Council of NicaeaWhen you see the next slide, you’ll recognize.docx

Council of Nicaea
When you see the next slide, you’ll recognize it!
Notice the Bishops in their black and white robes.
Icon from the Mégalo Metéoron
Monastery in Greece,
representing the First Ecumenical
Council of Nikea 325 A.D.,
with the condemned Arius
in the bottom of the icon.
Wikipedia
Also, notice that the GUY IN THE CENTER IS ACTUALLY
NOT part of the Church.
He is Constantine, the Roman Emperor.
Yet, he is at the Center and Head of the Church council!
(Church = also culture, power, and money)

Wikipedia
And down below in the black, you’ll see ARIUS…the guy who
lost.
Poor Arius! Cast into the darkness of error and heresy.
He thought that Jesus was BETTER THAN HUMANS…but still
less than God. Sort of “God’s first creation.”
Wikipedia
Arius lost the vote.

The Bishops voted, and Arius lost. Jesus was voted to be
divine.
The majority won. “Think there were any politics in that vote?”
Athanasius WON!!! He stated that Arius was WRONG.
Jesus IS equivalent to God and should be worshipped as God.
The Trinity triumphed.
…And that is what we affirm every Sunday in Church (or you
did, if you ever went to a Catholic Church)…
…When we say the NICENE CREED:
“(“God from God, Light from Light, True God from True God,
Begotten, Not Made, One in Being with the Father”…)

Wikipedia
Copies of Arian Christian texts were burned in order to state
very clearly that yes, THIS IS WRONG…
this is Not Christian.
You can see the documents piled in a heap, at the bottom, being
burned…and the words “Heretici Ariani” (“The heresies of
Arius”) written next to them in Latin.
Emperor Constantine and the Council
of Nicaea. The burning of Arian books
is illustrated below. Drawing on
vellum. From MS CLXV,
Biblioteca Capitolare, Vercelli, a
compendium of canon law produced I
in northern Italy ca. 825
"[of?] the synod of Nicaea
[where the] number / of holy fathers
[was] 318 [.] and all / subscribed."
"Constantine the emperor."
"Arian heretics condemned."
Wikipedia
As you can guess, however, the idea that Jesus was BETTER

THAN HUMAN but not God….didn’t die out.
It was clear and easy to understand, as opposed
to…ummm…The Trinity. (3 in 1? Which? So, one? Or 3?
What?)
People outside the Roman Empire liked it a lot,
and groups like the Goths (who sort of lived near present day
France) continued to practice Arian Christianity.
http://www.usu.edu/markdamen/1320Hist&Civ/slides/13xity/ma
pspreadofxity.jpg
Augustine of hippo
Augustine was born in 354, in an area which we now know as
Algeria.
He, like many, went to school, fell in love, had a child, and then

lived with his little family for 13 years.
His religion was Manicheanism: a religion which stated that the
world is a battleground between good and evil.
The human being embodies this conflict within herself:
her spirit is good,
but she is trapped in a body which enjoys evil (wine, sex, rich
houses…).
Fighting against his desires for fun, good body stuff was hard
for Augustine!!! (Just like it probably was for the Desert
Fathers).
His famous prayer to God, even in later years, was “Lord, make
me chaste…but not yet.”
By the age of 30, Augustine had moved to Italy,
… lived in Rome, and then taught in Milan.

Then in 384…
he met Bishop Ambrose, the guy who WON in the Council of
Nicaea!
and Augustine learned about the monks (Desert Fathers) who
lived in Egypt.
THEY stood up against the temptation of the world!!!
He had heard about Christianity, but he was still very
conflicted. He loved fame, and sex, and good food…you know,
he Loved the Life.
While feeling torn into 2 pieces while trying to make a decision
as to how to live….
he wandered into a garden and heard a voice telling him to pick
up a Bible.

He did.
The book opened to the page:
“Not in rioting and drunkenness, not in sexual license and
wantonness, not in conflict and desire,
…but put on the Lord Jesus Christ and make no provision for
the flesh…” (Rom 13:13-14).
He immediately felt at peace.
He converted to Christianity, was ordained a priest, and then by
age 43 (even though, he really wanted to be a monk),…
…. he became a bishop.
“Tiffany stained-glass window of St. Augustine, in the Lightner

Museum, St. Augustine, Florida.”
(Detail) Tiffany = 1848-1933. Wikipedia
Running head: PROTECTING CHILDREN 1
PROTECTING CHILDREN 5
Protecting Children from Secondhand Smoke
Esther T. Example
Abstract
Research has proven that secondhand smoke is harmful,
particularly to children. For this reason, some states have
implemented laws forbidding smoking in cars containing
children, a measure that some feel should be expanded to
include smoking around children in the car or home (any
enclosed space) and implemented across the United States.
Others argue that such measures would be an overreach by the
government, not to mention impossible to adequately and

consistently enforce. This essay examines both sides of this
problem and offers comprehensive research, including
qualitative field research, to aid in analyzing and understanding
the issue and answer the question, “Should smoking around
children be considered a form of child abuse?”
Protecting Children from Secondhand Smoke
Introduction
According to the Centers for Disease Control (2015), smoking
cigarettes “harms nearly every organ of the body”; furthermore,
nearly one in five deaths in the United States can be traced back
to cigarette smoking. Cigarette smoking can negatively impact
even those who don’t smoke themselves, since there is “no safe
level of exposure for secondhand smoke” (American Cancer
Society, 2015). Given these alarming assertions, many wonder
if the law should better protect children from secondhand
smoke. After all, adults are held legally responsible if they
don’t follow regulations regarding car seats and seatbelts for
children, yet smoking is responsible for more deaths than illegal
drug use, HIV, gun-related incidents, alcohol use, and car
accidents combined (Centers for Disease Control [CDC], 2015).
Thus, it seems strange that adults across America aren’t
prohibited from smoking around children in enclosed spaces,
including private vehicles and residences. While some would
like to see laws prohibiting smoking around children in
enclosed spaces become standard across the U.S., others object
that the government should not have so great a right to interfere

in American homes and families. For that matter, could such
laws even be adequately and consistently enforced? The
question of whether smoking around children should be banned
under national child abuse laws comes down to practicality and
individual autonomy verses the need to protect children from
the documented ill effects of secondhand smoke.
That secondhand smoke (SHS) has ill effects, especially on
children, is incontrovertible, based on research going back over
30 years. A 2008 ethical analysis of the impact of secondhand
smoke on children notes that children “are particularly
vulnerable to the deleterious effects of SHS because of their
smaller, immature, and developing organs,” and that SHS is
associated with a range of detrimental health effects, including
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and a host of lung and
respiratory problems (Jarvie & Malone, 2008, p. 2141). Even
adults who take measures to limit children’s exposure to
secondhand smoke may be risking those children’s health, as the
American Cancer Society (2015) insists that “[t]here is no safe
level of exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS). Any exposure is
harmful.” The research shows that adults who smoke in a car or
in a home where children are present, even in another room, are
risking their children’s health. Interestingly, this is not new
information. In 1986 the U.S. Surgeon General concluded that
“smoking is a cause of disease, including cancer, in healthy
nonsmokers,” and in 1993, the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) classified secondhand smoke as a known,
potentially deadly carcinogen, one that is especially dangerous
to children (Anderson, 2009, pp. 362-3).
Despite this clear evidence that SHS poses a real danger to
children, currently only eight states and Puerto Rico have laws
forbidding smoking in cars containing children (from under
eight to under 18), and nowhere is it illegal to smoke around
children in the home, though family courts might take parents’
smoking habits under consideration in determining custody and
visitation rights (American Nonsmokers’ Rights Foundation
[ANRF], n.d.; Public Health Law Center, 2017). Child

protection advocates argue that SHS is no different from other
forms of physical abuse and endangerment of children, and thus
these laws should be expanded across the country to ban
exposing children to SHS in any enclosed space, including
vehicles and private residences.
Though the danger SHS poses to children is undeniable,
the primary arguments against creating laws banning smoking in
private areas in which children are present are: 1) it represents
too great an infringement by the government into citizens’
privacy, and 2) it would be too difficult to accurately enforce.
Americans are particularly protective of the division between
public and private spaces, and “America's traditions of
individualism and autonomy present formidable barriers to
effectively reducing SHS exposure in private homes and cars”
(Jarvie & Malone, 2008, p. 2143). In short, Americans are
always wary of the “slippery slope,” wondering where the line
will be drawn if the government gains ever-increasing power
over homes and families. While obviously there are already
laws regarding what can take place in private residences (as
there should be), each new law represents the ceding of personal
decisions to a public authority, giving someone else the power
to decide what’s “right” or “best” for individuals and families.
Jarvie and Malone (2008) call this “paternalism” and point out
that “paternalism can impinge upon autonomy, so actions must
be carefully considered” (p. 2142). Thus, even some who
acknowledge that SHS is a danger to children oppose the
passing of laws to prevent smoking around children, fearing
excessive bureaucratic red tape and government overreach into
private spaces and personal decisions.
For that matter, argue opponents of laws banning smoking
around children, how exactly would such laws be enforced?
Even many who agree that people should not smoke around
children in cars and homes think creating and enforcing laws on
this issue would be impractical at best, and unconstitutional at
worst. When a ban on parents smoking in cars was introduced in
England, one deputy prime minister wondered, “[H]ow on earth

are you going to properly enforce it?” and added,
Do we let the police into people's homes where children are
watching six hours' television? Do we have the state going into
kitchens to say that is one Coke can too many? I think
sometimes we have to say, hang on a minute, laws and
legislation is not always the solution . . .You cannot sub-
contract responsible parenting to the state. (“Smoking Ban,”
2014)
In other words, by this reasoning, the government should not be
a “nanny state” guarding children against any chance of injury;
any attempt to do so would be impractical, not to mention an
egregious violation of the Fourth Amendment.
Thus, while health experts agree that smoking around
children harms those children, there is no clear consensus
regarding whether the solution to this issue is legal,
educational, social, or some combination thereof. Should
smoking around children be considered a form of child abuse?
After reviewing current research in the field, it appears the
overlooked answer is to work to change cultural norms such that
it becomes socially unacceptable to smoke around children,
even if it is not illegal.
Methods
A qualitative research approach was used for the first piece of
field research, a personally-conducted interview. Qualitative
research focuses on using open-ended questions and prompts to
better understand people’s beliefs, experiences, attitudes,
behaviors, and interactions. To better understand this question
of children’s health verses practicality and individual
sovereignty, an interview was conducted with Alicia Smithee,
high school teacher of 40 years, mother of three, and
grandmother of three. Ms. Smithee smoked for 20 years,
stopping while pregnant with each of her children but otherwise
smoking throughout their childhoods, including in the home and
car. The interview took place in her home in Chattanooga, TN,
on November 15, 2017. Ms. Smithee is a 67-year-old Caucasian
woman who has lived in East Tennessee for the majority of her

life. Both of her parents (now deceased) also smoked cigarettes
throughout her childhood and young adulthood.
The second piece of field research conducted for this paper was
a quantitative poll. Quantitative polling involves asking closed-
ended questions, such that respondents have set answers to
choose from (rather than giving free-form answers as in
qualitative research). From November 16 – 20, 2017, a poll was
conducted via a Survey Planet survey linked on Facebook.
Results
The interview with Ms. Smithee consisted of five questions. The
questions and Ms. Smithee’s verbatim answers are listed in
Table 1 below.
Table 1
Smithee Interview Transcript
Questions
Answers
Why did you stop smoking when pregnant but smoke around
your children once born?
You have to remember that smoking is looked at very
differently today than in the past. At one time, cigarettes were
advertised directly to pregnant women! By the time I was
pregnant with my first child, in 1975-76, we knew enough to
know that pregnant women shouldn’t smoke, but secondhand
smoke wasn’t really on anyone’s radar, at least not on mine. I
mean, I didn’t sit there blowing smoke directly down my kids’
lungs or anything, but I didn’t think twice about smoking in the
car with the windows cracked or smoking in the living room
while they played or watched TV. No one did. When they got
older, my daughters would send their little brother into the room
to complain that his lungs were “black and shriveled”
(smartasses), and at that point I think I just got stubborn about
it. I started smoking outside only, but I didn’t quit until after
the last kid left for college [laughs].
When did you stop smoking and why?
I stopped smoking in 2006. I wish I could say I stopped for
health reasons like my kids wanted, but honestly at that point

smoking was looked down upon, something to be embarrassed
about, and I didn’t want to do it anymore. Plus I was getting
older, and my daughter was starting a family. I didn’t want to
be a gross grandma.
If you still smoked, would you smoke around your
grandchildren?
Oh God no! Honestly, I can’t imagine still smoking, but if I did,
I would NEVER smoke around my grandkids. I wouldn’t even
want to SMELL like smoke around my grandkids.
What changes have you witnessed in smoking regulations in
schools?
I remember when we had designated rooms for students and
teachers to smoke in. Later they changed the rules so that
students could only smoke outside, but even then faculty could
smoke in the teachers’ lounge. Eventually they phased that out
too. Now there are designated smoking areas, and I’m a little
embarrassed when I walk past and see faculty puffing away with
the juniors and seniors. I think they should forbid smoking on
school campuses at all, honestly. Of course, I’m about to retire,
so I wouldn’t be the one dealing with people in nicotine
withdrawal during the day [laughs].
Do you think smoking around children in enclosed spaces
should be illegal?
I’m one of those “born-again nonsmokers” – now that I don’t
smoke anymore, I think smoking is nasty, and no one should do
it at all, anywhere. I definitely think smoking around children
or even in enclosed spaces children spend time in (even if
they’re not there when you’re smoking) should be illegal. It’s
bad enough we do that to ourselves; we definitely shouldn’t be
doing it to children. I thank God none of my children smoke,
despite the example I set for them – or maybe it’s because of it,
I don’t know.
For the survey, participants were asked whether smoking around
children in an enclosed space such as a room or car should be
illegal. Thirty-seven participants responded, selecting between

“Yes,” “No,” and “It shouldn’t be illegal, but people shouldn’t
do it.” Nineteen respondents said “yes,” three said “no,” and 15
said, “It shouldn’t be illegal, but people shouldn’t do it.”
Figure 1
Survey Planet / Facebook Poll: Smoking around Children
Discussion
Ms. Smithee was chosen as the interview subject because she
represents changing attitudes towards smoking in general over
the years and has witnessed laws about smoking in public places
change as they relate to children (high school children in this
case). Of particular interest is her strong aversion to smoking
and smokers now that she has quit, as well as her admission that
she stopped smoking largely to avoid negative social perception
rather than negative health consequences. Her thoughts on
smoking around children in enclosed spaces seem in line with
the general public, as well over half of a WBLK poll
respondents were in favor of at least banning smoking around
children in cars (Anderson, 2017). However, the makers of that
poll do not appear to have used particularly scientific or
professional research methodology, so further research into
public attitudes towards SHS and children was conducted to
compare results. The vast majority of those polled in the survey
represented in Figure 1 agreed that people should not smoke
around children in enclosed spaces, with over half believing
that such behavior should be illegal.
While steps have been taken in some areas of the United States
to regulate smoking in cars around children, these laws are far
from universal or widespread and do not tackle the larger
question of whether smoking around children in any enclosed
space should be banned, nor how such a ban would be enforced
in less visible areas, such as the homes of individual families.
For that matter, what constitutes a “child”? In Vermont and
Virginia, the ban on smoking in cars with children applies only
to children eight and under; in California and Oregon, however,
the ban covers all children 18 and under (ANRF, n.d.). Myriad

other questions arise in relation to this topic. On what grounds
could law enforcement enter a private residence to determine
whether laws regarding children and SHS are being violated,
without violating the Fourth Amendment? For that matter, what
about shared buildings like apartment complexes? Are smokers
in apartments adjacent to ones containing children responsible
for exposing neighbor children to SHS? These questions and
more leave many leery of the kinds of laws proposed by child
protection advocates, for all that most agree that smoking
around children in an enclosed area is a form of child
endangerment, and even abuse.
Conclusion
One alternative solution to get around this seeming impasse
between protecting children and sliding down the slippery slope
of government intrusion lies in using social pressure rather than
legal measures to combat smoking around children. Jarvie and
Malone (2008) suggest that, instead of legislation, we work to
create “a norm of unacceptability” around this issue, meaning
that, through public education efforts, we gradually make
smoking around children as publicly frowned upon as things
like drunk driving and domestic abuse (p. 2145). Raising
awareness can slowly change behaviors and create cultural
change. This can be seen in the story of Ms. Smithee, who said
that, even though she smoked heavily around her own children,
if she still smoked today, she would never even think about
smoking around her grandchildren (A. Smithee, personal
communication, November 15, 2017). For that matter, Smithee
(2017) indicated that it was social disapproval more than health
concerns that led her to quit smoking in the first place. This one
example, while anecdotal, shows that attitudes and behaviors
can change as more is learned about their consequences. In this
case, perhaps altering social norms, rather than illegalizing
behaviors, is the most productive path to reform, such that
exposing children to secondhand smoke, even if not illegal,
could soon become inconceivable in the United States.
Further research should focus on gathering additional

qualitative data from a much larger sample size than one
interviewee to determine the likelihood of success of an
initiative to eliminate the negative impact of secondhand smoke
on children via social pressure rather than changing laws.
Research should also pursue questions about whether the
negative effects of smoking around children go beyond physical
consequences and into psychological effects, such as increasing
the likelihood of such children to smoke later in life.
References
American Cancer Society. (2015, November 13). Health risks of
secondhand smoke. Retrieved from
http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/tobaccocancer/secon
dhand-smoke
American Nonsmokers’ Rights Association [ANRA]. (n.d.).
Smokefree cars. Retrieved from http://www.no-
smoke.org/learnmore.php?id=616
Anderson, J. D. (2009). Parental smoking: a form of child
abuse? Marquette Law Review, 77(2),
360-384.
http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article
=1614&
context=mulr
Anderson, T. (2017, September 9). Poll: Should there be a law

banning smoking in your car with children present? Retrieved
from the WBLK website: http://wblk.com/poll-should-there-
be-a-law-banning-smoking-in-your-car-with-children-
present/
Centers for Disease Control. (2015, October 1). Health effects
of cigarette smoking. Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_e
ffects/ effects_ cig_smoking/
Jarvie, J. A., & Malone, R. E. (2008, December). Children’s
secondhand smoke exposure in
private homes and cars: an ethical analysis. American
Journal of Public Health, 98(12),
2140-2145. 10.2105/AJPH.2007.130856
Public Health Law Center. (2017). Families & children.
Retrieved from the Mitchell Hamline School of Law
website: http://www.publichealthlawcenter.org/topics/tobacco-
control/smoke-free-tobacco-free-places/families-children
Smoking ban in cars with children unenforceable, says Nick
Clegg. (2014, January 30). The
Guardian. Retrieved from
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/jan/30/smoking-
ban-cars-children-nick-clegg

Appendix A
Interview with Ms. Alicia Smithee
Data collected from the participant included responses to the
following questions:
· Background questions:
· When and where were you born?
· How long have you been teaching?
· How long did you smoke?
· What were your policies regarding smoking around your
children?
· Did your parents smoke, and if so, did they smoke in your
presence?
· Why did you stop smoking when pregnant but smoke around
your children once born?
· When did you stop smoking and why?
· If you still smoked, would you smoke around your
grandchildren?
· What changes have you witnessed in smoking regulations in
schools?
· Do you think smoking around children in enclosed spaces
should be illegal?
Appendix B
Survey Planet / Facebook Poll
Poll participants were asked whether smoking around children
in an enclosed space should be illegal. They could choose from
three responses:
· Yes
· No
· It shouldn’t be illegal, but people shouldn’t do it.

Should smoking around children in an enclosed space be
illegal?
Yes No Not illegal but shouldn't do it 0.51 0.08 0.41
Augustine had heard about Christianity, but he was still very
conflicted.
While feeling torn into 2 pieces while trying to make a decision,
he wandered into a garden and heard a voice telling him to pick
up a Bible.
He did.
The book opened to the page:
“Not in rioting and drunkenness, not in sexual license and
wantonness, not in conflict and desire,
…but put on the Lord Jesus Christ and make no provision for
the flesh…” (Rom 13:13-14).

He immediately felt at peace.
He converted to Christianity, was ordained a priest, and then by
age 43 (even though, he really wanted to be a monk),…
…. he became a bishop.
In the next slide, you will see an example of Artwork which
focuses on THE MOMENT OF AUGUSTINE’S
CONVERSION…
…which for him, scholar that he was, involved reading a book
(the Bible).
“Tiffany stained-glass window of St. Augustine, in the Lightner
Museum, St. Augustine, Florida.”
(Detail) Tiffany = 1848-1933. Wikipedia
CONVERT: it comes from the Latin.

His entire life turned around!!!
Con = “with”
“vert” comes from the verb “to turn.”
Remember your groups, from class? E-mail your group
members. If you cannot find their e-mail, let me know.
Send them a short e-mail description (“not too short, ha ha”) of
a time when your life “turned around” or simply when you
experienced a turning/turning point in your life.
Then ONE of you forward that short e-mail exchange to me.
(So, I get only 26 e-mails, instead of 55, ha ha, thank you).
This next slide will show Augustine’s ordination to Bishop.
Look at the beautiful, detailed cloth!!!! Such wealth and
beauty!!
(The Church: connected to money, power, and culture)
Jaume Huguet (1412-1492)
The Consecration of St Augustine
1466-1475
tempera on panel
Height: 272 cm (107.1 in).
Width: 200 cm (78.7 in).

Museu Nacional d’Art de Cataluna
Speaking out of his own experience, he wrote “Our hearts are
restless until they rest in Thee.”
Even dark chocolate only gives my heart rest for so long.
Nothing provides Real Rest and peace…we go scurrying off to
something else. EXCEPT THE ONE WHO IS BEHIND
EVERYTHING.
The next slide shows a “typical Augustine:”
He is reading. He is writing.
His heart is restless. And it is on –fire with passion!!!
But he has given it to God.
Saint Augustin
Philippe de Champaigne
1645-1650
Los Angeles County Museum of
Art
78.7 × 62.2 cm (31 × 24.5 in)
Wikipedia

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