3. WHAT IS GREEN CHEMISTRY?
It is better to prevent waste than to clear it up
afterwards.
% Atom economy is the new % yield
The strive towards the perfect synthesis
Benign by design
Environmentally friendly and economically sound.
3
4. 4
Natural processes Chemical processes
(Lab)
Sun light (energy Source) Thermal / Electrical heating
Enzyme Catalyzed Catalysts are used
Highly specific Not specific
pH-7 pH- variable
Room Temperature Temperature Variable
Water is Used As Solvent Organic solvents are used
Exclusive and pure products are
formed
Mixture are obtained
Environmentally Friendly producing
no pollution
Wastes formed Pollute the
environment
6. WHY CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING IS ESSENTIAL ?
6
Requirements of essential commodities on a very large
scale such as:-
Synthetic Fibers
Plastic
Pharmaceuticals
Dyes
Fertilizers
Pesticides
7. THE NEED OF GREEN CHEMISTRY IS DUE TO ADVERSE
EFFECT OF GLOBAL WARMING
7
Deplication of Earth
9. What is Green Chemistry?
9
It is better to prevent waste than to clear it
up afterwards.
% Atom economy is the new % yield
The strive towards the perfect synthesis
Benign by design
Environmentally friendly and economically
sound.
10. BENEFITS OF GREEN CHEMISTRY
10
Non-Toxic
Safe
Economical
Atom
Efficient
Sustainable
Simple
Environment
Friendly
Avoid
Waste
Green
Chemistry
13. THE 12 PRINCIPLES OF GREEN CHEMISTRY
Prevention of waste
Atom Economy
Less Hazardous Chemical Syntheses
Design Safer Chemicals
Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries
Design for Energy Efficiency
Use Renewable Feedstocks
Reduce Derivatives
Catalysis
Design for Degradation
Real-time Analysis for Pollution Prevention
Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accident
Prevention
13
14. WHAT IS ATOM ECONOMY?
14
A + B P
Reactant Product
+ U
Unwanted Material
Mass of Product
% Atom economy = 100 ----------------------
Mass of Reactants
15. 15
Example
+ 4.5 O2 O
O
O
+ 2 CO2 + 2H2O
78 144
98
98
% Atom economy = 100 -------------- = 44.1%
78 +144
25. WHY ARE REACTIONS PERFORMED USING SOLVENTS?
To dissolve reactants.
To slow or increase the rate of reactions.
To act as a heat sink or heat transfer agent.
To prevent hot spots and run-away reactions.
25
26. ISSUES WITH ORGANIC SOLVENTS
Organic solvents are of concern to the chemical
industry because of the sheer volume used in
synthesis, processing, and separation.
Organic solvents are expensive
Organic solvents are highly regulated.
Many organic solvents are volatile, flammable,
toxic, and carcinogenic.
26
28. ADVANTAGES TO SOLVENT LESS
ORGANIC REACTIONS
There is no reaction medium to collect,
purify, and recycle.
Reaction times can be dramatically
shortened.
Lowered energy usage.
Considerable reduction in batch size
volume.
Less expensive.
28
29. WAYS TO BE SOLVENT-FREE
Neat – reagents react together in the liquid
phase in the absence of a solvent.
Solid-state synthesis – two macroscopic
solids interact directly and form a third,
solid product without the intervention of a
liquid or vapor phase.
29
30. “THE USE OF AUXILIARY SUBSTANCES (E.G. SOLVENTS,
SEPARATION AGENTS, ETC.) SHOULD BE MADE UNNECESSARY
WHEREVER POSSIBLE, AND INNOCUOUS WHEN USED”
Solvent less reaction:
30
NH2
R
CHO
R'
R''
R'''
N C
H
R' R''
R'''
Solid A Solid B
Solid C (quantitative yield)
H2O
Grind
31. 31
R
O
H
R'-NH2
KH2PO4, rt
R N
H
R'
P
O
P(OEt)3
O
O
Solvent free,
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate: an inexpensive reagent for the
solvent-free, one-pot synthesis of α-aminophosphonates
Ratnadeep S. Joshi, and Charansingh H. Gill*
Green Chemistry letters & Reviews ( Accepted-2010)
32. LIMITATIONS
Not all reactions will work in the absence of
solvent.
Function of catalysts.
Exothermic reactions are potentially dangerous.
Specialized equipment needed for some
procedures.
If aqueous quench and organic extraction are
performed, this reduces green benefits.
32
35. PROPERTIES OF IONIC LIQUIDS
Good solvents for a wide range of both organic and
inorganic materials.
Have potential to be highly polar yet
noncoordinating.
By varying cations and anions, ionic liquids can be
tailored for specific applications.
Possibility for reaction rate enhancement, higher
selectivity and higher yields.
35
36. PROPERTIES OF IONIC LIQUIDS
High thermal stability
Often immiscible with organic solvents and/or water
No measurable vapor pressure
Non-flammable
Can be recycled
Are they safer than solvents?
36
37. IONIC LIQUIDS HAVE BEEN USED AS
SOLVENTS IN A VARIETY OF REACTIONS
Heck Reaction
Friedel-Crafts reactions
Diels-Alder reactions
Hydrogenation reactons
37
38. OTHER APPLICATIONS OF IONIC LIQUIDS
As biphasic systems in combination with organic
solvent or water in extraction and separation
technologies.
For catalyst immobilization and recycling.
As electrolytes in electrochemistry.
38
39. LIMITATIONS OF IONIC LIQUIDS
Very expensive compared to organic solvents (100
to 1000 x).
Have to be made, often using solvent.
Products have to be extracted from ionic liquid
using solvent.
May have to wash with water prior to reuse.
39
40. ORGANIC REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS MEDIA
Water–Isn’t that bad
for my organic
reaction?
40
41. ORGANIC REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS MEDIA
Most of the world’s chemistry occur in aqueous
media.
41
42. WHY WATER?
Cost - water is the world’s cheapest solvent.
Safety – doesn’t get any safer than water.
Some reactions work better in water.
42
43. GREEN CONCERNS OF WATER
The product may need to be extracted into an
organic solvent to purify it.
This generates aqueous effluent containing solvent,
which must be properly disposed.
43
44. 44
Eco-friendly and facile synthesis of 2-substituded -1H-imadazol [4, 5-b] pyridine in
aqueous media by air oxidation
Rajesh P. Kale and C.H.Gill
Tetrahedron letters 50, (2009), 1780-1782
N
NH2
NH2
H
O
R
Water
1000
C, 10-12h
N N
H
N R
45. LIMITATIONS OF WATER AS A SOLVENT
Some reactions will never work in water.
Poor solubility of most organic compounds.
Solubility may be increased by use of organic co-
solvents, PH control, surfactants, and hydrophilic
auxiliaries.
45
46. USE SAFER SOLVENTS FOR CHEMICAL PROCESSES
Return safe substances to the environment
Design for biodegradability
Eliminate the use of toxic solvents to dissolve
reacting materials
46
47. THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY IN THE 21ST CENTURY
MEETING SOCIAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC
RESPONSIBILITIES
Maintaining a supply of innovative and viable
chemical technology
Environmentally and socially responsible chemical
manufacturing
Teaching environmental awareness throughout the
education process 47
50. MICROWAVES.
Microwaves have wavelengths between 1cm to 1 meter, located
between IR and Radio/Radar frequencies.
The mechanism of how energy is impacted to a substance under
microwave irradiation is complex.
Microwaves may be considered a more efficient source of
heating than conventional source of heating, the energy is
directly imparted to the reaction medium rather than through
the walls of a reaction vessel.
50
51. The combination of solvent free procedures and MW
irradiation can be used to carryout a wide range of reaction
within short reaction times and with high conversions
selectively.
This approach is efficient, easy to perform, economic and
less polluting as solvents are avoided.
51
52. BENEFITS OF MICROWAVE
Very rapid reactions ( few minutes)
Higher degree of purity achieved due to short residence
time at high temperature
No local Overheating
Yields often better.
Pure Products
52
55. FRIES & BECKMANN CAN ALSO BE CARRIED
OUT UNDER MW
HETEROCYCLIC SYNTHESIS
55
Ph N R
H
BnO COCl
Et3N/DCM
MW /2 Min N
H
R
H
BnO
O
Ph
-Lactams(Antibiotics)
75%
56. LIMITATIONS OF MICROWAVE
The boiling points of solvents are reached rapidly,
leading to fire and explosions.
Absence of measurement and control of temperature.
56
57. LIMITATIONS CAN BE OVERCOME BY
57
Using Solvent free Techniques.
Operating MW ovens with a monomode reactor
Alkylations
Oxidation
Rearrangements, ets.
Examples:-
58. Microwave assisted one pot synthesis of substituted [1,2,4]-
Triazolo [1’,2’:1,2]pyrimido[6,5-b]-quinoline and its antibacterial
activity.
R. S. Joshi and C.H.Gill
Arkivoc (Communicated)
N Cl
O
R1
R2
R3
HN
N
N
H2N
MW, 10-15Min N N
N
N
N
R1
R2
R3
SiO2/K2CO3
60. SOME PROPERTIES OF
SONOCHEMICAL / ULTRASOUND
RADIATIONS
Frequency ranges from 20 KHz to 10 MHz
(Human hearing upper limit is 18 KHz)
Region 20-100 KHz is best for chemical transformation
Frequency range 1-10 MHz are suitable for ultrasound
imaging of body organs
60
61. CLASSIFICATION OF SONOCHEMICAL RADIATIONS
Low frequency – high power ultra sound (20-100 KHz)
High frequency - medium power ultrasound ( 100 KHz
–1MHz)
High frequency- low power ultrasound
(1-10MHz)
61
62. APPLICATIONS OF SONOCHEMISTRY
Emulsification
Refining
Pasteurization
Soldering
Dispersion
Degassing of Liquids
Organic Chemical transformations
62
63. ULTRASOUND RADIATIONS WORKS THROUGH
CAVITATIONS
Cavitations is nothing but the formation of gas bubbles in liquid
that occurs when pressure within liquid drops significantly below
vapour pressure of liquid
When sound passes through the liquid it consists of expansion
and compression waves that causes formation, growth, rapid
recompression of vapour bubble in liquid
The implosive bubble collapse generates localized heating and
associate high energy ( 4000-5000K, 100 to 150 atm) 63
64. ORGANIC TRANSFORMATIONS USING ULTRASOUND
RADIATIONS
Esterification
Saponification
Hydrolysis
64
RCOOH + R-OH RCOOR'
H2SO4,rt
))))))))
COOCH3 COOH
-
OH/ H2O
)))))) ,60 min.
Ar CN Ar COOH
-
OH/ H2O
)))))) ,60 min.
65. 65
Substitution
Alkylations
Oxidation
R Cl
O
R CN
O
KCN, MeCN
)))))))) 50 C
N
H
N
CH3
MeI / KOH / PhCH3
PEG methyl ether
20o
C, 30 min ))))))
R1 R2
OH KMnO4 / Hexane
rt , ))))))) R1 R2
O
66. 66
Hydroboration
Coupling Reactions
Friedal Craft acylation Reaction
BH3.SMe2, THF
1 hr )))))))
B
3
Br Li , THF
)))))))
OH
OMe
MeO
R
Pr2NH , AlCl3 , Et2O
CH3COCl ))))
OH
OMe
MeO
R
O
68. SONOCHEMICAL CONDENSATION OF THIOUREA WITH 3-FORMYL
CHROMONES
68
O
O
CHO
R1
R2
R3
H2N NH2
S
Alc. KOH
)))))) 15min
O
N
R1
R2
R3
NH
S
OH
69. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CONDENSATION 3-
FORMYL CHROMONE WITH THIOUREA
69
Sr.No. R1 R2 R3 Ultrasound Conventional
Time
(min)
Yield
(%)
Time
(min)
Yield
(%)
4a H H Cl 10 84 180 56
4b H H F 10 78 180 50
4c H H Me 12 85 180 51
4d H Me Cl 15 78 180 60
70. 70
Ultrasound assisted green synthesis of bis(indol-3-yl)methanes catalyzed
by 1-hexenesulphonic acid sodium salt
R. S. Joshi and C. H. Gill
Ultrasonic Sonochemistry, 17 (2010), 298–300
N
H
R H
O
N
H
N
H
R
2
1-Hexenesulphonic
acid sodium salt
Water, ))))))
71. 71
Ultrasound promoted greener approach to synthesize α-hydroxy
phosphonates catalyzed by potassium dihydrogen phosphate
under solvent-free condition
P. G. Mandhane and C.H.Gill
Tetrahedron letters 51 (2010) 1490–1492
O
H
R ))))))), r.t.
P
O
HO
R
KH2PO4
P
OEt
OEt
EtO
OEt
EtO