Global warming is caused by increased greenhouse gases trapping heat in the atmosphere. This document summarizes the causes of global warming as the increased use of fossil fuels and industrial processes leading to 30% higher carbon dioxide, 145% more methane, and 15% more nitrous oxide in the atmosphere. The effects of global warming include rising sea levels and temperatures, more extreme weather, and effects on plants and animals. Solutions proposed include eliminating greenhouse gases by banning fossil fuels and CFCs, developing alternative energy, and reducing pollution.

1. Global Warming: The GlobalGlobal Warming: The Global
WarningWarning
Biology 2201Biology 2201

2. Global WarmingGlobal Warming
P r e s e n t a t io n L a y o u t
W h a t is G lo b a l W a r m in g ?
T h e C a u s e s o f G lo b a l W a r m in g
T h e W o r ld E ffe c t o f G lo b a l W a r m in g T h e S o lu t io n s t o G lo b a l W a r m in g
G lo b a l P e r s p e c t iv e

3. What is Global Warming?What is Global Warming?
Global Warming is defined as the increaseGlobal Warming is defined as the increase
in earth’s temperature due to the use ofin earth’s temperature due to the use of
fossil fuels and other industrial processesfossil fuels and other industrial processes
leading to a buildup of “greenhouse gases”leading to a buildup of “greenhouse gases”
in the atmosphere.in the atmosphere.
These gases include carbon dioxide,These gases include carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrous oxide, andmethane, nitrous oxide, and
chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s).chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s).

4. Gas IncreasesGas Increases
We have observed the following gasesWe have observed the following gases
increase:increase:
Carbon dioxide: 30%Carbon dioxide: 30%
Methane: 145%Methane: 145%
Nitrous oxide: 15%Nitrous oxide: 15%

5. What is Global WarmingWhat is Global Warming
Since 1896, it has been known that theseSince 1896, it has been known that these
gases help stop the sun’s infrared radiationgases help stop the sun’s infrared radiation
from escaping into space and thus functionfrom escaping into space and thus function
to maintain the earth’s relatively warmto maintain the earth’s relatively warm
temperature.temperature.
This process is called the greenhouseThis process is called the greenhouse
effect.effect.

6. The Greenhouse EffectThe Greenhouse Effect
The greenhouse effect is the role theThe greenhouse effect is the role the
atmosphere plays in insulating andatmosphere plays in insulating and
warming the earth’s surface.warming the earth’s surface.
The atmosphere is largely transparent toThe atmosphere is largely transparent to
incoming short-wave solar radiation, whichincoming short-wave solar radiation, which
is absorbed by the earth’s surface.is absorbed by the earth’s surface.

7. The Greenhouse EffectThe Greenhouse Effect
Much of this radiation is then remitted fromMuch of this radiation is then remitted from
the earth at infrared wavelengths, but isthe earth at infrared wavelengths, but is
reflected back to the earth by thereflected back to the earth by the
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
The reflected radiation maintains theThe reflected radiation maintains the
temperature of the earth in a range that istemperature of the earth in a range that is
hospitable to life.hospitable to life.

8. The Greenhouse EffectThe Greenhouse Effect
This heating effect is the basis of theThis heating effect is the basis of the
theories concerning global warming.theories concerning global warming.

9. The Greenhouse EffectThe Greenhouse Effect

10. The ProblemThe Problem
The problem of this issue is whether theThe problem of this issue is whether the
measurably increasing levels of carbonmeasurably increasing levels of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere over the lastdioxide in the atmosphere over the last
century will lead to elevated globalcentury will lead to elevated global
temperatures which could result in coastaltemperatures which could result in coastal
flooding and major climatic changes andflooding and major climatic changes and
have serious implications for agriculturalhave serious implications for agricultural
productivity.productivity.

11. The Depletion of Our Ozone LayerThe Depletion of Our Ozone Layer
The ozone layer, a region of the atmosphereThe ozone layer, a region of the atmosphere
above the earth’s surface, is directlyabove the earth’s surface, is directly
effected by greenhouse gases and CFC’seffected by greenhouse gases and CFC’s
(chlorofluorocarbons).(chlorofluorocarbons).

12. Human Contribution of CFC’s andHuman Contribution of CFC’s and
Greenhouse Gases (%)Greenhouse Gases (%)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
North America
South America
Europe
Asia
Africa
Australia
Antartica

13. Human Contribution of CFC’s andHuman Contribution of CFC’s and
Greenhouse GasesGreenhouse Gases
North America (34%)- Mainly caused by theNorth America (34%)- Mainly caused by the
former industry of refrigerants and aerosolformer industry of refrigerants and aerosol
spray propellants. Even though the USspray propellants. Even though the US
administration has banned CFC’s for moreadministration has banned CFC’s for more
suitable substitutions in 1978, that damagesuitable substitutions in 1978, that damage
has already been done.has already been done.

14. Human Contribution of CFC’s andHuman Contribution of CFC’s and
Greenhouse GasesGreenhouse Gases
South America (36%)- Caused by theSouth America (36%)- Caused by the
massive burning of rain forests, releasingmassive burning of rain forests, releasing
massive doses of carbon dioxide in the air.massive doses of carbon dioxide in the air.
Europe (5%)- Caused by the total ban of CFCEurope (5%)- Caused by the total ban of CFC
and the environmental movement of theand the environmental movement of the
European UnionEuropean Union
Africa (7%)- Caused by the burning of someAfrica (7%)- Caused by the burning of some
forestry, and the overall environmentalforestry, and the overall environmental
statestate

15. Human Contribution of CFC’s andHuman Contribution of CFC’s and
Greenhouse GasesGreenhouse Gases
Asia (16%)- Caused by overall pollution andAsia (16%)- Caused by overall pollution and
the burning of some forestrythe burning of some forestry
Australia (2%)- Caused by the smallAustralia (2%)- Caused by the small
percentage of forestry burning.percentage of forestry burning.
Antarctica (0%)- The very few inhabitants ofAntarctica (0%)- The very few inhabitants of
the continent contribute 0.01% to globalthe continent contribute 0.01% to global
warming.warming.

16. The Demise of CFC’sThe Demise of CFC’s
Presently, a total ban of the use of CFC’s isPresently, a total ban of the use of CFC’s is
almost impossible due to scientificalmost impossible due to scientific
confusion and the US influence left behindconfusion and the US influence left behind
of the antienvironmental Reaganof the antienvironmental Reagan
administration.administration.

17. The Demise of CFC’sThe Demise of CFC’s
Another problem that is realized is that forAnother problem that is realized is that for
exampleexample ifif a total ban of CFC’s is achieveda total ban of CFC’s is achieved
by the year 2005, the atmosphere wouldby the year 2005, the atmosphere would
still contain more CFC’s in the year 2005still contain more CFC’s in the year 2005
than it does today, and 90% of the CFC’s inthan it does today, and 90% of the CFC’s in
the air will still be there by there year 2015the air will still be there by there year 2015..

18. Antarctic Ozone HoleAntarctic Ozone Hole
Beginning in the lateBeginning in the late
1970’s, research1970’s, research
scientists working inscientists working in
Antarctica haveAntarctica have
detected a periodicdetected a periodic
loss of ozone in theloss of ozone in the
atmosphere highatmosphere high
above that continent,above that continent,
due to the effect ofdue to the effect of
CFC’sCFC’s

19. Further Ozone HolesFurther Ozone Holes
The World Meteorological OrganizationThe World Meteorological Organization
observed a 45% depletion of the ozoneobserved a 45% depletion of the ozone
layer over one-third of the northernlayer over one-third of the northern
hemisphere, from Greenland to westernhemisphere, from Greenland to western
Siberia, for several days during the winterSiberia, for several days during the winter
of 1995-1996.of 1995-1996.

20. Indirect ImplicationsIndirect Implications
Destruction of the ozone layer hasDestruction of the ozone layer has
indirectly caused increases in skin cancerindirectly caused increases in skin cancer
and cataracts, damage to certain crops andand cataracts, damage to certain crops and
to plankton and the marine food web, anto plankton and the marine food web, an
increase in carbon dioxide due to theincrease in carbon dioxide due to the
decrease in plants, polar ice- cap melting,decrease in plants, polar ice- cap melting,
and other global problems.and other global problems.

22. Temperature AnomaliesTemperature Anomalies
Since 1850 there has been a mean rise inSince 1850 there has been a mean rise in
global temperature of approximately 1global temperature of approximately 1OO
C.C.
A United Nations panel of scientistsA United Nations panel of scientists
attributed the warming to human influenceattributed the warming to human influence
and predicted that if greenhouse-gasand predicted that if greenhouse-gas
emissions are not reduced, the averageemissions are not reduced, the average
global temperature will rise by 1 degree toglobal temperature will rise by 1 degree to
3.53.5OO
C, with a best estimate of 2C, with a best estimate of 2 OO
C by 2100.C by 2100.

23. Temperature AnomaliesTemperature Anomalies
This would cause sea level to rise by 20This would cause sea level to rise by 20
inches; further warming a sea-level riseinches; further warming a sea-level rise
would follow.would follow.

24. Global Effects of Planet Earth

25. Legend to World Map and GlobalLegend to World Map and Global
EffectsEffects
Heat waves and periods of unusually warm weather
Sea level rise and coastal flooding
Glaciers melting
Arctic and Antarctic warming

26. Legend to World Map and GlobalLegend to World Map and Global
EffectsEffects
Spreading diseases
Earlier spring arrival
Plant and animal range shifts and population
declines
Coral reef bleaching
Downpours, heavy snowfalls, and flooding
Droughts and fires

27. Africa

28. AntarcticaAntarctica

29. AsiaAsia

30. Central AmericaCentral America

31. Europe and RussiaEurope and Russia

32. North America *North America *

33. OceanicOceanic

34. South AmericaSouth America

35. ““ Hot SpotsHot Spots ” of The World” of The World

39. The Solutions to Global WarmingThe Solutions to Global Warming
Eliminate CFC’s, fossil fuels, andEliminate CFC’s, fossil fuels, and
greenhouse gasesgreenhouse gases
Better environmental precautions to takeBetter environmental precautions to take
care of pollutioncare of pollution
Alternative energy uses that do not requireAlternative energy uses that do not require
exothermic reactions and any other gasexothermic reactions and any other gas
releasesreleases
The creation of safe methods engineeredThe creation of safe methods engineered
to stop global warming.to stop global warming.

40. Eliminating CFC’s and OtherEliminating CFC’s and Other
GasesGases
Eliminate all use of CFC’s: includesEliminate all use of CFC’s: includes
achieving a total world ban among allachieving a total world ban among all
nations, eliminating the CFC industry, andnations, eliminating the CFC industry, and
coming up with suitable substitutes.coming up with suitable substitutes.
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC’s),causesHydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC’s),causes
less damage to the ozone layer, and can beless damage to the ozone layer, and can be
used instead.used instead.

41. Eliminating CFC’s and OtherEliminating CFC’s and Other
GasesGases
United Nations must convince all worldUnited Nations must convince all world
nations to agree to cooperate in thenations to agree to cooperate in the
protection of our ozone layer.protection of our ozone layer.
In 1987, the Montreal Protocol, a treaty forIn 1987, the Montreal Protocol, a treaty for
the protection of the ozone layer, wasthe protection of the ozone layer, was
signed and later ratified by 36 nations.signed and later ratified by 36 nations.
More countries must be added to the list.More countries must be added to the list.

42. Eliminating CFC’s and OtherEliminating CFC’s and Other
GasesGases
The main cause to the usage of fossil fuelsThe main cause to the usage of fossil fuels
is the automobile. Alternative energy usesis the automobile. Alternative energy uses
such as the battery or solar energy must besuch as the battery or solar energy must be
incorporated in the automobile industry toincorporated in the automobile industry to
stop the use of fossil fuels.stop the use of fossil fuels.
Other methods include immediate actionOther methods include immediate action
and prevention to forests fires worldwide,and prevention to forests fires worldwide,
and to help stop natural emissions ofand to help stop natural emissions of
carbon dioxide in the air.carbon dioxide in the air.

43. Eliminating CFC’s and OtherEliminating CFC’s and Other
GasesGases
To eliminate natural emissions of methane,To eliminate natural emissions of methane,
and carbon dioxide, the UN must convinceand carbon dioxide, the UN must convince
farmers to stop methane emissions fromfarmers to stop methane emissions from
livestock.livestock.
The elimination of forestry cutting and theThe elimination of forestry cutting and the
plantation of more trees, stops carbonplantation of more trees, stops carbon
dioxide emissions as plants consumedioxide emissions as plants consume
those gases.those gases.

44. Take Care of Pollution !Take Care of Pollution !
Pollution has an indirect but powerfulPollution has an indirect but powerful
impact on the ozone layer.impact on the ozone layer.
Every nation must promote and endorseEvery nation must promote and endorse
their country to Reduce, Re-use, andtheir country to Reduce, Re-use, and
Recycle.Recycle.
Taking care of pollution involves cleanupTaking care of pollution involves cleanup
at home to cleanup worldwide.at home to cleanup worldwide.

45. Alternative EnergyAlternative Energy
Although it is highly impossible to change,Although it is highly impossible to change,
alternative energies must be found.alternative energies must be found.
Gases emitted from exothermic reactionsGases emitted from exothermic reactions
of energy plants, such as smog, directlyof energy plants, such as smog, directly
deplete the ozone layer.deplete the ozone layer.
Alternative energy usage must start atAlternative energy usage must start at
home.home.

46. Total Estimates of Costs toTotal Estimates of Costs to
Combat Global WarmingCombat Global Warming
$ 100 Billion$ 100 Billion

47. Support Is Needed!Support Is Needed!
In conclusion, our planet must realize theIn conclusion, our planet must realize the
grave reality of global warming.grave reality of global warming.
Organizations such as NASA andOrganizations such as NASA and
Greenpeace have already taken action intoGreenpeace have already taken action into
the extensive research of the problem. Thethe extensive research of the problem. The
role that is proposed to the UN is that therole that is proposed to the UN is that the
support of the world government is the lastsupport of the world government is the last
piece of the puzzle in internationalpiece of the puzzle in international
cooperation against global warming.cooperation against global warming.

48. CreditsCredits
Directed by Michael ParconDirected by Michael Parcon
Produced by Michael ParconProduced by Michael Parcon
Written by Michael ParconWritten by Michael Parcon
Screenplay by Michael ParconScreenplay by Michael Parcon
Technical Equipment provided by C. LakeTechnical Equipment provided by C. Lake

49. CastCast
AngieAngie Angela GormanAngela Gorman
MikeMike Michael GoughMichael Gough
The Scientific GeniusThe Scientific Genius Michael ParconMichael Parcon