Full edited with suitable points and short points effects are added

1. COAL

2. COAL
 Coal is a flammable black hard rock used as a
fossil fuel.
 It is mainly made up of 65-95% carbon and also
contains hydrogen, sulphur, oxygen and nitrogen.
 It is a sedimentary rock formed from peat, by the
pressure of rock laid down later on top.
 The harder forms of coal, such as Anthracite,
Metamorphic rock because they were change by
higher temperature and pressure.

3.  Peat, and therefore coal, is a formed from the
remains of the plant which lived millions of year ago
in tropical wetlands, such as those of the late
carboniferous period (the Pennsylvanian).
 A similar substance made from wood by heating it
in an airless space is called Charcoal.

4. CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL & MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF COAL-
 Moisture
 Volatile matter
 Ash
 Fixed Carbon
 Relative density
 Particle size distribution
 Float-sink test
 Abrasion testing

5. TYPES OF COAL
Category Attributes Flame
Brown coal/lignite Brown colour woody
structure
------------------------------
Bituminous coal Black and banded Smoky yellow flame
Anthracite Black and lustrous Burns without flame

6.  Anthracite is a hard, black, shiny form of coal that
contains virtually no moisture and very low volatile
content. Because of this, it burns with little or no
smoke and is sold as “smokeless fuel”.
 Anthracites can have energy contents up to about
32mj/kg, depending on the ash content.
 Lower rank coals may have lower energy contents,
but they tend to be more reactive (they burn faster)
because of their porosity and resultant higher
surface area.
ANTHRACITE COAL-

7. PEAT-
 Peat is the layer of vegetable material directly
underlying the growing zone of a coal forming
environment. The vegetable material shows very
little alteration and contains the root of living plants.
 Peat is widely used as a domestic fuel in rural parts
of Scotland and Ireland.

8. LIGNITE
 Lignite is geologically very young (upwards of
around 40,000 years).
 It is brown and can be fibrous, containing
discernible plant material. It also contains large
amount of moisture (around 70 %) and so has a low
energy content: around 8 to 10 mj/kg.
 As the coal develops it loses its fibrous character
and darken in color.

9. BLACK COAL
 In Australia, black coal ranges from cretaceous age (65
to 105 million years ago) to mid permian age (upto 260
million years ago).
 They are all black; some are sooty and still quite high in
moisture (sub-bituminous coal).
 Coals that get more deeply buried by other rocks lose
more moisture and start to lose their oxygen and
hydrogen.
 These coals are harder and shinier (Bituminous coal)
 These are typically the most coal mined in NSW and
Queensland, which have energy content around 24 to
28 mj/kg.
 These coals have generally less than 3% of moisture.

10. USES OF COAL
 Mainly used in power generation.
 Used in steel production.
 Paper manufacturing.
 Alumina refineries.
 Chemical and Pharmaceutical industries.
 Refined coal tar is used in the manufacture of
chemicals, such as creosote oil, naphthalene,
phenol, and benzene.

11. HAZARDS OF USING COAL
 Reduction in life expectancy.
 Respiratory hospital admissions.
 Black lung from coal dust.
 Congestive heart failure
 Non-fatal cancer, osteroporosia, ataxia, renal dysfnction.
 Chronic bronchitis, asthma attacks, etc.
 Loss of IQ from air and water pollution and nervous
system damage.
 Degradation and soiling of buildings that can effect
human health.
 Global warming.
 Ecosystem loss.

12. THANK YOU