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第11章 变化的电磁场
§11.1 法拉第电磁感应定律
§11.2 动生电动势
§11.3 感生电动势 涡旋电场
§11.4 自感和互感
§11.5 磁场能量
§11.6 位移电流
§11.7 麦克斯韦方程组
§11.8 电磁波的辐射和传播
§11.1法拉第电磁感应定律
Faraday’s Discovery and the Law of Induction
Faraday’s law has far-reaching technological applications. It
lies behind our entire system of electrical power generation
and play a role in most of the electronic devices we use.
阿喇果 Dominique Francois Jean Arago 英国格林尼治
1822 1824
亨利 J. Henry
1829
法拉第 M. Faraday
1831.08.29
退出返回
Four Experiments 四个著名实验
磁棒 电流计线圈 CAI
感应电流
通电线圈
当磁棒或通电线圈相对于另一线圈运动时
⑴相对运动
⑵磁场发生变化
接通与断开线圈不动
相对运动被排除掉
磁场发生变化
这样的认识是否完全正确?
返回 退出
The change of the magnetic field磁场发生变化
Changing the area of the loop
Unchanging the magnetic field
CAI
uniform magnetic field
change the magnetic flux through the loop
穿过回路的磁通量发生了变化
∫∫ ⋅=
A
B
AdB
rr
Φ
Suppose a loop enclosing an area A is placed in a
magnetic field . Then the magnetic flux through
the loop is
B
r
返回 退出
The change of the magnetic flux through any surface
bounded by a loop causes a induction current in that
loop. 感应电流
electromotive force emf
∫∫
+
−
+
−
⋅=⋅= ldEld
q
F
k
k
rrr
r
ε
∫ ⋅=
l k ldE
rr
ε
R
internal circuit
external
circuit
+
感应电流的出现表明存在着某种推动电流的电动势
退出返回
1832年
感应电动势 induction emf .
在相同条件下,不同金属导体回路中产生的感应电流与导体
的导电能力成正比。
The change of the magnetic flux through any surface
bounded by a loop causes an induction emf around
that loop,
穿过回路所包围面积的磁通量发生变化时,回路中产
生感应电动势
The induction emf leads to an induction current
科拉顿 Jean-Daniel Colladon
1823年 电流计 小磁针的偏转 退出返回
韦伯 W. Weber诺埃曼 F. Neumann 1845年
The magnitude of the emf induced in a conducting loop is equal
to the rate at which the magnetic flux ΦB through that loop
changes with time.
ε
CAI
t
B
d
dΦ
ε ∝
t
k B
d
dΦ
ε −=
∫ ⋅=
L
k ldE
rr
ε
t
B
d
dΦ
ε −=SIin
∫∫ ⋅=
S
B SdB
rr
Φ
∫∫∫ ⋅−=⋅
SL
k SdB
t
ldE
rrrr
d
d
退出返回
∫∫∫ ⋅−=⋅
SL
k SdB
t
ldE
rrrr
d
d
neˆ
0>
t
B
d
dΦ
ε
neˆ
0<
t
B
d
dΦ
ε
Right-hand Rule for a Loop
退出返回
The same number of field lines pass through any
two surfaces bounded by the same closed loop.
∫∫∫ ⋅−=⋅
SL
k SdB
t
ldE
rrrr
d
d
退出返回
N 匝线圈导体回路
当穿过线圈的磁通量变化时,每匝线圈中都产生感应电动
势。
匝与匝串联
整个线圈的总电动势等于各匝感应电动势之和
Ni ,,,,,, ΦΦΦΦΦ LL321 ∑=
−=
N
i
i
dt
d
1
)(
Φ
ε
如果通过每匝的磁通量相同
dt
d
dt
d
N
i
iN
i
i
∑
∑ =
=
−=−= 1
1
Φ
Φ
ε
i
N
i
i NΦΦΨ == ∑=1
磁链 magnetic flux linkage
dt
d
dt
Nd i ΨΦ
−=−=
)(
返回 退出
Lenz’s law and the direction of induced current
The direction of the induced current is given by Lenz’s
law:
The induced current is in a direction such that the
magnetic field it creates tends to oppose the change that
created it
返回 退出
Induction Current
Creates Magnetic Field
退出返回
∫∫∫ ⋅−=⋅
SL
k SdB
t
ldE
rrrr
d
d
(1)磁场 不随时间变化,闭合导体回路的整体或
局 部在运动
B
r
Motional emf动生电动势
(2)磁场 随时间变化,闭合导体回路的任一部分
都不动
B
r
Induced emf感生电动势
磁场 随时间变化,闭合导体回路也有运动B
r
动生电动势 + 感生电动势
退出返回

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Phy b11 1-1

  • 1. 第11章 变化的电磁场 §11.1 法拉第电磁感应定律 §11.2 动生电动势 §11.3 感生电动势 涡旋电场 §11.4 自感和互感 §11.5 磁场能量 §11.6 位移电流 §11.7 麦克斯韦方程组 §11.8 电磁波的辐射和传播
  • 2. §11.1法拉第电磁感应定律 Faraday’s Discovery and the Law of Induction Faraday’s law has far-reaching technological applications. It lies behind our entire system of electrical power generation and play a role in most of the electronic devices we use. 阿喇果 Dominique Francois Jean Arago 英国格林尼治 1822 1824 亨利 J. Henry 1829 法拉第 M. Faraday 1831.08.29 退出返回
  • 3. Four Experiments 四个著名实验 磁棒 电流计线圈 CAI 感应电流 通电线圈 当磁棒或通电线圈相对于另一线圈运动时 ⑴相对运动 ⑵磁场发生变化 接通与断开线圈不动 相对运动被排除掉 磁场发生变化 这样的认识是否完全正确? 返回 退出
  • 4. The change of the magnetic field磁场发生变化 Changing the area of the loop Unchanging the magnetic field CAI uniform magnetic field change the magnetic flux through the loop 穿过回路的磁通量发生了变化 ∫∫ ⋅= A B AdB rr Φ Suppose a loop enclosing an area A is placed in a magnetic field . Then the magnetic flux through the loop is B r 返回 退出
  • 5. The change of the magnetic flux through any surface bounded by a loop causes a induction current in that loop. 感应电流 electromotive force emf ∫∫ + − + − ⋅=⋅= ldEld q F k k rrr r ε ∫ ⋅= l k ldE rr ε R internal circuit external circuit + 感应电流的出现表明存在着某种推动电流的电动势 退出返回
  • 6. 1832年 感应电动势 induction emf . 在相同条件下,不同金属导体回路中产生的感应电流与导体 的导电能力成正比。 The change of the magnetic flux through any surface bounded by a loop causes an induction emf around that loop, 穿过回路所包围面积的磁通量发生变化时,回路中产 生感应电动势 The induction emf leads to an induction current 科拉顿 Jean-Daniel Colladon 1823年 电流计 小磁针的偏转 退出返回
  • 7. 韦伯 W. Weber诺埃曼 F. Neumann 1845年 The magnitude of the emf induced in a conducting loop is equal to the rate at which the magnetic flux ΦB through that loop changes with time. ε CAI t B d dΦ ε ∝ t k B d dΦ ε −= ∫ ⋅= L k ldE rr ε t B d dΦ ε −=SIin ∫∫ ⋅= S B SdB rr Φ ∫∫∫ ⋅−=⋅ SL k SdB t ldE rrrr d d 退出返回
  • 9. The same number of field lines pass through any two surfaces bounded by the same closed loop. ∫∫∫ ⋅−=⋅ SL k SdB t ldE rrrr d d 退出返回
  • 10. N 匝线圈导体回路 当穿过线圈的磁通量变化时,每匝线圈中都产生感应电动 势。 匝与匝串联 整个线圈的总电动势等于各匝感应电动势之和 Ni ,,,,,, ΦΦΦΦΦ LL321 ∑= −= N i i dt d 1 )( Φ ε 如果通过每匝的磁通量相同 dt d dt d N i iN i i ∑ ∑ = = −=−= 1 1 Φ Φ ε i N i i NΦΦΨ == ∑=1 磁链 magnetic flux linkage dt d dt Nd i ΨΦ −=−= )( 返回 退出
  • 11. Lenz’s law and the direction of induced current The direction of the induced current is given by Lenz’s law: The induced current is in a direction such that the magnetic field it creates tends to oppose the change that created it 返回 退出
  • 13. ∫∫∫ ⋅−=⋅ SL k SdB t ldE rrrr d d (1)磁场 不随时间变化,闭合导体回路的整体或 局 部在运动 B r Motional emf动生电动势 (2)磁场 随时间变化,闭合导体回路的任一部分 都不动 B r Induced emf感生电动势 磁场 随时间变化,闭合导体回路也有运动B r 动生电动势 + 感生电动势 退出返回