Environmental Studies. Environmental Issues. PREPARED BY : JOBIN ABRAHAM.

1. Active Learning Assignment :Active Learning Assignment :
Environmental IssuesEnvironmental Issues
Environmental StudiesEnvironmental Studies
[2110007][2110007]
SLIDE No.SLIDE No.
PREPARED BY :-PREPARED BY :-
130800109028130800109028 Jobin AbrahamJobin Abraham
130800109029130800109029 Sagar M. KalalSagar M. Kalal
130800109030130800109030 Denish KhatriDenish Khatri
130800109031130800109031 Surya KrishnaSurya Krishna
Guided By :- Prof. Pranav D. BhangaonkarGuided By :- Prof. Pranav D. Bhangaonkar

2. SLIDE No.SLIDE No. 22
Contents :Contents :
IntroductionIntroduction
Climate ChangeClimate Change
Global WarmingGlobal Warming
Green House EffectGreen House Effect
Acid RainAcid Rain
Depletion of Ozone LayerDepletion of Ozone Layer

3. SLIDE No.SLIDE No. 33
Climate Change, Global Warming, Green House Effect, Acid Rain &Climate Change, Global Warming, Green House Effect, Acid Rain &
Depletion of Ozone Layer are interdependent. They have similar causesDepletion of Ozone Layer are interdependent. They have similar causes
and effects.and effects.
human activities and natural calamities are responsible.human activities and natural calamities are responsible.

4. SLIDE No.SLIDE No. 44
Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statisticalClimate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical
distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades todistribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to
millions of years. It may be a change in average weather conditions, ormillions of years. It may be a change in average weather conditions, or
in the distribution of weather around the average conditions (i.e., morein the distribution of weather around the average conditions (i.e., more
or fewer extreme weather events).or fewer extreme weather events).

5. SLIDE No.SLIDE No. 55
[[2]2]
Analysis of climate change by :Analysis of climate change by :
Evidence from borehole temperature profilesEvidence from borehole temperature profiles
Cores removed from deep accumulations of iceCores removed from deep accumulations of ice
Floral and faunal recordsFloral and faunal records
Glacial and per glacial processes,Glacial and per glacial processes,
stable-isotopestable-isotope
Other analyses of sediment layersOther analyses of sediment layers

6. SLIDE No.SLIDE No. 66
 Indicators Of Climate Change?Indicators Of Climate Change?[1[1]]
Natural events and human activitiesNatural events and human activities
As per The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),As per The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),
There are 7 indicators that would show the increase in a warmer worldThere are 7 indicators that would show the increase in a warmer world
and they are :and they are :
1.1.HumidityHumidity
2.2.Tropospheric TemperatureTropospheric Temperature
3.3.Temperature Over SeasTemperature Over Seas
4.4.Sea Surface TemperatureSea Surface Temperature
5.5.Sea LevelSea Level
6.6.Ocean Heat ContentOcean Heat Content
7.7.Temperature over LandTemperature over Land

7. SLIDE No.SLIDE No. 77
There are 3 indicators would show theThere are 3 indicators would show the
decrease in a warmer world and they are :decrease in a warmer world and they are :
GlaciersGlaciers
Snow CoverSnow Cover
Sea Ice DepositsSea Ice Deposits

8. SLIDE No.SLIDE No. 88

9. SLIDE No.SLIDE No. 99
Global Warming :Global Warming :
[3[3
Some atmospheric gases (water vapor, carbon dioxide, and otherSome atmospheric gases (water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other
gases) trap some of the outgoing energy, retaining heat somewhat likegases) trap some of the outgoing energy, retaining heat somewhat like
the glass panels of a greenhousethe glass panels of a greenhouse
These gases are therefore known as greenhouse gases.These gases are therefore known as greenhouse gases.
The greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature on Earth as certainThe greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature on Earth as certain
gases in the atmosphere trap solar energy.gases in the atmosphere trap solar energy.

10. SLIDE No.SLIDE No. 1010
 [[3]3]
Scientific understanding of the cause of global warming has beenScientific understanding of the cause of global warming has been
increasing.increasing.
The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported:The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported:
Major Causes: Carbon Dioxide (COMajor Causes: Carbon Dioxide (CO22) emissions from fossil fuel) emissions from fossil fuel
combustion,combustion,
cement production, and land usage changes such as ”deforestation”cement production, and land usage changes such as ”deforestation”
Global Warming :Global Warming :

11. SLIDE No.SLIDE No. 1111
[3]
Greenhouse gases are :Greenhouse gases are :
1.1.carbon dioxide (COcarbon dioxide (CO22),),
2.2.methane (CHmethane (CH44) and) and
3.3.nitrous oxide (Nnitrous oxide (N22O)O)
Fluorinated industrial gases:Fluorinated industrial gases:
*Hydro-Fluoro-Carbons (HFCs),Hydro-Fluoro-Carbons (HFCs),
1.1.Per-Fluoro-Carbons (PFCs)Per-Fluoro-Carbons (PFCs)
2.2.Chloro-Fluor-Carbons (CFCs) andChloro-Fluor-Carbons (CFCs) and
3.3.Sulphur hexa-Fluoride (SFSulphur hexa-Fluoride (SF66))
*Water vapor (HWater vapor (H22OO(gas)(gas) )is also considered a natural greenhouse gas.)is also considered a natural greenhouse gas.

12. SLIDE No.SLIDE No. 1212
Effects of global warming :Effects of global warming :
[[3]3]
1. The high instrumental temperature record,1. The high instrumental temperature record,
2. rising sea levels, and2. rising sea levels, and
3. decreased snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere.3. decreased snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere.
4. increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century.4. increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century.
5. An increase in the frequency and severity of some extreme weather5. An increase in the frequency and severity of some extreme weather
events.events.

13.  The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from aThe greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a
planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, andplanetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and
is re-radiated in all directions. Since part of this re-radiation is backis re-radiated in all directions. Since part of this re-radiation is back
towards the surface and the lower atmosphere, it results in antowards the surface and the lower atmosphere, it results in an
elevation of the average surface temperature above what it would be inelevation of the average surface temperature above what it would be in
the absence of the gases.the absence of the gases.
SLIDE No. 13

14.  Infrared radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases, which in turn re-Infrared radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases, which in turn re-
radiate much of the energy to the surface and lower atmosphere. Theradiate much of the energy to the surface and lower atmosphere. The
mechanism is named after the effect of solar radiation passing throughmechanism is named after the effect of solar radiation passing through
glass and warming a greenhouse, but the way it retains heat isglass and warming a greenhouse, but the way it retains heat is
fundamentally different as a greenhouse works by reducing airflow,fundamentally different as a greenhouse works by reducing airflow,
isolating the warm air inside the structure so that heat is not lostisolating the warm air inside the structure so that heat is not lost
by convection.by convection.
SLIDE No. 14

15.  If an ideal thermally conductive body were the same distance from theIf an ideal thermally conductive body were the same distance from the
Sun as the Earth is, it would have a temperature of about 5.3 °C.Sun as the Earth is, it would have a temperature of about 5.3 °C.
 However, since the Earth reflects about 30% of the incoming sunlight,However, since the Earth reflects about 30% of the incoming sunlight,
this idealized planet's effective temperature (the temperature of athis idealized planet's effective temperature (the temperature of a
blackbody that would emit the same amount of radiation) would beblackbody that would emit the same amount of radiation) would be
about −18 °C.about −18 °C.
 The surface temperature of this hypothetical planet is 33 °C belowThe surface temperature of this hypothetical planet is 33 °C below
Earth's actual surface temperature of approximately 14 °C.Earth's actual surface temperature of approximately 14 °C.
 The mechanism that produces this difference between the actualThe mechanism that produces this difference between the actual
surface temperature and the effective temperature is due to thesurface temperature and the effective temperature is due to the
atmosphere and is known as the greenhouse effect.atmosphere and is known as the greenhouse effect.
SLIDE No. 15

16.  Earth’s natural greenhouse effect makes life as we know itEarth’s natural greenhouse effect makes life as we know it
possible. However, human activities, primarily the burning ofpossible. However, human activities, primarily the burning of
fossil fuels and clearing of forests, have intensified the naturalfossil fuels and clearing of forests, have intensified the natural
greenhouse effect, causing global warming.greenhouse effect, causing global warming.
SLIDE No. 16

17. SLIDE No.SLIDE No. 1717
THE GREENHOUSE PROCESS :THE GREENHOUSE PROCESS :

18.  By their percentage contribution to the greenhouse effect on Earth theBy their percentage contribution to the greenhouse effect on Earth the
four major gases are:four major gases are:
1.1. water vapour, 36–70%water vapour, 36–70%
2.2. carbon dioxide, 9–26%carbon dioxide, 9–26%
3.3. methane, 4–9%methane, 4–9%
4.4. ozone, 3–7%ozone, 3–7%
5.5. The major non-gas contributor to the Earth's greenhouseThe major non-gas contributor to the Earth's greenhouse
effect, clouds, also absorb and emit infrared radiation and thus have aneffect, clouds, also absorb and emit infrared radiation and thus have an
effect on radiative properties of the atmosphere.effect on radiative properties of the atmosphere.
SLIDE No. 1818
Greenhouse gases :Greenhouse gases :

19. SLIDE No.SLIDE No. 1919
Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that isAcid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is
unusually acidic, meaning that it possesses elevated levels of hydrogenunusually acidic, meaning that it possesses elevated levels of hydrogen
ions (low pH). It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals andions (low pH). It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals and
infrastructure. Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulphurinfrastructure. Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulphur
dioxide and nitrogen oxide, which react with the water molecules in thedioxide and nitrogen oxide, which react with the water molecules in the
atmosphere to produce acids.atmosphere to produce acids.

20. SLIDE No. 20
Definition ofDefinition of Acid Rain :Acid Rain :
"Acid rain" is a popular term referring to the deposition of wet (rain,"Acid rain" is a popular term referring to the deposition of wet (rain,
snow, sleet, fog, cloud water, and dew) and dry (acidifying particles andsnow, sleet, fog, cloud water, and dew) and dry (acidifying particles and
gases) acidic components.gases) acidic components.
DistilledDistilled water, once carbon dioxide is removed, has a neutral pH of 7.water, once carbon dioxide is removed, has a neutral pH of 7.
Liquids with a pH less than 7 are acidic, and those with a pH greaterLiquids with a pH less than 7 are acidic, and those with a pH greater
than 7 are alkaline.than 7 are alkaline.
 "Clean" or unpolluted rain has an acidic pH, but usually no lower than"Clean" or unpolluted rain has an acidic pH, but usually no lower than
5.7, because carbon dioxide and water in the air react together to5.7, because carbon dioxide and water in the air react together to
form carbonic acid, a weak acid according to the following reaction:form carbonic acid, a weak acid according to the following reaction:

21. SLIDE No. 21
HH22O (l) + COO (l) + CO22 (g) H(g) H22COCO33 (aq)Carbonic acid then can ionize in water(aq)Carbonic acid then can ionize in water
forming low concentrations of hydronium and carbonate ions:forming low concentrations of hydronium and carbonate ions:
HH22O (l) + HO (l) + H22COCO33 (aq) HCO(aq) HCO33
−−
(aq) + H(aq) + H33OO++
(aq)However, unpolluted rain can(aq)However, unpolluted rain can
also contain other chemicals which affect its pH (acidity level).also contain other chemicals which affect its pH (acidity level).
A common example is nitric acid produced by electric discharge in theA common example is nitric acid produced by electric discharge in the
atmosphere such as lightning.atmosphere such as lightning.
 Acid deposition as an environmental issue would include additionalAcid deposition as an environmental issue would include additional
acids to Hacids to H22COCO33..

22. SLIDE No. 22
Effects ofEffects of Acid Rain on Humans:Acid Rain on Humans:
Acid rain does not directly affect human health. The acid in theAcid rain does not directly affect human health. The acid in the
rainwater is too dilute to have direct adverse effects. However, therainwater is too dilute to have direct adverse effects. However, the
particulates responsible for acid rain (sulfur dioxide and nitrogenparticulates responsible for acid rain (sulfur dioxide and nitrogen
oxides) do have an adverse effect.oxides) do have an adverse effect.
Increased amounts of fine particulate matter in the air do contribute toIncreased amounts of fine particulate matter in the air do contribute to
heart and lung problems including asthma and bronchitis.heart and lung problems including asthma and bronchitis.

23. SLIDE No. 23
Acid rain can damage buildings, historic monuments, and statues,Acid rain can damage buildings, historic monuments, and statues,
especially those made of rocks, such as limestone and marble, thatespecially those made of rocks, such as limestone and marble, that
contain large amounts of calcium carbonate. Acids in the rain react withcontain large amounts of calcium carbonate. Acids in the rain react with
the calcium compounds in the stones to create gypsum, which thenthe calcium compounds in the stones to create gypsum, which then
flakes off.flakes off.
CaCOCaCO33 (s) + H(s) + H22SOSO44 (aq) CaSO(aq) CaSO44 (s) + CO(s) + CO22 (g) + H(g) + H22O (l)The effects of this areO (l)The effects of this are
commonly seen on old gravestones, where acid rain can cause thecommonly seen on old gravestones, where acid rain can cause the
inscriptions to become completely illegible. Acid rain also increasesinscriptions to become completely illegible. Acid rain also increases
the corrosion rate of metals, in particular iron, steel, copper and bronze.the corrosion rate of metals, in particular iron, steel, copper and bronze.

24. SLIDE No. 24
Depletion of Ozone Layer :Depletion of Ozone Layer :
Ozone depletion describes is a distinct but related phenomenaOzone depletion describes is a distinct but related phenomena
observed since the late 1970s: a steady decline of about 4% per decadeobserved since the late 1970s: a steady decline of about 4% per decade
in the total volume of ozone in Earth's stratosphere (the ozone layer),in the total volume of ozone in Earth's stratosphere (the ozone layer),
and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone overand a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone over
Earth's polar regions. The latter phenomenon is referred to as the ozoneEarth's polar regions. The latter phenomenon is referred to as the ozone
hole.hole.

25. SLIDE No. 25
Depletion of Ozone Layer :Depletion of Ozone Layer :
 The main source of these halogen atoms in the stratosphere is photoThe main source of these halogen atoms in the stratosphere is photo
dissociation of man-dissociation of man-
made halocarbon refrigerants, solvents, propellants, and foam-blowingmade halocarbon refrigerants, solvents, propellants, and foam-blowing
agents (CFCs, HCFCs, Freon's, halons). These compounds areagents (CFCs, HCFCs, Freon's, halons). These compounds are
transported into the stratosphere after being emitted at the surface.transported into the stratosphere after being emitted at the surface.

26. SLIDE No. 26
Depletion of Ozone Layer :Depletion of Ozone Layer :
CFCs and other contributory substances are referred to as ozone-CFCs and other contributory substances are referred to as ozone-
depleting substances (ODS). Since the ozone layer prevents mostdepleting substances (ODS). Since the ozone layer prevents most
harmful UVB wavelengths (280–315 nm) of ultraviolet light (UV light)harmful UVB wavelengths (280–315 nm) of ultraviolet light (UV light)
from passing through the Earth's atmosphere, observed and projectedfrom passing through the Earth's atmosphere, observed and projected
decreases in ozone have generated worldwide concern leading todecreases in ozone have generated worldwide concern leading to
adoption of the Montreal Protocol that bans the production of CFCs,adoption of the Montreal Protocol that bans the production of CFCs,
halons, and other ozone-depleting chemicals such as carbonhalons, and other ozone-depleting chemicals such as carbon
tetrachloride andtetrachloride and ttrichloroethane. It is suspected that a variety ofrichloroethane. It is suspected that a variety of
biological consequences such as increases in skin cancer, cataracts,biological consequences such as increases in skin cancer, cataracts,[3][3]
damage to plants, and reduction of plankton populations in thedamage to plants, and reduction of plankton populations in the
ocean's photic zone may result from the increased UV exposure due toocean's photic zone may result from the increased UV exposure due to
ozone depletion.ozone depletion.

27. SLIDE No. 27
Depletion of Ozone Layer :Depletion of Ozone Layer :
In 1994, the United Nations General Assembly voted to designateIn 1994, the United Nations General Assembly voted to designate
September 16 as "World Ozone Day", to commemorate the signing ofSeptember 16 as "World Ozone Day", to commemorate the signing of
the Montreal Protocol on that date in 1987.the Montreal Protocol on that date in 1987.

28. SLIDE No.SLIDE No. 2828
Videos Related To :Videos Related To :
1.1. Rise and Fall of Temperature (Rise and Fall of Temperature (00C) due toC) due toClimateClimate Change from [1884 to 2011]. {CLICK HERE}Change from [1884 to 2011]. {CLICK HERE}

29. SLIDE No.SLIDE No. 2929
References :References :
1.1. httphttp://://www.globalissues.org/article/233/climate-change-and-global-www.globalissues.org/article/233/climate-change-and-global-
warming-warming-
introduction#TheclimatehasalwaysvariedinthepastHowisthisanydifferintroduction#TheclimatehasalwaysvariedinthepastHowisthisanydiffer
entent
2.2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change
3.3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming
4.4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect
5.5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_Rainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_Rain
6.6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion

30. SLIDE No.SLIDE No. 3030
THANK YOU :THANK YOU :
““GRACIAS”GRACIAS”