Chapter 14 Presentation

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ESSENTIALS OF LIFE-SPAN
DEVELOPMENT, 5e
JOHN W. SANTROCK
SOCIOEM, 5eOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN MIDDLE ADULTHOOD
14

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Chapter Outline
 Personality theories and development
 Stability and change
 Close relationships

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Personality Theories and
Development
 Erikson’s stage of generativity versus stagnation
 Generativity: Adults’ desire to leave legacies of themselves to the
next generation
 Stagnation: Develops when individuals sense that they have done
nothing for the next generation
 Generativity can be developed in a number of ways
 Biological generativity
 Parental generativity
 Work generativity
 Cultural generativity

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distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part without the
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Personality Theories and
Development
 Levinson’s seasons of a man’s life
 Teens – Transition from dependence to independence
 20s are a novice phase of adult development
 30s are a time for focusing on family and career development
 By the 40s, man has a stable career and now must look forward
to the kind of life he will lead as a middle-aged adult

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Figure 14.1 – Levinson’s Periods of Adult
Development

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Personality Theories and
Development
 Transition into middle adulthood – Conflicts
 Being young versus being old
 Being destructive versus being constructive
 Being masculine versus being feminine
 Being attached to others versus being separated from them
 Midlife crisis
 40s as a decade of reassessing and recording truth about
adolescent and adult years
 A minority experience midlife crisis

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distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part without the
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Personality Theories and
Development
 Life-events approach
 Contemporary life-events approach: How life events influence
the individual’s development depends on:
 Life event itself
 Mediating factors
 Individual’s adaptation to the life event
 Life-stage context
 Sociohistorical context

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Figure 14.2 – Contemporary Life-Events Framework
for Interpreting Adult Developmental Change

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Personality Theories and
Development
 Drawbacks to life events approach
 Places too much emphasis on change
 May not be major life events that are primary sources of stress
 Daily experiences

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Personality Theories and
Development
 Stress and personal control in midlife
 Middle-aged adults experience more “overload” stressors
 Involve juggling too many activities at once
 Developmental changes in perceived personal control
 Greater sense of control over finances, work, and marriage
 Less sense of control over sex life and children
 Sense of control associated with delaying onset of disease in
middle age

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distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part without the
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Personality Theories and
Development
 Stress and gender
 Fight or flight
 Become aggressive, socially withdraw, or drink alcohol
 Tend or befriend
 Seek social alliances with others, especially female friends

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Stability and Change
 Longitudinal studies
 Costa and McCrae’s Baltimore Study - Focused on the Big Five
factors of personality:
 Openness to experience
 Conscientiousness
 Extraversion
 Agreeableness
 Neuroticism
 Concluded considerable stability across adult years for Big Five
factors
 Optimism- linked to being healthier and living longer

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distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part without the
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Figure 14.3 - The Big Five Factors of Personality

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Stability and Change
 Berkeley’s Longitudinal Studies
 Most stable characteristics were intellectual orientation, self-
confidence, and openness to experience
 Characteristics that changed the most:
 Extent to which individuals were nurturing or hostile
 Whether or not they had good self-control

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Stability and Change
 George Valliant’s Studies
 Longitudinal studies of 3 samples:
 268 socially advantaged Harvard grads born about 1920
 456 socially disadvantaged inner-city men born about 1930
 90 middle-SES, intellectually gifted women born around 1910
 Categorized 75-80 years olds as “healthy-well,” “sad-sick,” or
“dead”
 Predictions based on data collected when individuals were 50 years
old

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distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part without the
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Stability and Change
 Conclusions
 Evidence does not support that personality traits are completely
fixed in adulthood
 Changes are typically limited
 Age is positively related to stability
 Stability peaks in 50s and 60s
 Cumulative personality model: With time and age, people:
 Become more adept at interacting with their environment in
ways that promote stability of personality

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Close Relationships
 Love and marriage at midlife
 Security, loyalty, and mutual emotional interest are more
important in middle adulthood
 Most married individuals are satisfied with their marriages during
midlife
 Divorce in middle adulthood may be more positive in some ways,
more negative in others
 Increasing divorce rate in middle-aged adults

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Close Relationships
 The empty nest and its refilling
 Empty nest syndrome: Decrease in marital satisfaction after
children leave the home
 Parents derive considerable satisfaction from their children
 Refilling of empty nest is a common occurrence
 Loss of privacy

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Close Relationships
 Sibling relationships and friendships
 Sibling relationships may be extremely close, apathetic, or highly
rivalrous
 Friendships that have endured over the adult years tend to be
deeper

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Close Relationships
 Grandparenting
 Many adults become grandparents for the first time in middle
age
 Grandmothers have more frequent contact than grandfathers
 Some grandparents thrust back into “parenting role” due to:
 Divorce, adolescent pregnancy, parental drug use
 Full-time grandparenting linked to health problems, depression,
and stress
 Divorce and remarriage related to special concerns about
grandparent visitation privileges

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distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part without the
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Close Relationships
 Intergenerational relationships
 Middle-aged adults express responsibility between generations
 Duty to care for parents in late life
 Share experiences, transmit values to younger generations
 “Sandwich generation” – responsibilities for caring for
adolescent/young adult children and aging parents
 Ambivalent relationships between aging parents and their
children
 Love, reciprocal help, shared values on positive side
 Isolation, family conflicts and problems, abuse, neglect, caregiver
stress on negative side

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distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part without the
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Close Relationships
 Gender differences in intergenerational relationships
 Women’s relationships are typically closer than other family
bonds
 Married men more involved with wives’ kin than their own
 Mother’s intergenerational ties influential for grandparent-
grandchild relationships