to the atmosphere, influencing changes in weather and
climate on a daily

What Causes Thermohaline Circulation
1. Thermohaline circulation of the ocean corresponds to the change of density in flowing water. It is created through global density gradients
constructed by surface heat and freshwater fluxes through the large scale ocean circulation. It is based on deep water currents that make up 90% of
the ocean. Water moves around areas found under sea, ocean basins, since density is caused by forces and gravity. The amount of salt in the water and
the temperature of the water changes the density. Salinity and cold temperatures make the water more dense which causes deep waters, which form
when air temperatures are cold and the salinity of the surface of waters is high, to sink into deep ocean basins at high latitudes where temperatures are
cold enough for the density to decrease. In other terms, it is known as part of the ocean circulation created through the differences in densities.The
density of the water is dependent on the salinity and temperature which changes from the surface of the water either heating up or cooling down as
freshwater flows as said before. Thermohaline circulation moves a massive current around the world not to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The marine ecosystems would die because the nutrients would not be becoming spread out through the flow of the currents not to mention more
fish would die since the oxygen supply would decrease if the ocean currents were to collapse fully or partially.The food chain would go off balance
because if some animals were to die, their predators would have no prey to eat on so those animals would die of starvation which could lead to
extinction and all ocean life being threatened starting with the phytoplankton that uses photosynthesis and is the first in line for the marine food chain
not to mention it is essential to all oceanic life. If phytoplankton die, their skin sinks to the bottom of the ocean, the surface of the water is not refilled
with nutrients if it were to collapse since the circulation would not move the water down below

Earth Have An Expiration Date?
Earth have an expiration date? It just might. If we don 't do something to help our environment there will be no future generations. Our earth has been
sending us warnings and distress signals for over forty years such as the collapse of the North Atlantic cod fishery which left thirty thousand people
unemployed and seven hundred communities in poverty. In china water supplies are already scarce and not able to meet the needs of people,
industries, and culture (Linden, pg.18). The following are some issues that are affecting our world today.
Our atmosphere provides us with crucial things that we cannot survive without; such as clean air and oxygen, a stabilized climate, and protection from
ultraviolet solar radiation. Due to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Acidification damages oceanic organisms which are currently more endangered than any other ecosystem. Two thirds of all fish depend on coastal
wetlands, seagrass, and coral reefs, all of which are disappearing in vast amounts. Fifty–eight percent of coral reefs are jeopardized by human activity,
and eighty percent of grasslands are suffering from soil degradation. Fishing fleets are forty percent larger than the ocean can currently sustain. All
these things are caused by poisoning our lakes and rivers with fertilizers, silts, and sewage waters. Too much water is being taken from rivers that
oftentimes causes our rivers to dry up before even reaching the sea. (Linden, pgs. 18–19). You can help by doing simple things such as turning off the
faucet when brushing your teeth, or running the dishwasher and washer only when its full. Take shorter showers. Carry a reusable water bottle instead
of a plastic bottle that goes back into our lands, littering our lands.
Another problem related to the depletion of our earth's water sources is soil erosion. Soil erosion is a reduction in the quality of topsoil. We need
healthy soil to be able to plant healthy foods. Soil erosion reduces cropland activity and contributes to the pollution of waters. Already half of our
topsoil has been lost over the last one hundred and fifty years. Our soils are becoming infertile due to being over exposed to harsh chemicals and trash
(Gray,

A Global Warming Warning Essay examples
In 2007, the Arctic reached a 30–year low for sea ice (University of Colorado at Boulder), because of global warming or what scientists refer to climate
change. Global warming might be the greatest threat to the future of humanity. Prevention of a global climate shift depends on early detection of
human–made effects on climate. The current debate on global warming is divided into three categories: those who do not believe that the Earth is
undergoing a climate change, others that believe the Earth is going through a climate change due to humans, and some who believe that Earth is going
through a climate change but is not because of human activities. In order to understand the issues we have to look to scientific data meticulously.
Global ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Using this method the air trapped inside the ice can be tested to measure atmospheric gases. The rate in which temperature has increased over the
last few decades is alarming compared to the rate over the last century. Global surface temperature has increased 0.6 degrees Celsius in the past
thirty years, and 0.8 in the last century (Hansen 14288). The significant increase can be directly related to the amount of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere. For the last 650,000 years atmospheric CO2 has never been above 300 parts per million (Hansen 14288). From 1950 to today, that
number went from 280 to 380 parts per million, and proceeding at a rate unseen for 1,300 years. Direct observations find that CO2 is rising sharply
due to human activity (Cook). The main source of CO2 emissions is the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas in power plants,
automobiles, and industrial facilities (United States Environmental Protection Agency). It is most evident in the rise of automobiles. Motor vehicles
have been rising by an estimated 3.69 million each year since 1960. Currently there are over 255 million registered passenger vehicles on the road
today (U.S Department Of Transportation).
It is hard to get people concern about global warming, because it is a problem of the future. Global warming is like a falling rock, in the beginning
atop a mountain it may be easy to bring to a stop, but once in motion near the bottom

Snowball Earth Research Paper
Ice ages are well documented in Earth's history, and they are proven to be relatively frequent. But what if that ice age persisted over not just regions
near the poles, but around the equator as well? The term "snowball Earth" refers to a condition where Earth is completely covered by ice. Evidence
indicates that snowball Earth may have been around in the Neoproterozoic. In fact, evidence points to the conclusion that these conditions happened
three separate times in the Neoproterozoic. A snowball Earth condition is hard to prove, but this theory may explain several different phenomena.
However, it is not accepted by all, there is evidence against a snowball Earth as well. Some believe that a snowball Earth would not have been possible
in past climate conditions while there are views that defend the idea of more of a 'slushball' Earth rather than a planet entirely frozen on the surface.
Iridium ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was assumed that these carbon values were unaffected by the diagenesis since aqueous fluids typically have an insignificant amount of carbon in
comparison to carbonate rocks. In addition, stratigraphic mapping showed that there was no tectonic activity in this area that would have affected
diagenesis either. Results indicated that the proportion of organic carbon to total carbon burial changed from roughly 0.5 before the glacial deposits
to virtually 0 immediately after. [Hoffman et al., 1998]. These numbers indicate that life struggled during this interval and the snowball Earth theory
might explain why. Oceanic photosynthetic bacteria and eukaryotes would have been severely reduced because global ice cover would have blocked
the sun making photosynthesis very difficult. (maybe also use top of 1344 to talk about theory on how snowball earth ended; Should I maybe use
separate part of paper for theory and evidence. They tie together pretty

Ocean Acidification : The Negative Effects Of The Oceans...
There are many types of sources that affect the climate change and ozone such as nitrogen oxide emissions and deforestation. Along with those two
sources, is the burning of fossil fuels. The burning of fossil fuels is leading to higher acidity in the oceans, which is a topic I do not take lightly. Many
people love the ocean for various reasons, but for me, it has always been one of my favorite places due to the sense of feeling free when I am on or
near the water. The oceans give oxygen to the world, regulates the climate, is a source of food, all while creating and maintaining oceanic life. Ocean
acidification is the change of the potential of hydrogen or pH levels of the ocean becoming more and more acid due to the carbon dioxide that is being
emitted into the atmosphere. A vast amount of the ocean comes in contact with the atmosphere, causing the carbon dioxide and water to mix making
for the increase in acidity.
There are many negative effects that come with climate change. The impact of ocean acidification is quite detrimental when it comes to ocean life.
With ocean acidification only increasing, it is becoming a major threat to the ecosystems of the oceans starting with the organisms at the beginning of
the food chain for example phytoplankton. These organisms are adapting these protective shells that are very thin. Due to the ocean's acidity, the shells
are slowly wasting away making it harder for them to eat and move. This slowly leads to the death of the organism

How Does Ocean Temperature Affect Marine Life
The effect of increasing ocean temperatures is important to understand because the rising temperatures influence the physiology, ecology, distribution
and evolution of marine life. Marine biologists have observed changes in cell physiological processes, protein damage to membrane fluidity, relocation
of marine species, and species extinction since the sea temperatures have risen. Marine life also faces greater susceptibility to infectious diseases due to
climate change. Distribution and abundance of marine life food sources have also been affected by warmer ocean temperatures.
Atmospheric and ocean surface temperatures are increasing much faster in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere. Figure 1a shows
Northern Hemisphere temperature increasing at a faster rate than Southern Hemisphere temperatures. Hemispheric marine warming asymmetry has
largely attributed to more ocean coverage and therefore larger heat capacity and thermal inertia in the Southern Hemisphere compared to the Northern
Hemisphere. A stronger ice–albedo positive feedback in the Arctic than in the Antarctic further enhances the inter–hemispheric asymmetry (1.) Albedo
is the measure of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The average temperature of the upper layer (0–700 meters below sea level) has increased more than three times as much as the lower (700–2000
meters below sea level). This is because the ocean is heated from above and it takes time for the heat to penetrate deeper. Satellite and direct
temperature measurements indicate that the abyssal layer, below 2000 meters, has not warmed measurably. (12)
Faster surface waters warming compared to that of lower water levels increases stratification between warmer, less dense surface water and colder,
denser water below the surface. Increased stratification decreases vertical mixing between these layers and prevents nutrients transfer from deeper
waters to the surface waters.

The Sun Accounts For The Earth 's Energy
The Sun accounts for the entirety of Earth's energy. While the sun is the driving force of all living organisms on Earth, this energy must be balanced in
order for the Earth to maintain a constant global temperature. The Earth distributes this energy through oceanic and atmospheric circulation. This
distribution of energy determines the location of biomes throughout the world. These two circulation processes also affect air pressure gradients in
tropical parts of the world. They are also responsible for weather phenomenon's like El NiГ±o.
As shortwave radiation from the sun reaches the Earth, about eighteen percent of this radiation is absorbed into the atmosphere. The remaining energy
is reflected back or absorbed by the Earth. This reflection is known as albedo. Objects with a higher reflectivity have a higher albedo and vice versa.
Similar to the sun, the Earth and its atmosphere also emit radiation. Because the Earth is much cooler than the sun, this radiation is in the form of
longwave radiation (Nature of Radiation Lecture). Although, not all of this radiation exits the Earth's atmosphere, some of this radiation is absorbed
back into the Earth. This is known as the greenhouse effect. Greenhouse gasses absorb radiation. This radiation is emitted by greenhouse gasses and
absorbed into the Earth, which in turn, heats up the surface of the Earth. By increasing the amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere, the
temperature will continue to rise. In the polar regions of

Essay on Water Crisis in Australia
Australia is one of the oldest continents in the world and during its history has been covered in ice caps and had hot, dry periods where much was
desert. It therefore has been subject to a multitude of lateral transport mechanisms throughout geological time. Water Continual overland flow of water
causes the appearance of a stream, in this flowing body of water there are three main ways in which particles are transported; creep, saltation and
suspension. The larger sediments (pebbles, cobles and boulders) need large velocities (Graph 1) to be moved through the system and are transported
by sliding along the stream bed through the process of creep. In saltation smaller sediments are transported through a series of arc shaped jumps (Figure
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even in dry areas mass movement is present, as wind will erode slopes causing them to become weak and after a period of continual erosion the
slope will eventually give out (Figure 3). Wind Wind transport is currently a dominant process throughout continental Australia. As land has a
lower heat capacity than that of the surrounding bodies of water, it heats up faster tha the oceans, (Nave, 2000) forming a low pressure system
over land as air rises and a high pressure system over oceans.. The void at the base of the low pressure system allows air from the high pressure
system to rush in, through advection (Figure 3), (NASA, Virtual Skies, 2005). As Australia is arid, away from coastal regions there is no water
available for the formation of clouds, thus very little of the incoming solar radiation is reflected, allowing low pressure systems to develop resulting
in the formation of wind systems. Wind also transports sediment near the surface by saltation and suspension (Figure 4). As the grains fall back to
the surface they may dislodge other grains that then get carried by wind (Anderson and Hallet, 1986. Gomyclass, n,d). Smaller particles can become
suspended in the wind and may travel for longer distances. Wind rarely has enough force to roll larger objects along through creep. Wind eroded
material is deposited in areas like sand dunes. Evidenced in dune fields which cover a large segment of the Australian continent (Figure 5) with the
largest of the

Captive Shark Species
A number of captive shark species have reportedly produced viable offspring in the absence of males and recent studies in sharks have confirmed
that four species are automictic (Chapman et al. 2007; Chapman, Firchau, and Shivji 2008; Feldheim et al. 2010; Robinson et al. 2011). Sharks
represent the most ancient lineage of jawed fish known to exhibit parthenogenesis. The first confirmed occurrence was described by Chapman et al.
(2007) in the bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo. In 2001 a single, normal pup was born to a captive female bonnethead that had not been in the
presence of a male for over three years. It was captured in the wild while still sexually immature, making sperm storage an unlikely explanation for this
birth. After the pup was... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Yet it is still unclear why this stable strategy is so rare, as it is only known to exist in <0.1% of vertebrate species (Dawley and Bogart 1989). With
advances in genetic analysis biologists have been able to confirm and refute some of the previous reports of parthenogenesis (Mittwoch 1978).
Subsequent studies and technological development serve to increase the number of known parthenogenic species and improve our understanding of
the factors promoting these unusual reproductive strategies. With so little existing data from such diverse species, it is still impossible to conclude if
parthenogenesis occurs as a synapomorphy in any of the vertebrate clades. The evolutionary ramifications of potential paternal leakage in gynogenesis
are also unclear, and are likely to vary among different species (Lamatsch and StГ¶ck 2009). Known occurrences of parthenogenic bony fish in the
wild are well–documented and are growing in number. However, parthenogenesis in wild sharks has yet to be reported. It is possible that automixis
only exists in shark populations that lack males, as was the case in all of the captive studies (Robinson et al. 2011). Increasing our understanding of
such unusual reproductive strategies in fish serves to accelerate our understanding of biology, ecology, and the biomedical sciences (Lampert 2008).
The future of studying fish parthenogenesis is bright and a significant amount of novel research is left to be

The El Nino Southern Oscillation
Abstract The El–NiГ±o Southern Oscillation is a complex sequence of natural climate variations that take place in the tropics of the Pacific Ocean, yet
affect the climate of the entire globe. The climate phenomenon, known as ENSO, has three main phases that each differ markedly in their atmospheric
and oceanic conditions. El NiГ±o, also known as "the warm phase", is the first cycle that begins when warm water in the eastern Pacific Ocean shifts to
the west toward South America. During El NiГ±o, the east–to–west trade winds halt and sometimes reverse directions, causing significant disturbances
in the biological life of the Pacific Ocean. Conversely, La NiГ±a is the complete opposite of El NiГ±o. La NiГ±a, also called "the cold phase" brings
unusually strong east–to–west winds and colder temperatures along the equatorial Pacific. Both phases have consequences that affect the regular
atmospheric conditions of the world; El NiГ±o is linked to both droughts and floods, La NiГ±a is linked to extreme tropical cyclones and monsoon
rains. The climatic events also have relationships to forest fires, economic changes, famine, plagues and widespread crop failure. The study of ENSO
is necessary in order to attempt to reveal patterns and key factors that can affect the intensity and severity of this phenomenon that occurs globally on
average every two to seven years.
Introduction
The El NiГ±o–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is one of the most important natural climatic phenomena on

Climate Change Is Not Just A Distant Future Threat
Introduction
"Climate change is not just a distant future threat. It is the main driver behind rising humanitarian needs and we are seeing its impact."
(OCHA, 2008)
It is a moral imperative that change is occurring in the global climate system and the impact will be largely felt. However, certain states are unaware of
the threat posed to the international and domestic economies, while others are reluctant to cooperate. Extreme weather, global warming, human health
and war are among the few threats it poses on the environment.
Although states have committed to reduce emissions, they still fall considerably short of emissions levels likely to avert a dangerous 2В°C rise in
global temperature" (UNEP 2010:11). The public debate around climate change is no longer about science but mainly on values, culture, and ideology
(Hoffman, A.J. 2012). This essay demonstrates that through the issue of relative gains, power and global justice that climate change is a major threat to
states and individuals. In particular it will argue that states will act to protect their interest because they perceive the threat will have an unequal impact.
States will seek to defend its national interest irrespective of any threat posed on its environment. To be able to explain the threat climate change poses,
this essay will analyse two mainstream IR theories: neoclassical realist and Cosmopolitans.
In the first section of the essay the main argument of these theories will be debated. neoclassical realist

What Are The Four Factors That Influence Ocean Currents...
Answer the following questions using complete sentences. Each question is worth 4 points.
1.Describe four factors that influence ocean currents.
Four factors that influence ocean currents are the Coriolis Effect, the climate, upwellings, and water density.
2.Explain how the Coriolis Effect impacts ocean currents.
The Coriolis Effect draws the water moving towards the nearest pole to the east, and the water moving towards the equator to the west. This pull causes
fluctuations in the ocean currents.
3.What is the relationship between ocean currents and climate?
The climate affects the temperature of water which can cause fluctuation in currents because of the chemical properties of water. As colder water
comes from the poles towards the equator, heat is transferred into the air, causing changes in wind patterns. This change in temperature causes a
change in the density of the air. These changes move moisture in the air to different places, causing precipitation. This precipitation, along with as the
correlating air currents, is what causes the transfer in heat that causes ocean currents. As the colder air, and thus water, moves towards the equator
from the poles, ocean currents are formed that impact local climates. As currents bring differently heated water to shore, this warmer (or cooler) water
can affect local air currents as it transfers energy form the water to the air, or vice versa.
4. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is upwelling and why is it important to the marine ecosystem?
Upwelling is when the cold water from deeper parts of the ocean rises to the top, bringing vast amounts of nutrients. These nutrients can form the basis
for a marine ecosystem: feeding the animals living near the

Victoria Geography
The landscape of Victoria is key to surviving down there. Located in the Western Cordillera, the mountainous area has long narrow inlets called fjords
that separate this area. The Coastal Mountains, although rugged and glaciated at times, have many different large forests along the mountain that
consist of cedar and oak trees that can work as protection from predators or animals lurking around. In addition, the rolling landscapes/lowlands
contain granite rocks that create a beautiful scenery and make it easier to walk along when the road becomes in available to drive on.
Victoria has the warmest and richest weather in Canada! When hiding out in Victoria, be sure to expect a variety of continental and maritimeclimate
because the climate/precipitation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First of all, the climate and the vegetation will work hand in hand in your survival. Victoria is a place that has a more moderate, dryer climate in the
summer and mild, average amount of precipitation. This is important to the vegetation because it's not too cold where you can't grow anything
(seeds, flowers, herbs etc.) and it's not too hot in certain areas where your crops will burn out and leave you hungry. Then, the landscape and the
climate work together varying from the availability of water to the population of people fleeing there. Victoria has a very beautiful scenery and the
climate works with it so that you can feel comfortable when appreciating the view. Although it is one of the major tourist attractions, but not many
people spend a lot of their time in the forests on the mountains, therefore giving you an advantage of space and utilities. In addition the climate works
so that the water that is near you will not diminish and can access it easily by simply walking down to the fjords. Keep in mind that soil and vegetation
also work hand in hand because depending on where you decide to camp, there will be different types of soil that can affect your planting (I.e.
Leached soil). If you're looking to plant more seeds and herbs look out for sandy loam, which is an even mixture of all the types of soils and will be
easiest to attend to by composting any fruit or nut items you have. Lastly the climate and the soil work well together because although it can be quite
dry in Victoria, there is enough precipitation to treat the soil instead of damaging (for example having too much precipitation or not having

What is a dolphin? A dolphin is an aquatic mammal. There...
What is a dolphin? A dolphin is an aquatic mammal. There are a various amount of species of dolphins,who eat a large variety of food,and can live in
several different environments. There are thirty–two different species of oceanic dolphins and five different species of river dolphins. River dolphins
live in Ganges River, Chinese River, Amazon River, and the Indus River ("Dolphins."–and–more.com). There are only four species of river dolphin
alive because one is extinct. These dolphins don't only live in rivers, they also live in lakes and estuaries. Some of the river dolphins are the Pink River
dolphin, Indus River dolphin, and the Baiji dolphin (www.a–z–animals.com). Most dolphins are very intelligent(one of the reasons they ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dolphin hunting strategies are varied and diverse. Dolphins often cooperate when in hunting and catching, but they also feed on indivdual fish. To
hunt larger fish, a dolphin uses its tail flukes to kick a fish out of water. After it's kicked out of water it becomes stunned, and the dolphin will
retrieve its prey. They often feed within fishing operations (www.dolphinaris.com). Dolphins are found living in bodies of water all around the world.
They are found in all of the oceans;Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, and Artic ocean. Most live in saltwater but, there are some dolphins that live in
freshwater. They tend to stick to shallower areas of water. Many of them also prefer to live in warmer areas (www.dolphins–world.com). The birth of a
dolphin occurs while the mother is swimming actively and in a circular motion towards the bottom off the sea floor. The dolphin is born swimming
eager to see its mother(www.dolphins–and–more.com).The young calf stays with its mother for up to eleven to eighteen months
(www.dolphins–world.com). Whales are a part of the dolphin family. They are considered part of the family because they are also aquatic
mammals(www.dolphins–and–more.com). Dolphins need air, because they are mammals. They must have breathing intervals. Some dolphins have to
take a breath every twenty seconds, while other ones can a breath once every thirty minutes (www.dolphins–world.com). These animals

The Importance Of Environmental Change On The Environment
Environmental change on the planet can be caused by different exercises. At the point when environmental change happens; temperatures can expand
a significantly. At the point when temperature rises, a wide range of changes can happen on Earth. For instance, it can bring about more surges, dry
seasons, or extraordinary rain, and in addition more continuous and extreme warmth waves. Seas and icy masses have additionally encountered a few
changes: seas are warming and ending up more acidic, ice sheets are dissolving, and ocean levels are rising. As these progressions regularly happen in
future decades, they will probably exhibit difficulties to our general public and condition.
Amid the previous century, human exercises have discharged a lot of carbon dioxide and other nursery gasses into the air. The vast majority of the
gasses originate from consuming petroleum derivatives to deliver vitality. Nursery gasses resemble a cover around the Earth, catching vitality in the
climate and making it warm. This is known as the nursery impact and it is characteristic and important to help life on earth. Be that as it may, while
nursery gasses development, the atmosphere changes and result in perilous impacts to human wellbeing and biological communities. Individuals have
adjusted to the steady atmosphere we have appreciated since the last ice age which finished a few thousand years back. A hotter atmosphere can bring
changes that can influence our water supplies, horticulture,

The Arctic Of The Antarctic Circle
Any point north of the Arctic Circle or south of the Antarctic Circle will have one period in the summer when the sun does not set, and one period in
the winter when the sun does not rise. At progressively higher latitudes, the maximum periods of "midnight sun" and "polar night" are progressively
longer. For example, at the military and weather station Alert located at 82В°30вЂІ05вЂіN and 62В°20вЂІ20вЂіW, on the northern tip of Ellesmere
Island, Canada (about 450 nautical miles or 830 km from the North Pole), the sun begins to peek above the horizon for minutes per day at the end
of February and each day it climbs higher and stays up longer; by 21 March, the sun is up for over 12 hours. On 6 April the sun rises at 0522 UTC
and remains above the horizon until it sets below the horizon again on 6 September at 0335 UTC. By October 13 the sun is above the horizon for
only 1 hour 30 minutes and on October 14 it does not rise above the horizon at all and remains below the horizon until it rises again on 27
February.[17] First light comes in late January because the sky has twilight, being a glow on the horizon, for increasing hours each day, for more than
a month before the sun first appears with its disc above the horizon. From mid–November to mid–January, there is no twilight. In the weeks
surrounding 21 June, in the northern polar region, the sun is at its highest elevation, appearing to circle the sky there without going below the horizon.
Eventually, it does go below the horizon,

Argumentative Essay On Climate Change
Climate change can be traced down to since the mid–1800s, when the industrial revolution first started taking place all around the world. Lives of
human and animal species have been negatively affected since then, with events such as natural disasters, the melting of ice in polar regions, and
change in weather and living conditions. Climate change in polar regions, in particular, has faced the most damage compared to any other region
because of its location in regard to the sun. Climate change holds many different views and opinions about the effects, and even the existence itself, but
evidence is clear and unmistakable in global ramifications and local impact in polar regions.
"...Climate change [is] the 'greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people'", skeptics like Senator Inhofe of Oklahoma like to say. Climate
change is change in climate patterns due to an increase in carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases produced by certain human activity. According to
the National Snow and Ice Data Center, data taken by satellite has shown that the Arctic cover has decreased by 30% over the past 30 years, and this
change, which also include change in sea ice and permafrost, in artic weather and climate is caused by humans. Although numerous scientists have
confirmed the legitimacy of climate change, there are different views on whether climate change is real or not. Government officials like Senator Jim
Inhofe of Oklahoma or Senator Marco Rubio of Florida have explicitly stated that they do not believe climate change is neither real, nor caused by
humans (Tom McCarthy, 2014). On the other hand, mainstream media and other media outlets, such as The Independent and The Economist, have
reported their findings of climate change and its legitimacy. The Independent (Conner, S. 2011) reported that records of these changes were taken by
military submarines, land measurements, and satellite data to prove ice in polar regions are melting faster and faster. Satellites have tracked sea ice
since the 1970s and by nuclear submarines since the Cold War,
according to Peter Wadhams of Cambridge University and it was predicted that by September 2015, there would be no more sea ice. (Conner, S.
2011). Luckily, sea ice has not

Mendenhall Glaciers: Climate Analysis
Mendenhall Glacier is the most recent environmental victim of a warmer planet. First measured in 1911, the glacier has receded by more than 2900
meters (Braasch, G. 2011). The marvelous thing about glaciers is that they can regenerate their mass through snowfall, but they can lose their mass due
to sublimation, water evaporating from the ice, and melting. Sadly, this isn't the case anymore as the summers out heat whatever the glaciers had tried
to regenerate during the winters. Since 1980, glaciers on average have melted 17 meters of water ("NOAA Climate.gov". 2017). When glaciers melt,
the resulting water adds to overall volume of the ocean. According to The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the global average of
rising sea levels has been 3.4 millimeters a year since 1993 ("NOAA Climate.gov". 2017). Before 1993, the average rise of sea level a year was only at
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2013). Climate Change, Human Rights and Moral Responsibility. Climate Change and Individual Responsibility, 1–25. doi:10.1057
/9781137464507.0007
Goode, E. (2016, December 19). Polar Bears' Path to Decline Runs Through Alaskan Village. The New York Times. Retrieved October 1, 2017, from
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/18/science/polar–bears–global–warming.html
Jenkins, E. (2016, July 27). Visitors To A Shrinking AlaskanGlacier Get A Lesson On Climate Change. Http://www.npr.org/. Retrieved October 1,
2017, from http://www.npr.org/2016/07/27/485601554/visitors–to–a–shrinking–alaskan–glacier–get–a–lesson–on–climate–change
Mele, C., & Victor, D. (2016, August 19). Reeling From Effects of Climate Change, Alaskan Village Votes to Relocate. The New York Times. Retrieved
October 1, 2017, from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/20/us/shishmaref–alaska–elocate–vote–climate–change.html?mcubz=0
Photographers, I. L. (2011, September 15). Mendenhall Glacier, Now and Then. Retrieved October 1, 2017, from

Continental Drift Theory: Alfred Wegener
Alfred Wegener gave many facts that help prove his Continental Drift theory. Wegener's supporting facts include fossil evidence, land features, climate
evidence, and sea floor spreading. In the beginning of Wegener's research to prove his Continental Drift theory, he found clues from fossil evidence
from millions of years ago. Different animals, such as the Cynognathus, Lystrasaurus, and Mesosaurus gave proof that the continents have moved. The
Cynognathus was a land animal, whose fossils where found in Africa and South America. Another land animal was the Lystrasaurus, whose fossils
were found in India, Antarctica, and Africa. Neither the Lystrasaurus nor Cynognathus could travel that great of a distance over water. Also the
Lystrasurus lived in warmer climates, and today Antarctica is not a warmclimate. The Mesosaurus was a fresh water reptile that was found in fresh
water in South America and Africa. The oceans are salt water, so the continents must have been together so the Mesosaurus could walk from lake to
lake or pond to pond.
Other types of fossils, such as plants, gave climate evidence to support Wegener's theory. Second, Wegener gave climate evidence to support his
Continental Drift theory. The glossopteris is a tropical fern that as found in Antarctica, South America, India, Australia, and Africa. "... Glossopteris
grew in temperate climates, the places where fossils had been found were once closer to the equator," (Tarbuck and Lutgens, 2011). The plant

Geol 1345 Lab 2B Essays
Lab 2B
1. In the Figure 1 schematic view of the ocean bottom, the vertical scale is given in kilometers (km). This vertical scale is vastly different from the
horizontal scale. The vertical distance between scale markings is [(1)(10)(100)] km.
2. The ocean trench in the schematic view has a maximum depth of [(8)(80)(800)] km below sea level.
3. The distance between scale markings on the horizontal scale is 100 km. Comparison of the vertical and horizontal scales indicates that the vertical
scale is exaggerated [(10)(100)(1000)] times relative to the horizontal scale.
4. The right portion of Figure 1 describes general characteristics of the ocean bottom in coastal areas that are tectonically passive (not near a plate
boundary). The left ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The maximum depth is at a distance of about 80 km from the shoreline. The nearly horizontal continental shelf extends westward from the shoreline
about 10 km before the profile of the ocean bottom indicates a relatively steep decline that continues until the maximum depth is reached. According to
Figure 1, this decline primarily composes the [(continental rise)(continental slope)(abyssal plain)].
9. Oceanward of the oceanic trench, the ocean bottom first rises and then levels off to a depth of approximately 3900 m, making the deepest part of the
ocean trench about [(1400)(2400)(3500)] m below the bottom of the abyssal plain ocean bottom west of the trench.
10. This Figure 3 vertical cross–section exhibits a profile consistent with a tectonically [(passive)(active)] coastal region.
11. The horizontal distance in Figure 5 is measured in km from 77В° W eastward to 71В° W, covering a total length of about 550 km. The average
maximum depth of the nearly horizontal eastern portion of the profile is about 4400 m. Compare this vertical cross–section with Figure 1. Figure 5
most closely resembles the [(left)(middle)(right)] portion of Figure 1.
12. In the Figure 5 profile, the coastline is within a few kilometers of the western end of the vertical cross section. From the coastline, water depth
increases very gradually to about 40 m at 140 km from shore (western end of the profile). This segment of the vertical cross–section resembles the
continental [(rise)(slope)(shelf)]

North American Climate Change
The Earth has not always been as it is today. Periods of climate alterations have occurred over time to land us where we stand today. Around 8200
years ago or 6200 BCE, a surprising event occurred on Earth. The Earth underwent an abrupt climate temperature change. This change is known as the
8.2 ka year event or 8200 year event which refers to the last major climate alteration, a Northern Hemisphere cooling event that occurred
approximately 8,200 years before the present. This event was less severe than the Younger Dryas, a cooling event preceding the 8.2, but more severe
than the Little Ice Age that occurred after. The event occurred in the Greenland Ice cores during the Holocene, a period in which theEarth had a
relatively stable climate. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This decrease in methane was a result of the collapse of the North American Laurentide ice sheet where a large concentration of methane was trapped
under the ice. When the ice sheet collapsed, methane was released and no longer trapped. There is also evidence from ocean sediments that parts of
the tropics became drier as a result of the 8.2 ka event. The shrinking and deterioration of the tropical wetlands in a drier climate could also explain the
10–15% drop in atmospheric methane that resulted from the event. This event relates to what I have learned in class because it covers concepts on
glaciers/ice sheets, water movements, natural processes, and relativity. Glaciers are essentially massive ice that float under their own weight. The size
of glaciers can vary but for the most part they are very large and provide water for about 1/3 of the world's population. They are the biggest storage of
fresh water, which explains the extent to which the North Atlantic was filled following the collapse of the North American Laurentide ice sheet. When
the ice sheet collapsed, it initiated a freshwater pulse that sufficiently freshened the North Atlantic surface waters, which caused the cooling event. In
class, we have also reviewed the concept that everything is related. The collapse of the North American Laurentide ice sheet led to a melt water pulse,

Persuasive Essay On Climate Change
Our earth is slowly dying and perhaps maybe we as humans should do something about it don't you think? Obvious question, but yet some still seem
to believe that the abnormal changes we have been experiencing in the few recent years are all natural. For whatever reason this way of thinking has
gone into people's heads and really shows how easily people are fed with information and how little research and education they have. If we look at the
facts there is no denying that climate change is happening. But now comes the real argument; shall we or shall we not start regulating the causes of
climate change. Our global temperature has been rising higher and higher each year. I've noticed these effects in my real life as well. 10 years
ago, I remember my city being very close to having snow, these days not a single sign of it is shown. The effects of this are absolutely devastating.
Humans are the ones solely responsible for such harsh effects toward our planet. Ever since the industrial revolution we have seen the number for
CO2 gasses peak. In Fact according to NASA the level in amount of CO2 gasses is at the highest that it's ever been in centuries. Because of this rise,
we are now seeing the effects it is having in our ocean. Warming in oceans, rise in sea level, and acidification within the ocean.
Oceans play an immense importance in our ecosystem. The changes to them should not be taken lightly after all they do make up about 70% of our
planet. The major part to the

Essay on PhysGeogCh
Physical Geography
Quiz Chapters 8–9 McKnight
Instructor: Conti
Put all answers on your Scantron
CHAPTER 8
Label the correct KГ¶ppen climate types for Charts 1 – 5. Use each of the following climate types only once.
A. Tropical Humid
B. Dry
C. Mild Mid–Latitude (Mesothermal)
D. Severe Mid–Latitude (Microthermal)
E. Polar
1. Chart 1 ____________________________________
2. Chart 2 ____________________________________
3. Chart 3 ____________________________________
4. Chart 4 ____________________________________
5. Chart 5 ____________________________________
Charts
1
Charts
2

Charts
3
Charts
4
Charts
5
6)
Another designation for Mediterranean climate is __________.
a) dry subtropical
b) marine west coast
c) upland savanna
d) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
a) 3.6
b) 7
c) 11.4
d) 15.1
e) 25
31) The Intertropical Convergence Zone is most closely associated with which of the KЕ‘ppen system's major climate types?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E
32) The one–year record rainfall took place in a ___________ climate type.
a) Humid continental
b) monsoon
c) mediterranean

d) west coast marine
e) humid subtropical
33) Which of the following is NOT a climate type found in South America?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) H
34) City A and City B are located 300 miles from one another and are the same latitude. City A has a much greater annual temperature range than City
B. The most likely explanation for this fact is that City A
a) is lower in elevation than City B
b) has more moisture in the air than City B
c) is cloudier than City B
d) has more air pollution than City B
e) is in a more continental climate than City B
Map 1
35.
36.
A
Essay
37.
38.
40.
41.
39.
42.
Choose KГ¶ppen climate types A, B, C, D, or E for the map of North
America (Map 1, above). Mark your Scantron with A, B, C, D, E, to indicate the correct climate type for each numbered

GEPlateTectonicsAnswers
Adapted from an activity by
Laurel Goodell
February 2013
Introduction to Plate Tectonics via Google Earth (24 pts)
B. Topographic Patterns
Uncheck all of the layers and focus on topographic features of the earth.
Topography of the earth ABOVE sea level
Questions
Answers
1. Are mountains randomly distributed on the continents, or do they tend to occur in particular patterns (clusters, linear chains, arcs, etc.)?
Some appear in lines and others in arcs
1pt
2. Find Mt. Everest, the highest point on earth. Zoom in enough to see the summit, then pan your cursor around to locate the 8840_______ meters
highest point (elevations shows up in the status bar at the bottom, as long as
View/Status Bar is selected):
1pt
Adapted from an activity ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Be sure to consider topography/bathymetry as well as the earthquake and volcano layers. List several ways and be specific.
3pts

In the middle between the two
Without the plate boundary feature, you would still see the change in depth where the mountains are, still feel earthquakes, and see volcanic eruptions.
Adapted from an activity by
Laurel Goodell
February 2013
Mid–Atlantic Ridge
F. Plate motion
Motion across the mid–Atlantic ridge: the South American plate vs. the

The Browning Of Surface Waters
The research project I chose to study was titled, Current Browning of surface Waters Will Be Further Promoted by Wetter Climate, and was published
by the Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Finnish
Environment Institute, Aquatic Biology and Toxicology, and the Department of Forest Ecology and Management. This project includes fifteen years of
data, beginning in 1990 and ending in 2013. These departments were trying to understand why there is an increase in the browning of surface waters.
This research project includes data from Fennoscandia (Norway, Sweden, and Finland), the United Kingdom, the northeastern United States, and
southeastern Canada. They discovered that the browning of surface waters is due to increasing terrestrial dissolved organic carbon concentrations.
They proposed that the browning of surface waters is a concern because of four primary reasons. Reason number one is that brown surface waters
could release more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. This will also lead to higher water costs, because of the processes that water distributors will
have to put the water through to cleanse it. Alternatively the browning of surface waters will also affect freshwater productivity because of how it
limits light penetration. Lastly, these conditions will promote anoxia and consequently limit oxythermal habitats (Wit 2016). The researchers first part
of the methods talked about

The Crystal Frontier By Carlos Fuentes
In The Crystal Frontier, Carlos Fuentes presents two of his main characters in much a similar fashion; in Spoils, we find Dionisio is a world–renowned
chef and cuisine connoisseur, and also a fervent critic of American cuisine and culture. Dionisio believes that through his country's chromosomal
imperialism, Mexico will be able to solidify its sphere of influence in America; however, when he travels to the United States, he indulges in the same
institutions that he ridicules when he lives in Mexico. Similarly, in Pain we encounter the young and aspiring doctor, Juan Zamora. Zamora is an
ambitious student who travels to the United States to further his education and learns that successful networking is the way to get ahead in American
society. Zamora and Dionisio are both functions of their environment. When they are living in America, they are exhibiting an innate
interconnectedness with society, and when they live in Mexico–quite the opposite; Zamora and Dionisio display traditional attributes which are
stereotypical to that of the Mexican who lives in solitude. This essay will seek to dissect each character and describe how each utilizes his own
respective "Mexican Mask" to acquire what he truly desires, and it will describe how each character's personality fluctuates simply due to where he is
geographically located. Dionisio believes that through Mexico's "chromosomal imperialism" his country will endure and even spread its cultural
influence in the United States

Analyzing Anomalous Weather
In recent years, scientists and the general public have become increasingly aware of climate change. Scientists have begun and continue to study
historical and geologic records in order to determine natural patterns versus human–induced changes in climate. By studying historical data and recent
impacts, scientists may be able to determine consequences people will face now and in the future.
One of the potential consequences of the changing climate is an increase in anomalous weather events. By definition, an anomaly is an irregularity, or
something that varies from the normal pattern or range. For the purpose of this study, anomalous weather refers to measured temperature and
precipitation values which deviate from the normal range for weather in the area of interest.
Extreme weather phenomena result in numerous instances of property damage, human displacement, and loss of human life in the United States and
globally each year. In recent years, there seems to have been an increase in anomalous weather conditions, such as floods, droughts, severe storms, and
high temperatures, among other types of events. Extreme weather episodes affect a range of sectors including agriculture, and food security, water,
health, and tourism (Cooney, 2012). Some areas, such as developing countries, are more vulnerable than others due to lack of funds, planning, and
infrastructure (Cooney, 2012). However, more needs to be done in all areas in order to prepare for the rising number of these

Taking a Look at the Ogasawara Archipelago
The Japanese volcanic island arc known as the Ogasawara Archipelago enjoys a warm, marine subtropical climate and is free from the industrial
overpopulation of mainland Japan. These islands are situated in one of the most highly active volcanic regions of the world, part of the Pacific Ring
of Fire, and formed by the subduction of the Pacific Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate boundaries. The islands themselves were formed by eruptions of
lava due to undersea oceanic plate convergence over fifteen million years ago. Nishino–shima's coordinates lie at 27.247В°N / 140.874В°E, and is one
of the youngest islands, believed to be only ten thousand years old, with the last active vent erupting in 1973. The Ogasawara Islands are known in
English as the Bonin Islands, about 600 miles south of Japan, visited by a ferry ride from Tokyo. Only the two largest islands, Chichijima (Father
Island) and Hahajima (Mother Island) in this chain are inhabited. [Nunn, 2009] Niijima is born On November 20, 2013 at 10:30 A.M., black smoke
was first seen billowing forth from the sea, directly off the west shore of Nishino–shima. Volcanologists and scientists observed a new island measuring
600 feet across, gushing a basaltic andesite lava. [Kurtenbach, 2013] The Japanese government hastily named their newest island Niijima, meaning "the
new one", while scientists were still unsure if the island surface would remain above sea level as the lava cooled and hardened. Recently formed
volcanic formations

The Global Warming Er Global Climate Change
04/18/2016
The Global Warming Era
Our global climate change has not always been a top concern for scientists, politicians or even our very own view on the rapid rates of global
warming data. The drastic change and harm that has occurred to the nature around us has become a huge concern that must be dealt with appropriately
and done so in a timely manner, with rapid glacier melting that has caused rising sea levels or the .15–degree temperature increase per decade since the
1900`s we can noticeable see the change our earth has endured due to humans. Even the smallest change of a degree in temperature not just in the U.S
but globally has effected many aspects of Earth itself. Just a couple of years ago in the year 2014 our planet reached ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The world climate is changing day by day. Many causes of Global Warming are primarily caused by humans with rapid growth of unplanned
industries or the day to day traffic that emits harmful fumes into the air. The effects of Global Warming are very dangerous for our existence on Earth
it could drastically reduce the amount of agriculture we produce, Each and every aspect of our Earth are important in maintaining an ecological
balance, if one thing is to change in our environment there are many negative impacts that would occur so it is important to maintain our ecological
balance by decreasing the effects of Global Warming and being able to live, grow, and thrive on Earth.
One could explain Global warming by defining it as the warming of the Earth's surface which results while the atmosphere of the Earth traps heat
so the more rapidly humans create polluting industries and emitting fossil fuels we are responsible for. The earth is getting warmer. The changes
are small, so far, but scientist are expecting this climate change to grow larger and speedup. Within the next fifty to one hundred years, the earth
may heat more than it has in the last million years which is very concerning to human existence. As oceans warm and glaciers melt, land and cities
along coasts may be flooded. Heat and drought factors like we have seen in recent years in California's rapid rate of drought fires will occur in many
areas around the world. One major cause of global warming is the

Temperature Pattern Exercise Essay
M2A1 Temperature Pattern Exercise
Ricardo Cortez
GEOL 108
EXERCISE 10 PART 1 1. Is the temperature contrast between the equator and the Arctic region greatest in the winter or summer?
Answer.
Temperature contrast between the equator and the Arctic region is greatest in the winter. Temperatures near or at theequator only change a few degrees
between winter and summer while the Arctic region changes drastically up to 40 degrees between the seasons.
2. (a) Were latitude the only control of temperature, the isotherms would run straight across the maps from east to west. Describe one region of the
world where this hypothetical isotherm pattern is actually observed.
(b) Why is the hypothetical pattern seen here?
Answer. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(d) What explains this small annual temperature range?
Answer. I mentioned in question 2(b) that parts of Brazil because of the location near and right on the equator and the reason being is because twice in
a year the sun's rays are vertical at the equator. Thus, the temperature is uniformly high in the equatorial region, and the annual range of temperature is
negligible. (Rajan, 2012). The equatorial region experience so little winter cooling because of this. (Hess, 2011).
Resource
Rajan. (2012). The following Are the Factors That Affect and Control the Annual Range of Temperature. Retrieved from http:/
/www.preservearticles.com/2011111217118/the
–following–are–the–factors–that–affect–and–control–the–annual–range–of–temperature.html
Hess, D. (2011). Mcknight's Physical Geography; A Landscapes Appreciation. (10th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc
EXERCISE 10 PART 2 1. Begin in the west and move across the map to the east, briefly explaining why the actual 16 degrees Celsius isotherm
deviates from the hypothetical.
Answer. The isothermal shift is much more pronounced in high altitudes than in low and also much more pronounced over the continents than over the
oceans. (Hess, 2011, p.90). The temperature gradient (rate of temperature change with horizontal distance) is steeper in winter than in

The Negative Effects Of The Great Sendai Earthquake
Natural disasters are a huge challenge for the planet because of the adverse effects that are associated with them. One of the major earthquakes to have
shaken the earth is the Great Sendai Earthquake or Great TЕЌhoku Earthquake that occurred in 2011. The event started when a powerful earthquake hit
the northeastern Japan on March 11, 2011, and resulted in a widespread damage on land. A series of massive tsunamis later devastated many parts of
the coastal regions of the country with the worst affected being the Tohoku region. Thetsunami further resulted in a major nuclear accident that
damaged distant regions on a power station located along the coast. The economic effects of the tsunami qualify it as one of the major natural disasters
because it affected Japan's economic stability as the country ended up resorting to importing as an alternative to cover the loss.
The intensity of the earthquake was a major factor because its magnitude played a huge role in the damage that the disaster caused. It was reported to
have hit a magnitude of 9–0 with the epicenter being located at least 80 miles away. The focus was 18.6 miles lower than the western Pacific. The
result was a rapture of the subduction zone and thus led to the Japan Trench being affected. Several foreshocks reached as much as 6.0 and greater
effects that ended up acting on the land in the following days and months even after the quake had subsided. The tsunami that accompanied the
earthquake originated from a fault along the convergent plate boundary at the section where the Pacific plate joins with the west beneath Japan. The
subduction zone was very active seismically at the time of the occurrence of the earthquake. Thus based on my understanding of earthquakes, the
March 11 disaster was among the strongest earthquakes ever recorded because of the effects that followed because a portion of the ocean trench
immediately went off–shore. In fact, it was later reported that a satellite that was orbiting around the Earth, infrasonics could be detected on the outer
edge of the Earth's atmosphere. The low–frequency waves meant that there were adverse effects that could be felt weeks after the real disaster had hit,
hence the reporting that it was the

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