Wittig Reaction Lab Essay Rf Values and NMR Analysis

Wittig Reaction Lab Essay
Makram Youssef
Chris Wong
Calculations of percent yield:
Rf values:
(literature values: trans,trans =0.36, cis,trans=0.41)
Short–wavelength TLC plate: solvent line =3.9cm filtrate: 1.4cm/3.9cm = 0.36, 1.7/3.9cm =0.44
trans,trans–isomer: 1.5cm/3.9cm = .38
Long–wavelength TLC plate: solvent line = 3.9cm filtrate: same values appear as under short–
wavelength in addition to 1.1cm/3.9cm = 0.28 trans,trans–isomer: same value as under short–
wavelength
Discussion:
This experiment was governed by the the Wittig reaction mechanism, which is done properly yields
an alkene. The percent yield for the overall experimented, after purification was approximately
4.23%, not a very high yield but enough to carry out subsequent ... Show more content on
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Also, when looking at the filtrate values under the short–wavelength, a value of 0.44 appears to hint
at the existence of the cis,trans–isomer which has a literature value of 0.41. The three values for the
filtrate under the long–wavelength make sense as well, being that the value of 0.28 belongs to the
oxide, the 0.36 to the trans,trans, and the 0.44 to the cis,trans.
An NMR spectrum was also taken for our product sample which was close to the ideal but was a
little off. Ideally there should be five peaks for the five chemical shifts from the five hydrogen
groups on the product structure. The first peak should occur in the mid six ppm and can be described
as a quartet. The second peak should occur at a ppm in the high 6s and should be another quartet.
The third peak should be a triplet occurring at a low 7ppm. The fourth peak should be close by to
the third, being another triplet. Finally, the fifth peak should be a doublet occurring at a mid 7ppm.
The ppms for the ideal and the actual differ greatly in the fact that they span from approximately
5.3–6.25 instead of the ideal 6.5–7.5. It is fact that chemical shifts caused by benzene rings occur in
the 6 to 8 ppm range, thus the nmr we received as a result can be somewhat doubted.. Ideally the
first and second peaks should be a result of the hydrogens furthest away from the rings and the

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Chemical Reaction On Chemical Change
Analyzing chemical change
Abstract
Changes can be chemical or physical in nature. If a chemical change is taking place we will be
breaking bonds and forming new bonds and therefore creating a new substance. In a Physical
change we will have the same substance but simply in a new form. (Dickinson et al. 197). In order
to collect evidence to prove a chemical change is occurring we need a change in the indicators. The
more active a chemical is the more likely it will have a chemical reaction with another chemical.
(Dickinson et al. 180) The higher the element is on the Activity Series the more reactive it is.
(Dickinson et al. 192) A reactive element will replace an element that is underneath it in the activity
series. (Dickinson et al. 192) In this lab we will examine chemical reactions with the activity series,
indicators and the type of chemical reaction it is. The purpose of this lab is to study chemical change
and analyze why and how chemical reactions are created. In this lab we are going to combine
certain chemicals with each other to create a chemical change and we will observe and record any
changes. The chemical reactions listed in the Results had all gone through chemical change and all
the indicators have been recorded. Chemical change is very important and we need to learn more
about them because without chemical change we couldn't perform daily tasks.
Introduction
The purpose of the lab is to collect evidence to prove chemical change from our

Reac 714 Studying Sn1 and Sn2 Reactions: Nucleophilic...
REAC 714 Studying SN1 and SN2 Reactions: Nucleophilic Substitution at Saturated Carbon Date
of Experiment: February 6, 2008 Objective: The objective of this laboratory experiment is to study
both SN1 and SN2 reactions. The first part of the lab focuses on synthesizing 1–bromobutane from
1–butanol by using an SN2 mechanism. The obtained product will then be analyzed using infrared
spectroscopy and refractive index. The second part of the lab concentrates on how different factors
influence the rate of SN1 reactions. The factors that will be examined are the leaving group, Br –
versus Cl–; the structure of the alkyl group, 3◦ versus 2◦; and the polarity of the
solvent, 40 percent 2–propanol versus 60 percent 2–propanol. ... Show more content on
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The 2–bromobutane is a crystal–like white layer The final appearance of the 2–bromobutane was a
clear liquid that is transparent Reaction Scheme SN2 Substances Formula Weight, g/mol Weight
Used Moles Used Mole Ratio Melting Point °C Boiling Point °C Density g/mL Solubility (g per 100
mL) Water Ether 1–bromobutane 137 Product N/A 1 to 1 N/A 102 1.276 Not soluble in H2O

Principles behind the Growth Process of Thin Films
CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND Deposition and characterization of the thin films discussed in
Chapter 1 will require an understanding of many different tools and processes that are currently used
in the semiconductor industry today. This chapter will cover the principles behind the growth
process, the experimentation and the material properties. The equipment used for these processes
will be discussed in depth as well.
2.1 Equipment The equipment used in the deposition of thin films can vary widely depending on
what material is being grown. Different deposition techniques affect different material properties,
such as: index of refraction, surface roughness, crystallinity, film quality and many others [VLSI,
Seshan]. The two main techniques are physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical vapor
deposition (CVD). These techniques are used for different materials and different processes and
CVD is the deposition technique this thesis focuses on. These techniques are implemented in
different deposition systems with many different features and they have a wide range of
applications. After the material is grown, the parameters of the material need to be characterized.
This requires a complete understanding of the tools which are being operated. Different tools are
necessary to determine the different important parameters of a material such as: reactive ion etchers,
ellipsometers, atomic force microscopes, and x–ray diffraction spectroscopes. An inductively
coupled plasma reactive ion

Biomechanical Functions In Football
Within this task I studied the sport that I most enjoy both playing and watching, football, and what
Biomechanical principles are implemented when striking a football.
Looking at the skeletal images below of the five movement phases when approaching and striking
the ball you can already start to envisage the Biomechanical principles that are included within the
body when participating in football. Movement Phases
1 The approach
2 The backswing
3 Support foot plant
4 Foot–ball contact
5 Follow through
Image from, The kicking action (Lees & Nolan, 1998) The biomechanical principles that influence a
soccer player's ability to achieve a maximal velocity instep kick include.
– Angular Velocity of the lower limbs
– Coefficient of restitution
– Ground reaction force Angular Velocity of the lower limbs
The angular velocity begins at the support foot plant phase and continues into the follow–through
phase. For a player to achieve a maximal velocity instep kick, this is one of the main biomechanical
principles to focus on improving, as the greater the velocity of the kicking leg, the greater the power.
The kicking leg is modelled as a three link kinetic chain composed by the segmental forces of the
thigh, shank and foot, where angular velocities are measured (Nunome, Asai, Ikegami & Sakurai,
2002). The kicking leg's forward motion is initiated by the rotation of the pelvis, and the thigh of the
kicking leg being brought forwards with

Equipment Review of the Vertec and Bertec
Equipment Review
The equipment in this study includes a Vertec vertical jump measuring system (Figure 1) and a
Bertec force plate (Figure 2). The Vertec vertical jump measuring system measures individuals
vertical jump capabilities in inches. The Bertec force plate measures the ground reaction forces in
newtons produced when an individual performs a jump and when they land following a jump. The
Vertec vertical jump measuring system is constructed out of a steel frame and has horizontal vanes
that rotate when the hand touches them. The vanes spaced half–inch between and the height of the
vanes is adjustable from 6 feet to 12 feet tall. The Vertec vertical jump measuring system is
considered the gold standard for measuring vertical jump height and its measurements have been
found reliable.1 The Bertec force plate is a much more complicated device. It uses strain gauges to
measure the force applied to the force plate. The force applied to the plate by the subject will be
equal to the forces the plate applies to the subject as determined by Newton's third law. When the
strain gauge is compressed the resistance of the current running through the gauge decreases
however when the strain gauge is placed under tension the resistance of the current traveling
through it increases. The Bertec force plate measures forces applied to the device in the x, y and z
axis using strain gauges. The strain gauges produce signals when force is applied to the force plate
surface, which are

The Nottingham Pulse Rig Towards Determining The Mechanism...
This Chapter discusses the progress made using the Nottingham Pulse Rig towards determining the
mechanism of the Fischer Tropsch reaction. A summary of the three main mechanisms proposed in
the literature was outlined in Chapter 1 but is still the subject of much debate.1–6 Generally the
carbide mechanism is accepted for Fe catalysts,7 but the mechanism over Co catalysts is less clear.1
Ge and Neurock,8 as well as Ojeda et al.,4 have suggested that the carbide mechanism is the
pathway for FT synthesis on Co catalysts. However, they disagree over the route to CO dissociation;
direct dissociation of the carbonyl bond has been proposed by Ge and Neurock, whilst Ojeda et al.
have concluded that carbonyl dissociation proceeds via an H assisted ... Show more content on
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3.1.1 On the Mechanism and Active Site of the FT Process Over Co Catalysts Several studies have
investigated the effect of syngas on the structure of metallic Co catalysts.9–12 For instance, Karaca
et al. investigated the effect of syngas on a CoPt/Al2O3 catalyst using X–Ray Diffraction (XRD).9
After reducing the catalyst in H2 at 623 K, XRD peaks were observed for face centred cubic (fcc)
and hexagonal close packed (hcp) structures of metallic Co. After exposure to 20 bar of syngas at
493 K, the fcc XRD peaks became narrower over 5 hrs, which was suggested to be due to an
increase in the particle size due to sintering of the Co metal phase. Over the subsequent 5 hrs this
peak decreased in intensity and a new peak assigned to a carbide phase grew in. Therefore, the
authors concluded that deactivation of the catalyst was due initially to sintering and then, over
longer periods of time, to carbidisation. Wilson and de Groot have investigated the surface
reorganisation of a model Co catalyst upon exposure to 4 bar of a H2/CO mixture (2:1 ratio) at 523
K.10–11 The surface was examined ex–situ in an Ultra High Vacuum (UHV) chamber before and
after exposure to syngas using a Scanning Tunnelling Microscope (STM). Before exposure to CO
the surface consisted of flat terraces, with a Co(0001) structure. The terrace surfaces were separated
by cliff edges ranging in size from single atom high steps

Multistep Synthesis Chemistry Experiment
Multistep Synthesis of Tetraphenylcyclopentadienone
In this laboratory experiment a synthesis was performed through several separate steps. The purpose
of the experiment was to synthesize tetraphenylcyclopentadienone from benzaldehyde and to run
reactions on carbonyl containing compounds. There was a total of three steps that led up to the
synthesis of the final product, tetraphenylcyclopentadienone. The first step of the experiment was
the condensation of benzaldehyde to yield benzoin. Thiamine catalyst along with water and ethanol
were added to the benzaldehyde, then NaOH was added until the solution turned yellow. After
recrystallization, the product was benzoin. Step two was the oxidation of benzoin to benzil. ... Show
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The pipet was put into the top of the condenser and leaving no open spaces. The vacuum served to
get rid of the nitrogen oxide gases that were formed during the oxidation reaction. The solution was
heated for 30 minutes, beginning the time when the first sign of nitrogen oxide fumes were
observed. After the 30 minutes, the solution was removed and cooled for a few minutes. The
solution turned was a brownish–yellow color and all the crystal were dissolved, leaving a liquid.
The solution was then transferred, using a Pasteur pipet, to 3 mL of water in a beaker. The reaction
flask was rinsed to remove the remainder of the solution. The solution was stirred with a glass rod
until room temperature of the solution was achieved. A yellow solid was to form, but instead the
solution remained aqueous in the case of the specific experiment explained here. With additional
scraping of the solution with a glass rod, no crystals formed at all. The next procedure, if the crystals
had formed was to crush the solid with the glass rod and filter the solid until the crystals were dry.
The mass would then be weighed and the crystals were to be recrystallized with 95% ethanol. The
crystals were to be cooled in ice water to get full crystallization and then the crystals were to be
filtered and air dried, then weighed.
Tetraphenylcyclopentadienone: Since the benzil did not form in the previous

Reaction Time
Abstract "Reaction Time" is the interval of time between the application of a stimulus and the
detection of a response and has been thought to differ based upon the effects of modality and
warning signals. In the "Reaction Time" experiment a total of 24 students from the University of
Cincinnati participated in an experiment consisting of two sensory modalities, audition and vision,
which were combined with two levels of warning signal status. The two levels of warning signal
status were signal onset and signal offset. This provided a total of four experimental conditions and
is described as a two by two repeated measures design. The independent variables included both
modality and warning signals, while the dependent variable was ... Show more content on
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When the arm physically moves, the response execution is occurring.
With this kept in mind, it is important to also take note of the different types of reaction time
experiments including: simple reaction time and disjunctive reaction time. During simple reaction
time a subject must react to the presence of the response stimulus, such as the process that occurred
with the hot water streaming from the faucet. Disjunctive reaction time occurs when a subject will
have more than one choice of responses to a stimulus. Therefore, a subject must not only react to the
response signal, but they must also identify which response is appropriate. In this situation, reaction
time delay may be attributed to the process of identifying which response is appropriate. Disjunctive
reaction time is used for the purposes of the "Reaction Time" experiment with the use of modality
and warning signals as independent variables. Though the two types of reaction time experiments
differ, both simple reaction time and disjunctive reaction time undergo similar processes including:
sensory encoding, stimulus identification, response selection and response execution (as described
earlier). Each step of the processes is essential as they help explain the lag difference between
reaction time and stimulus detection.
The difference in reaction time to a stimulus can specifically be attributed to response stimulus
modality. Response stimulus modality refers to the type of sensory

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Mapua Institute of Technology
Organic Chemistry Laboratory 2 Final Report
Factors Affecting the Relative Rates of Electrophilic Aromatic
Substitution Reaction
Justiniano, Priscilla Raiza N.
School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Mapua Institute of Technology, Intramuros,
Manila, Philippines
Experiment No.1, Submitted on August 6, 2011 at N402.
Abstract
EXPERIMENT NUMBER ONE IS ALL ABOUT THE ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION OF
AROMATIC COMPOUNDS. AROMATIC COMPOUNDS ARE THOSE ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS WHICH HAVE BENZENE RING (CYCLOHEXA–1,3,5–TRIENE). AROMATIC
COMPOUNDS ARE ALWAYS FOLLOWS THE SUBSTITUTION REACTION BECAUSE OF
THE STABILITY OF THE BENZENE RING. IT WILL NOT PROCESS THE ELIMINATION,
ADDITION OR REARRANGEMENT REACTION. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
b. Chlorobenzene– is an aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C6H5Cl. This
colorless, flammable liquid is a common solvent and a widely used intermediate in the manufacture
of other chemicals.
c. Aspirin– is a salicylate drug, often used as an analgesic to relieve minor aches and pains, as an
antipyretic to reduce fever, and as an anti–inflammatory medication.
d. Acetanilide– is an odorless solid chemical of leaf or flake–like appearance. It is also known as N–
phenylacetamide, acetanil, or acetanilide, and was formerly known by the trade name Antifebrin.
e. p–Nitrophenol– is a phenolic compound that has a nitro group at the opposite position of hydroxy
group on the benzene ring.

f. Anisole– is the organic compound with the formula CH3OC6H5. It is a colorless liquid with a
smell reminiscent of anise seed, and in fact many of its derivatives are found in natural and artificial
fragrances. The compound is mainly made synthetically and is a precursor to other synthetic
compounds.
g. Phenol– is an organic compound with the chemical formula C6H5OH. It is a white, crystalline
solid. This functional group consists of a phenyl, bonded to a hydroxyl (–OH).
The Apparatus/ materials used are the following: a. Test tube rack – is used in a laboratory and it is
used to hold/support test tubes containing chemicals waiting for further operations.
b. Hot water bath– is when you

Asymmetric Synthesis Of 13 Diols And Chiral Sulfoxides
Chapter 1 Review on Asymmetric Synthesis of 1,3–Diols and Chiral Sulfoxides 1.1. Importance and
applications of chiral 1,3–diols Optically active 1,3–diols are very important compounds in
asymmetric synthesis, since they represent chiral building blocks for many polyketide–derived
natural products, and have frequently been used as valuable intermediates in the synthesis of drugs
and natural products with important biological activity. Such diols have shown promise as chiral
derivatising agents and less frequently as chiral ligands. 1.1.1. As chiral ligands Unlike 1,2 and 1,4
diols, 1,3–diols are less frequently encountered as chiral ligand. A few C2–symmetric chiral 1,3–
diols are known in the literature, none have proved to be very good sources of chirality. It is
important that the diol is conformationally rigid for it to be an effective chiral auxiliary / ligand.
Chiral 1,3–diols 20 & 21 were obtained from the yeast–reduction products of 2–oxocyclopentane–
and 2–oxocyclohexane carboxylates and excess MeLi, BuLi or PhLi. These ligands form titanium
complexes 22 with TiCl(i–Pr0)3 which are effective catalysts for enantioselective nucleophilic
addition of MeMgCl to benzaldehyde and 1–naphthaldehyde yielding 1–phenyl ethanol and 1–
naphthyl ethanol respectively in good enantioselectivities. Recently Matsuo and coworkers have
reported effective use of a chiral 1,3–diol ligand for brønsted acid catalyzed asymmetric reduction
of ketones and acyl silanes. 1.1.2. As chiral

Evaluation of L – Proline as a Catalyst for an Asymmetric...
Evaluation of L – Proline as a Catalyst for an Asymmetric Aldol Reaction Abstract This reaction is
divided into two parts. In the first part acetone, L – proline and 4 – nitrobenzaldehyde are reacted to
give (R)–4–hydroxy–4–(4–nitrophenyl)butan–2–one as the major product along with (S)–4–
hydroxy–4–(4–nitrophenyl)butan–2–one. The identity of the product is confirmed by IR spectra of
the product which gives peaks at 1073.94 cm–1, 1330 cm–1, 1515.05, 1600.13 cm–1, 1708.25 cm–
1, 2930.82 cm–1and broad peak at 3418.10 cm–1. The mass of the product is 0.013 grams which
gives a percentage yield of 29.81%. The melting point of the product is not taken due to minimal
product. In the second part of the reaction excess reagents are used and the ... Show more content on
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| 53.491 | 5 mL | | | | Ethyl Acetate | 88.11 | 10 mL | 101.805 | – 83.6 | 77.1 | MgSO4 | 120.37 | | | 1124
| | CH2Cl2 | 84.93 | 4.5 mL | 70.47 | – 96.7 | 39.6 | DMAP | 122.17 | 0.0075 grams | 0.061 | 110 – 113
| 162 | Pyridine | 79.10 | 0.075 mL | 0.931 | – 41.6 | 115.2 | (–) – MTPA – Cl | 252.62 | 0.125 mL |
0.400 | | 213 – 214 | 0.1 M HCl | | 2.5 mL | | | | Sat. Bicarbonate sol | | 2.5 mL | | | | Brine | | 2.5 mL | | |
| Reaction 1. Dissolve 24 mg of L – proline in 5 mL anhydrous DMSO/acetone (4:1) for 15 minutes.
2. To this solution add 60 mg of 4 – nitrobenzaldehyde and stir the mixture for at least 30 minutes.
Product Isolation 3. After the reaction is complete, dilute with 5 mL of saturated ammonium
chloride solution and extract the product with 10 mL of ethyl acetate. 4. Dry the organic layer over
MgSO4, separate the drying agent by gravity filtration and evaporate the solvent in a rotary
evaporator. Product Purification 5. Purify the product by flash chromatography using 50%
petroleum

The Effect Of Original Function Of Hbhnl
Although the original function of HbHNL is to produce HCN from acetone cyanohydrins for plant
defense purpose, its reversible reaction to produce enantiopure cyanohydrins makes it an industrial
relevant enzyme (Fig. 1.6a). Besides acetone, it is also able to take a bigger substrate such as
benzaldehyde and turn it into mandelonitrile with optical purity up to 99%.15 HbHNL is known to
turn different aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes and methyl ketones into different cyanohydrins.15
Cyanohydrins are useful precursors to agrochemicals and pharmaceutical products. For example,
(R)–2–chlorobenzaldehyde cyanohydrin is the precursor of Clopidogel (Plavix), which is a blood
clot inhibitor.16 Pyrethroids, made from (S)–phenoxybenzaldehyde cyanohydrins, are an important
synthesis route to insecticides.16 HbHNL catalyzes an unnatural reaction, nitro aldol reaction (Fig.
1.6b).17,18 The nitro–aldol reaction is an important industrial reaction as the enantiopure products
could potentially be the precursors to useful intermediate such as 1,2–aminoalcohols and α–
hydroxycarboxylic acids17. My overarching goals of this project is to: 1) improve the nitro–aldol
activity of HbHNL and HNL1, a reconstructed ancestral enzyme of HbHNL by using directed
evolution; 2) determine which enzyme is more capable of producing better nitro–aldolase by using
suitable statistical analysis.
HbHNL and MeHNL share 77% sequence identity. HNL1 was reconstructed from these two
enzymes along with other modern

Investigating Chemical Properties Of When The Molecule
Diack
CH 220C
Michael Wood
10/8/14
Experiment 3: Stereochemistry This lab consisted of formulating a mechanism by which dimethyl
maleate (cis confirmation) could be isomerized to dimethyl fumarate (trans confirmation) by heat,
light, or bromine. In order to investigate chemical properties of when the molecule is in a chiral vs.
achiral environment, enantiomers of carvones were compared. Enantiomers and diastereomers are
the two classes of stereoisomers. Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same chemical formula,
but differ in their three–dimensional arrangement in space. Enantiomers are mirror images of each
other that are non–superimposable. In an achiral enviroment, they do not rotate plane–polarized
light with the same ability, but they exhibit the same physical and chemical properties. In a chiral
enviroment, enantiomers show different reactions with other molecules. The configuration of the
enantiomer is what determines the direction that it will rotate light. Light will either be rotated to the
left or to the right. Most enantiomers produced in a lab have a value of zero as their net rotation of
plane polarized light value and end up being in a 50:50 racemic mixture. Diasteromers are when two
molecules have equivalent stereocenters, but are not mirror images of each other. The molecules
have different chemical and physical properties. The S (+)–Caravone and the R(–)–Caravone
enantiomers were used in the first part

The Effect Of Temperature On Catechol Oxidase
Abstract: The Effects of Temperature on Catechol Oxidase. Lania Ellis, 2014, 102 Student Center
Dr. San Marcos, TX 78666.
Temperature can affect the reaction of catechol oxidase by speeding up or slowing down the
reaction. I was able to see what happened to the absorbance after changing the temperature of the
catechol oxidase solution. I did this by heating and cooling the solutions to measure the absorbances
in hot, cold, warm, and room temperature. Then the data was compared to see how the temperature
effected the solution. The catechol oxidase solutions reacted best in room temperature (twenty–three
degrees Celsius) and the worst in the cold (zero degrees Celsius). I concluded that temperature
really does affect the way catechol oxidase reacts. Introduction: Starting out with some background
information, I know that enzymes are biological catalysts. The enzyme that I used for this
experiment was potato juice. Enzymes make reaction rates go faster. They lower activation energy,
making chemical reactions. Temperature has an effect on canola cultivars. The higher temperature
decreased stem diameter, but room temperature had thicker stems. So I believe the same will happen
for the catechol oxidase; the solution will react faster at room temperature. Other enzymes can also
have different effects such as the enzyme in cattle serum. The enzyme lost activity in room
temperature. With that being said room temperature can also be detrimental with specific enzymes.
Fungus also

Aldol Condensation Lab
Ishaan Sangwan
Experiment 9: Aldol Condensation
Discussion
In this experiment, an aldol condensation reaction will be performed using two different carbonyl
compounds to form a beta–hydroxy carbonyl compound. Specifically, acetophenone and p–
anisaldehyde will react to form trans–p–anisalacetonphenone. An aldol condensation reaction is an
addition reaction that consists of one of the carbonyl compounds being converted into an enol or
enolate, and attacking the second carbonyl carbon to form a C–C bond. An enol is a hydrocarbon
with a double bond, with an alcohol group on one of the double bond carbons. An enolate is formed
when an enol is deprotonated, creating a structure that is stabilized by resonance of the double bond
as it interacts with the remaining oxygen.
The alpha carbon, which is the carbon adjacent to the carbonyl carbon in a carbonyl compound is ...
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This introduces complications, since either compound can form enolates, or provide the
electrophilic carbon, giving a range of products. In this reaction, there are two possible enolates and
two possible carbonyl carbons, as the enolates can react with protonated versions of themselves, or
the other compound. In order to obtain the desired product, the different parts of the reaction should
have been physically separated. First, the enolate should have been produced using LDA, an
extremely strong base that shifts the reaction strongly to the product side, with a Keq of about 1019.
Had a weaker base been used, equilibrium between the enolate and the product formed by the
enolate reacting with itself would have been established with a Keq of about 10–4, which strongly
favors the reactant side, resulting in less enolate yield. After enolate was produced using LDA, the
second carbonyl compound would be added, allowing for correct product formation, as ideally only
one electronegative carbon would be present.

The Speed of Reaction.
Method Step 1 – Remove blazer and put goggles on for health and safety reasons. Step 2 – Collect
the following equipment – Thermometer – to check the temperate Conical flask – to hold acid 1 litre
breaker – contain water Measuring cylinders x2 50ml 25ml Blanco – to weight out the marble chips
Marble chips CaCO3 – which react with Hydrochloric acid Stopwatch – to time when the reaction
starts Delivery tube – to pass the air Camp stand – to hold the equipment Boson – it heats up the
water Tripod – to hold the beaker at a certain height that has the most heat Ice – to cool down the
water of a certain temperate Test tube holder – so you don't burn your hand and it is safe. Step 3 –
Set up all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The temperature were 15, 20,25,30,35,40. Surface of chips Crushed up marbles which reacts
quicker. The smaller the surface area the quicker the reaction is, the larger the surface area the
slower the reaction is. The marble chips weight the same and use small marble chips. The weight
was 1g. Concentration of acid High concentration there is makes the particles react more frequently.
No change so therefore it stayed at M1. Catalyst Did not use in the experiment. Man made chemical
its makes the reaction quicker. We did not use this chemical nor was involved in the experiment.
Amount It depends how much concentrate acid there is. For example is the acid is weak and you put
a large mount of marble chips the reactions wouldn't be very successful. We used 1g amount of
marbles chips. Results Temperature. Time taken 1 2 3 Average Rate 15 104.35 96.66 106.0 105.31
0.000925 20 111.12 121.75 239.08 116.67 0.008620 25 73.23 70.34 134.67 71.5 0.014000 30 82.76
54.89 47.65 50.5 0.020000 35 42.57 33.43 37.5 35.5 0.028500 40 27.56 41.14 55.82 48.48 0.020800
Amount used: 1g Small marble chips 40ml of acid (M1) Overall my experiment went well; it does
prove that the increase of the temperature does increase the rate of reaction. In my experiment I
could improve many things like changing the marble size, time and heat. The marble we used in the
start of the experiment was too large which mean the rate of

aldol reaction Essay
Aldol In this preparative lab, an aldol (trans–p–anisalacetophenone) was produced from the reaction
between p–anisaldehyde and acetophenone with the presence sodium hydroxide. The reaction also
showed the importance of an enolate and the role it played in the mechanism. Sodium hydroxide
acts as a catalyst in this experiment and is chosen because of its basic conditions and pH. The
acetophenone carries an alpha hydrogen that has a pKa between 18 and 20. This alpha hydrogen is
acidic because of its location near the carbonyl on acetophenone. When the sodium hydroxide is
added, it deprotonates the hydrogen and creates an enolate ion. This deprotonation creates a
nucleophilic carbon that can attack an electrophilic carbon (like a parent ... Show more content on
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The initial product is the beta–hydroxyketone, which rapidly undergoes dehydration and creates the
final product, trans–p–anisalacetophenone. Technically, both the carbonyls cannot be mixed together
with sodium hydroxide to get one product. We will get a dominant product of trans–p–
anisalacetophenone. This reaction is an exception and we get away with it. P–anisaldehyde and
acetophenone together only make one enolate. This helps our exception, but there are still two
carbonyls. With our weak base, we should be worried about acetophenone reacting with itself but
we are not. This is due to steric hindrance, like I stated earlier. Aldehydes are better electrophilic
carbons and therefore the ketone will react with the aldehyde faster than reacting with itself. It will
quickly form the product trans–p–anisalacetophenone because it is the favored product. We do not
have to use expensive LDA, we can use the weaker base and get away with it. The reaction took
place in a conical vial and .2mL of each of the reactant samples were added to it along with some
95% ethanol. Two drops of NaOH were added shortly after and stirred at room temperature for
fifteen minutes. The vial was cooled in and ice bath and crystallized. Vacuum filtration was
performed to filter the crude product. The crude product was recrystallized using methanol and
filtered again. We made one change to the procedure and instead of using .7mL of ethanol we

Hydrazino-Spengler Essay
8. Hydrazino–Pictet–Spengler ligation reaction = In this reaction, the aliphatic and aromatic
hydrazines are used as a substrate to undergo pictet–spengler reaction with aldehydic and ketonic
group. As described in the above category 7, the various substrates are used for ligation with
aldehydic and ketonic groups of the proteins, P. Agarwal and research group developed the
Hydrazino–Pictet–Spengler(HIPS) ligation reaction so that the stable protein conjugates can be
developed . This strategy can be used in the development of a prodrug delivery system. The
advantage of this scheme over the other oxime and hydrazone ligations is that the ligation proceeds
very fast near the neutral pH(that is the pH of the normal physiological body) and the product of the
HIPS ligation is showing very long stability in human plasma (approx 5 days) as compared to that
of oxime–linked conjugate (approx 1 day). This was monitered by protein–fluorophore conjugates
by ELISA(42). Scheme 18. Overview of the Hydrazino–Pictet–Spengler reaction. A) In reaction
with a small molecule and B) protein aldehydes, a C−C bond (highlighted in red) is formed between
the indole and the aldehyde of interest ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is a very important reaction for the synthesis of the larged fused heterocyclic compounds.
Researchers have developed a lot of series of fused heterocycles and analyzed them for their
physiological and therapeutic effect. Many new drugs are there in the market that are being
synthesised from this valuable and novel reaction. The researchers have also undergone experiments
regarding the effect of using various types of substrates, solvent system, catalyts, temperature and
many other parameters on the rate and yield of the reaction. Still a lot of research work is being
going on to bring the modifications in the reations. In short, this reaction has a bright future aspects
in terms of research

Lab Report On The Reaction Time
Nicholas Durazo
KINE2202 section 002
Lab Report 1
Introduction
The reaction time (RT) of students was measured in the experiment to determine whether light or
sound stimulus initiates a quicker response time. The question of whether or not RT was related to
movement time (MT) was also challenged. Each student performed two test in random order; one
testing the reaction time of a red light stimulus, or visual reaction time (VRT); and the other testing
the reaction time of a "beeping" sound stimulus, or auditory reaction time (ART). The student
completed the VRT trial by simply receiving the stimulus and pressing a button. The student placing
and holding their hand on a button starts the ART trial. Once the student receives the stimulus (beep)
they press the adjacent button as fast as they can. The ART trial does not only include the data of the
RT, but also the data from the MT. Having previous knowledge that light travels faster than sound;
one can predict that VRT is faster than ART. The prediction that MT is independent upon RT can be
made with the thought that there are so many opposing variables that could affect the MT of an
individual unrelated RT such as old age
Methods
In the experiment, 80 students were randomly separated into groups of 2 to write down the data
from the test for the other individual. The VRT was measured by pressing a button once the student
had seen the stimulus. The reaction time data would simply show up on the screen once the student
completed

Anion Of An Aldol Reaction In Which An Enolate Ion Formed By
An aldol reaction is an addition reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone is attacked by an enolate
ion of the same compound (Klein, 2015), but can also be an enolate ion of another compound. The
enolate ion formed is due to an anion coming in to deprotonate the alpha carbon of a carbonyl
compound (Klein, 2015). The general result of an aldol addition is always a β–hydroxy aldehyde or
ketone, but can also undergo condensation as it sometimes loses a small molecule or water or an
alcohol group which will produce a different product altogether. This reaction can also serve as a
chain elongation as it forms a new C–C bond (Mayo, Pike, & Forbes, 2015). The hypothesis for this
aldol reaction was to yield dibenzalacetone, a bright yellow precipitate, with a 1:2 molar ration of
acetone and benzaldehyde (Handayani & Arty, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the stepwise mechanism, as shown in figure 1, an enolate is formed in the acetone compound
when a hydroxide ion deprotonates its alpha carbon due to benzaldehyde's absence of an alpha
carbon with any available protons. The carbon anion then proceeds to attack the carbonyl carbon on
the benzaldehyde carbon, which then results in a chain elongation as well as the oxygen receiving
its lone pair of electrons causing an instability issue. The oxygen then attacks a water molecule,
taking a hydrogen atom to produce an alcohol group. This is the general condition of a simple aldol
reaction (Klein, 2015). However, another hydroxide ion deprotonates the alpha carbon which is
centered between the alcohol and carbonyl groups, creating another

Heath Chemistry Lab 18A: Factors Affecting Reaction Rate
Experiment 18 A Factors Affecting Reaction Rate Bob Jones
Josh
October 2, 2014 Period 3
Introduction:
In reference to the collision theory, molecules act as small spheres that collide and bounce off each
other, transferring energy among themselves when the collide. In order for a reaction to occur, there
must be collisions between molecules. Through experimentation, factors are discovered that
influence the reaction rates of chemical reactions include the concentration of reactants,
temperature, surface area, the physical state of reactants, and a catalyst. This experiment regarding
the factors that affect reaction rate tests the effects of increased concentration and ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sandpaper was used to remove impurities from the magnesium strips, resulting in a grey strip, with
a bit of metallic lustre. The strip of magnesium received was extremely malleable and was easily cut
into 1 cm strips and folded into a tiny ball.
During the immersion of the magnesium metal in the hydrochloric acid solution, white bubbles
could be seen escaping the surface of the metal as gas was produced during the reaction. Depending
on the temperature of the hydrochloric acid and the overall molar concentration, the rate of reaction
differed but the same signs were shown. During the reaction between the magnesium metal and
higher concentrations of hydrochloric acid, it was observed that the test tube grew quite warm to the
touch. As the immersed magnesium strip sank down, it appeared coated in a layer of white bubbles
that fizzed like a carbonated drink. In the lower concentrations of hydrochloric acid, the strip spent
some time floating at the surface of the solution in the test tube, later sinking down to the bottom as
the

Diel-Alder Reaction Lab
Introduction: The Diel–Alder reaction is a concerted cycloaddition between a diene and a
dienophile. The first people to investigate this were Otto Diels and Kurt Alder, they were able to
reported large variety of the dienes which turned out to be useful and so the procedure was named
after them. This method is an efficient way to build rings that are stereospecific. A Diel–Alder
reaction involves cyclic rearrangement of bonding electrons and forming and breaking bond(s)
simultaneously. The reaction happens with in a single transition state. It has the smallest volume of
all the other starting materials that are use during this reaction. Diel–Alder reaction is updraft
reaction, which is starts when you add heat. During this reaction, it ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This involves breaking bond and creating another ring to it. The lab has revealed that the reaction
occur and it has form the final product of cis–Norbornene–5, 6–eno–dicarboxylic anhydride but it
was as accurate it supposed to due to some mistakes that had happen during synthesis of the
reaction. The data has been collected is prove that reaction has happen but doesn't have a great
product at the end. The crystallization techniques will be applied more accurately to other synthesis
and will make difference in getting final product amount that is suitable for the experiment. Lab did
accomplish as it set out to be but just human errors during the process made product amount and
purity less than

Essay about Wittig Reaction: Synthesis of Trans-Stilbene
The purpose of this experiment was to perform a wittig reaction, the horner–emmons wittig
specifically, reacting an aldehyde with an ylide to make an alkene. This particular variation of the
wittig reaction has several advantages: It gives only the trans product; it uses a much milder base
that is easier to handle; and it gives a water soluble byproduct which is easy to separate from the
product. The reason that these advantages occur is a change in the structure of the ylide. Instead of a
tripheylphosphine ylide, we use a diethylphosphonate ylide. The protons are much more acidic and
its byproduct is negatively charged.
The reason why we chose to create trans–stilbene is become of its many practical applications.
Stilbene exists as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This modification is similar to a standard Wittig reaction in that the first step, which has already
been done for you, is the reaction of a trialkyl phosphite with a suitable alkyl halide as shown below
in two steps:
In the first step the trialkyl phosphate acts as a nucleophile and, in a typical Sn2 reaction, forms a
phosphonium salt. The salt is unstable and a halide ion X displaces R in the Sn2 manner to form a
dialkylphosphonate. It is the phosphonate that, in the presence of base, is converted to a Wittig–like
reagent. Normally the Wittig reagent is an ylid and neutral, but the modified Wittig is analogous to
the carbanion of an aldol intermediate. Due to its resonance forms, the phosphonate anion is able to
attack the carbonyl much like acarbanion in an aldol reaction to give an oxyanion species. This is
where the analogy with the aldol reaction fails. The oxyanion undergoes a reaction analogous to
nucleophilic substitution at an unsaturated center to form the olefin, normally as the E isomer, and a
water soluble phosphonate anion. In this particular experiment, diethyl benzylphosphonate is used
with benzaldehyde as the carbonyl component. Since phase transfer conditions are used, we can use
a weaker base, the hydroxide ion. The reactivity o the anion formed is very high, resulting in
excellent yields of trans–stilbene. The trans form of Stilbene is more favored than the sterically
hindered cis form. Although

A Brief Biography of Henri Louis Le Chatelier
Henri Louis Le Chatelier (i) Henri Louis Le Chatelier was a world renowned chemist known
primarily for his work in developing "Le Chatelier's Principle". Henri was born to an academic
bourgeoisie family on October 8th, 1850, in Paris France (1). Le Chatelier was fortunate as his
father, Louis Le Chatelier, was able to teach him the basics of math and science, thus giving him a
head start, and due to his parent's status and wealth he was able to study at several universities (2).
Le Chatelier's earned his first degree from the College Rollin in 1867 and another in 1868 (2). He
then went on to attend l'École Polytechnique after which he was named second lieutenant with the
rest of his class (3). Before continuing his education he briefly served in the French army during the
Franco–Prussian war and fought in the siege of Paris (3). After the war he studied at l'École des
Mines in Paris earning a degree in mining engineering in 1873 (2). Le Chatelier spent the next few
years working as an engineering miner throughout France but he switched careers and became a
lecturer in 1877 after being offered a position to teach chemistry at l'École des Mines (2). The year
before Le Chatelier married Genevieve Nicolas who bore him three boys and four girls (2). There
Le Chatelier studied the chemistry of cement, plaster and various alloys becoming an expert in these
fields and uncovering that when cement mixes with water a super saturated solution is formed
which in its solidification forms

The Heat Capacity Of A Calorimeter
Introduction
According to the New World Encyclopedia, a calorimeter is an instrument used to measure the
amount of heat absorbed or released by matter through a physical or chemical reaction. The world's
first ice calorimeter was used by Antoine Lavoisier and Pierre–Simon Laplace to determine the heat
produced during various chemical reactions. Their experiments set the foundation for
Thermochemistry. Improvements in technology create room for other types of calorimeters such as
the brand calorimeter, isothermal titration calorimeter and X–ray micro calorimeter.
Following in the steps of Lavoisier and Pierre–Simon, an experiment will be conducted on the heat
capacity of a Styrofoam calorimeter in comparison to a brand calorimeter. Water shall be used first
because of its known specific heat and the experiment will be repeated with HCL (Hydrochloric
Acid) and NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide) in hopes to calculating the specific heat of the reaction.
In this experiment, two Styrofoam cups and a brand calorimeter are each used to calculate heat
transfer. The results will be compared to see if the something as simple as a Styrofoam cup can be
used accurately as a calorimeter and produce efficient results. Using hot and cold water, the
Styrofoam cup and brand calorimeter will be used to determine the heat capacity. By using the mass
of the water, specific heat of water and the change in temperature, the heat capacity will be
determined. The brand calorimeter and Styrofoam calorimeter

The Effect Of Temperature On Rate Of Enzyme Activity
Period 1
10/05/15
The Effect of Temperature on Rate of Enzyme Activity of Different Enzymes
Abstract/Purpose:
The main objective of this experiment was to determine how different factors, such as the type of
enzyme and the temperatures that each of the enzymes were exposed to, could affect the rate of
enzyme activity. In order to measure this, a potato enzyme and liver enzyme were placed in four
different temperatures for 24 hours. Each enzyme was then placed in a test tube with hydrogen
peroxide and the rate of enzyme activity was measured. The result was that the rate of enzyme
activity decreased as the temperature increased for the liver enzyme, but increased for the potato
enzyme.
Introduction/Hypothesis:
An enzyme is usually a protein that works as a catalyst, which is anything that helps to speed up, or
catalyze, the chemical reaction (Bolster&Moss, n.d.). To speed up a chemical reaction, enzymes
lower the activation energy, which is the initial energy required for a reaction to occur by applying
heat. However, enzymes are very substrate–specific, only acting on specific reactants, which are the
substrates, and consequently, enzymes are selective in the chemical reactions that they catalyze.
Since an enzyme is a protein, each enzyme has a specific amino acid sequence, which determines its
shape and eventually, the reactions that it will catalyze. In this way, an enzyme supports the
biological theme that form fits function. Each substrate binds to the enzyme

Chemistry : The Aldol Reaction
Aldol Reaction The aldol reaction is a means of forming carbon–carbon bonds in organic chemistry.
Discovered independently by the Russian chemist Alexander Borodin in 1869 and by the French
chemist Charles– Adolphe Wurtz in 1872, the reaction comvines two carbonyl compounds to form a
new B–hydroxy carbonyl compound. These products are known as aldols, from the aldehyde +
alcohol, a structural motif seen in many of the products. Aldol structural units are found in many
important molecules, whether naturally occuring or synthetic. For example, the aldol reaction has
been used in the large–scale production of the commodity chemical penaerythritol and the synthesis
of the heart disease drug Lipitor. The aldol reaction unites two relatively simple molecules into a
more complex one. Increased complexity arises because up to two new stereogenic centers are
formed. Modern methodology is capable of not only allowing aldol reactions to proceed in high
yield but also controlling both the relative and absolute configuration of these stereocenters. This
ability to selectively synthesize a particular stereoisomer is significant because different
stereoisomers can have very different chemical and biological properties. For example, stereogenic
aldol units are espcially common in polyketides, a class of molecules found in biological organisms.
In nature, polyketides are synthesized by enzymes that effect iterative Claisen condensations. The
1,3–dicarbonyl products of these

Experiments
EXPERIMENT 1: REACTIONS OF ENOLATE IONS WITH CARBONYL GROUPS
Aims
In this experiment we used two techniques for the reactions of enolate ions with carbonyl groups.
One technique used was Doebner reaction and the other technique used was Claisen–Schmidt
reaction. Therefore the aim of this experiment is to synthesize trans p–methoxycinnamic acid and to
synthesize dibenzalacetone via an aldol condensation reaction between acetone and benzaldehyde.
The products would be recrystallized using ethanol, then characterized using melting point analysis.
Introduction:
In this experiment we learnt on carbonyl compounds, enols and enolates. We also learnt two
different techniques to test the reactions of enolate ions with carbonyl groups which ... Show more
A blue litmus paper was used to test. The blue litmus paper turned red when tested. The flask with
the solution was cooled again. The organic acid was then collected using vacuum filtration. Once
collected, the organic acid was washed with cold water and air dried briefly. Lastly, the product was
recrystallized from ethanol. The mass of the crude product, mass of p–methoxycinnamic acid and
the melting point range of p–methoxycinnamic acid was measured and it is shown below.
Mass of crude product 4.44g mass of p–methoxycinnamic acid 3.72g melting point range of p–
methoxycinnamic acid 169.3,172.8
Table 2
b) A solution of sodium hydroxide (3g) in water(30ml) an ethanol (25ml) was prepared and stirred
in a 250ml conical flask that was maintained at 20–25ₒ in water bath. Benzaldehyde and A.R
acetone were mixed and divided into two portions. The accurate masses of the starting materials,
benzaldehyde and A.R acetone are shown below. benzaldehyde 3.2g acetone 1.1g
Table 3
Half of the benzaldehyde– acetone mixture was added in one portion while stirring the solution
vigorously. At this stage, a precipitated was formed after a few minutes. After 15 minutes, the
remaining benzaldehyde– acetone mixture was added and the mixture was stirred for a further 30
minutes. After 30 minutes, the precipitate was collected by vacuum filtration and washed with cold
water until the washings were

Mole Ratio: Finding the Reaction You Want
MOLE RATIO
SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVE: The main point of the experiment was to form a balanced chemical
equation, the find the mole ratio. If a cloud of crystals had formed then when the two substances
known as lead(II) nitrate and potassium dichromate were mixed at different doses measured in
drops. with all of this being done it was about to show the mole ratio. The mole ratio the ratio of
moles of what you've been given in a reaction to what you want to find.
INTRODUCTION:
A mole ratio is the ratio of moles of what you've been given in a reaction to what you want to find.
for any scientific experiment involving moles a chemical equation would be needed. A chemical
equation is a chemical reaction using symbols to represent specific elements from the periodic table.
the coefficients are the numbers represent the number of moles of reactants and products. To put it
simple the coefficients in the chemical equation balance it . The chemical equation used in the lab
Pb(NO3)2 (aq) +K2Cr2O7 (aq) =PbCr2O7 (s) +2KNO3 (aq), this meant lead(II)+potassium
dichromate equals lead(II)dichromate +potassium nitrate. A mole is the amount of pure substance
containing the same number of chemical units as there are atoms. One of the main aspects
connecting to a maloe is avogadro's number. This is the number of molecules in a mole of a
substance. Avagadros number goes out to aproximately 602,250,000,000,000,000,000,000. A mole
ratio is the ratio of moles of what you've been given in

Essay about The History of Chemistry and Technology
The History of Chemistry is ancient, starting at 1000 B.C to present time. Chemistry has evolved
drastically over the centuries. the first civilization to take over chemistry were the Egyptians and
Babylonians founded practical knowledge concerning the arts of metallurgy, pottery and dyes, but
didn't develop a systematic theory. In this period of time tons of civilizations tried to figure out the
life of chemistry and how it worked. A basic chemical hypothesis first emerged in Classical Greece
with the theory of four elements by Aristotle in 300 BC where fire, air, earth and water were the
fundamental elements from which everything is formed as a combination. Greek atomism dates
back to 440 BC, arising in works by philosophers such ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Where so evolved that we Don't really understand how different or not easily life was before
chemistry. There are tons of pro's and con's to technology. Chemistry made life easier and put
everything we need to live in things as small as buying in a store. Some of the pros of technology
include the fact that people are able to access information and each other much faster and easier
than ever before. A con of technology might include the fact that some forms of technology could
cause a person to become dependent on that technology and unable to function well without access
to it. Other cons might include the constant need to upgrade the technology for the everyday use.
How did natural resources limit or advance your technology?
Natural Resources are what make up chemistry without them we wouldn't be where we are now.Its
all infiliated with one another. Without the natural resources we had back then when chemistry was
founded they where still helpful and made up the ways of chemistry and how it of course now works
today. some resources are Natural gas, water, sunlight, and wind. Some that create other things and
energy are solar panels, windmills, and dams.
How is your technology hurting and helping society today?
The 20th century has seen the birth of three Ages, These

Observing Double Displacement Reactions
Observing Double Displacement Reactions
Purpose:
The purpose of the lab is to determine and observe the different double displacement reactions that
occur when certain reactants are mixed. Double displacement reactions will be classified with the
use of indicators.
Introduction:
Chemical reactions occur very often in people's everyday lives. There are six main types of reaction.
These include decomposition reactions, synthesis reactions, single–displacement reactions, double
displacement reactions, combustion reactions, and nuclear reactions. Both single and double
displacement reactions can be broken down into more specific reactions. Single displacement
reactions can be classified as metal displacement, which is cation; and halogen displacement, which
is anion. Double displacement reactions will break into three different situations: formation of a gas,
formation of a solid (precipitate), and neutralization.
The lab is focused on the observation of double displacement reactions, as opposed to the other five
types. Double displacement reaction consists of two compounds, both with anions and cations,
reacting with each other. During the reaction, the positive cations of each compound switch places
with each other, creating two completely new compounds. Double displacement reactions generally
occur when both of the reactants are in aqueous form, or in other words, dissolved in water. When
determining the states of the products in a double displacement reaction, it

Law Of Gratitude Essay
8. The Law of Gratitude: The Law of Gratitude plays out similar to the Law of Cause and Effect or
the natural principle of action and reaction. As we look at the law itself, when we express
thankfulness to the God Force for that which we have "received" (even though it is still in the
unseen), it is an expenditure of force, therefore our gratitude cannot fail to reach God, and when it
does the reaction is an instantaneous move toward you. Consider two properly aligned magnets.
They are two forces moving in opposite directions while moving toward one another. Gratitude
draws you and the Creative Force, God, directly toward each other. If our gratitude is strong enough
and consistent then there will always be a move of that which we are co–creating toward us. When
the God Force moves toward us it brings all that it is. The Law of Gratitude also dictates that if our
heart is not full of gratitude, then something else will take its place. Physics teaches that nature will
not tolerate a vacuum. That is to say that if something is removed then something else must take its
place. If our hearts are not filled with gratitude, then our hearts will be filled with ungratefulness. An
ungrateful heart will take you from what you want as rapidly as a grateful heart will take you toward
what you want. The Law of Gratitude nourishes our faith, because as a grateful heart and mind
continually expects good things, expectation becomes faith. This faith then, becomes both the
cornerstone and the capstone of what it is we are building which comes only from our Universal
Supplier, God. Gratitude toward God has the power ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The eight Universal Laws that I feel you should at least be aware of that take a role in the process of
co–creation or what we like to call manifesting. I do realize that they do have a similarity to one
another and in some respects, one produces the other and so on but it is after all about harmony and
balance don't you

What Is Hairspray Made Of
What is hairspray made of?
Hairspray is a solution of long, chainlike molecules (called polymers) in a very volatile solvent.
Spraying deposits a stiff layer of the polymer on your hair after the solvent evaporates.
The solvent used was once a compound of carbon, fluorine, and chlorine (a chlorofluorocarbon, or
CFC). CFCs are nontoxic, nonflammable, and make almost ideal aerosol propellants. But when it
was learned that they causedestruction of stratospheric ozone, they were replaced with other
solvents, like alcohols and hydrocarbons. Unfortunately, these are flammable.
One of the polymers used is polyvinylpyrrolidine, which is also used to glue the layers of wood in
plywood together. An non–water soluble polymer called ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Most hairsprays contain a group of ingredients referred to simply as "fragrance." Because the
specific ingredients are not listed on the label, it is impossible to accurately assess their safety.
Sponsored Links
Hairspray is a solution of long, chainlike molecules (called polymers) in a very volatile solvent.
Spraying deposits a stiff layer of the polymer on your hair after the solvent evaporates.
The solvent used was once a compound of carbon, fluorine, and chlorine (a chlorofluorocarbon, or
CFC). CFCs are nontoxic, nonflammable, and make almost ideal aerosol propellants. But when it
was learned that they cause destruction of stratospheric ozone, they were replaced with other
solvents, like alcohols and hydrocarbons. Unfortunately, these are flammable.
One of the polymers used is polyvinylpyrrolidine, which is also used to glue the layers of wood in
plywood together. An non–water soluble polymer called polydimethylsiloxane is added to make the
hold last a bit longer (the polyvinylpyrrolidine is water soluble).
Other polymers used in plastic–based hairsprays are copolymers with vinyl acetate and copolymers
with maleic anhydride .
Some hairsprays use natural polymers and solvents like vegetable gums dissolved in alcohol. One
popular ingredient is gum arabic is made from the sap of certain trees that grow in the Sudan. Gum
tragacanth is another herbal gum that is used to stiffen calico and crepe, as well as hair.
Transcript of

The Effect Of Enzymes On The Concentration Of A Protein
"Enzymes are catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being used up in the process"
(Leady). A catalyst helps speed up a chemical reaction without being changed during the reaction.
Enzymes are specific meaning that they can work with only a specific set of chemical reactions.
Most enzyme names end in –ase. The shape of a protein is very important in its function for the
reaction. The molecule the enzyme works on is called a substrate. In order for this enzyme to work
on this reaction the substrate must first fit into an activation site. When an enzyme binds to its
substrate, it is called an enzyme–substrate complex. The resulting chemicals from the reaction are
called the products. Enzymes can be affected by a few variables such as pH and temperature. "All
enzymes work best at a specific temperature in the reaction to work. About an average human,
enzymes work greatly at 98.6 Fahrenheit or 37.5 Celsius"(Effect). The lower the temperatures are
the slower the enzyme works. At low temperatures, the enzyme does not work as well because there
is not enough movement between the molecules to have the substrate, and the enzyme meets and
binds together. The higher temperatures can cause a denature of an enzyme. This means that enzyme
shape is changing making the enzyme inactive. "The reason is that enzymes are proteins that are
made up of amino acids and at high temperatures the hydrogen bonds break which then uncoils the
protein and stops its function"(Enzymes). In

Synthesis of Cinnamaldehyde
Vidallon, Mark Louis P. Date Performed: February 20, 2012 CHEM44.1 2L Date Submitted: March
12, 2012 MIXED–ALDOL CONDENSATION Synthesis of Cinnamaldehyde I. Introduction
Cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic aldehyde or 3–phenyl–2–propenal is the major constituent of cinnamon
oil, extracted from several species of Cinnamomum (C. verum, C. burmanii, C. cassia), under the
family Lauraceae, a group of evergreen trees. Cinnamon bark (particularly C. verum) yields 0.4–
0.8% oil, which contains 60–80% cinnamaldehyde, 4–5% sesquiterpenoids (α–humulene, β–
caryophyllene, limonene and others), eugenol, cinnamyl acetate, eugenol acetate, cinnamyl alcohol,
methyl eugenol, benzaldehyde, benzyl benzoate, cuminaldehyde, monoterpenes (linalool, pinene, ...
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To characterize the synthesized product using its boiling point, results of simple chemical tests and
derivatization reactions, along with the determination of the melting points of the hydrazones and
comparison of the hydrazones using their RGB values. II. Materials and Methods A. Reagents The
following are the reagents were used in the experiment: Benzaldehyde Acetaldehyde 15% sodium
hydroxide solution Sodium chloride 95 % ethanol solution 40% sodium bisulfite solution 2, 4–
dinitrophenylhydrazine Nitric acid Ice B. Apparatus and Equipment The following are the apparatus
and equipment were used in the experiment: 50–mL round–bottom flask 50–mL beaker 10–mL
graduated cylinder 10–mL pipet Pasteur pipet Micro distilling flask Test tubes Evaporating dish
Thermometer Bunsen burner Microreflux Watch glass Iron ring Iron clamp Iron stand Separatory
funnel Wire gauze Hot plate Electronic top loading balance Fisher–Johns melting point apparatus
III. Schematic Diagrams C. Synthesis of Cinnamaldehyde (in round–bottom flask) 3.06mL – cool in
ice bath + 3.00mL 15% NaOH + 0.50mL dropwise with swirling + 3.00mL 15% NaOH + 0.50mL
dropwise with swirling + 3.00mL 15% NaOH + 0.68mL dropwise with swirling – reflux for 10–15
minutes – cool to room temperature – cool in ice bath – separate layers Organic layer , very minimal
(in 10–mL graduated cylinder) Aqueous layer very minimal, unreacted H2O with

Aldol Reaction Lab
In this lab experiment, a Crossed aldol reaction was performed with an unknown ketone and
aldehyde to give a–hydroxyketone that was dehydrated spontaneously. Using NMR Spectroscopy
and melting point determination of the carbonyl product, the unknown reagents were determined to
be p–anisaldehyde and acetone. Techniques such as extraction and washing, gravity and vacuum
filtration were used to filter out the impurities from the precipitate and collect the purified product.
Proton NMR and melting point determination were methods used to verify the identity of the
starting carbonyl compound.
To begin with, it is important to recognize the properties of the reactants and their roles in
facilitating the reaction. In general, an Aldol reaction is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of the aromatic protons were hard to distinguish due to their overlapping nature and
resonance. At the same time, there was still enough evidence to verify that the unknown aldehyde
was p–anisaldehyde using the number of signals, the chemical shifts, the proton integration, and the
splitting patterns. The expected number of signals was roughly 5 peaks, however there were some
impurities present in the NMR spectrum. The aromatic region contained the peaks of Hb and Hc
with a chemical shift and an integration value of 7.570 and 6.931 ppm respectfully. With that, the
protons Hd and He were very distinguishable from the rest of the spectrum due to their large J–value
of 16. This J–value sign indicates that there are alkene protons that are Trans to each other. Normal
alkene protons show up in the NMR spectrum around 4–6. Because protons Hd and He are in an
extended conjugation system (right next to the benzene ring), their signals may overlap with others
in that region. However, they can still be distinguished. Hd was determined to be more downfield
because it is next to a benzene ring and has more of an ability to resonate as opposed to He . Hd was
the most up field, a singlet, and had a chemical shift and integration value of 7.697 ppm and 0.96
respectfully. He was the more upfield one and had a chemical shift and integration value of 6.975
ppm and

Tetraphenylcyclopentadienone Lab Report
Objective The objective of this experiment is to prepare a sample of tetraphenylcyclopentadienone
through the aldol condensation of benzil and dibenzyl ketone under a basic environment. Procedure
Part A– Aldol Condensation of Tetraphenylcyclopentadienone In a 100 mL round bottom flask,
0.525 g (0.0025 mol) of benzil and 0.525 g (0.0025 mol) of dibenzyl ketone were mixed with an
additional 0.075 g (0.002 mol) of potassium hydroxide pellets in a solution of 10 mL of 95%
ethanol, and finally a boiling chip was inserted into the solution. The contents of the mixture were
allowed to mix, and while this was occurring, a reflux setup was prepared (as illustrated in Figure
1.A) and the round bottom flask was attached to the setup. The reflux was initiated, and as soon as
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was observed that the solution turned a strong purple tint as the reflux continued, turning
extremely dark at certain points. At the end of the 15 minutes, the reflux was stopped and the round
bottom flask was allowed to cool to room temperature. Afterwards, the flask was placed in an ice
bath in order to allow a precipitate to form, and it was observed that an extremely slight precipitate
formed at the bottom of the flask. The mixture was then poured into a Buchner funnel attached to a
Buchner flask in order to perform a vacuum filtration. The collected precipitate was further washed
with 10 mL of cold DI water and 10 mL of cold ethanol. The collected and washed precipitate was
allowed to air dry and was then transferred and weighed. At the end, a collection of small,

The Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Reaction
The Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Reaction Aim–We is going to investigate how temperature
effects the rate of reaction when we use a Magnesium Ribbon and dissolve it in Hydrochloric Acid.
Different Variables–There are four different variables that effect the rate of reaction, surface area,
concentration, temperature and catalysts. Here is some information on each variable with diagrams.
How does surface area effect rate of reaction? In a substance the rate of reaction will be quicker if it
has a large surface area. However, if it has a small surface area the rate of reaction is much slower.
Rate of Reaction is much faster if the surface area is larger because much more of the ... Show more
6) The Bunsen burner will be lit using a match, put on the blue flame and placed under the beaker.
7) When the temperature reaches 25°C, on the thermometer (It shouldn't take long as it is around
room temperature, anyway), we will take the test tube out of the water and place one of the pieces of
Magnesium Ribbon in the Hydrochloric Acid. We will start the stopwatch (a stopwatch gives us
very accurate readings when recording time) as soon as the Magnesium Ribbon hits the
Hydrochloric Acid. 8) When the Magnesium Ribbon has completely disappeared, we shall stop the
stopwatch and record the time it took for the Magnesium Ribbon to disappear. 9) This process will
be repeated for 25°C, twice. Then we will do the same experiment for the other temperatures, doing
each temperature three times. The plan/method above is a very good way of carrying out the
experiment. This is because the rate of reaction is effected by temperature. Using the Bunsen burner
makes this plan a good way of carrying out this experiment. As the Hydrochloric acid will be heated
using the blue flame, it will heat up faster so the results for each temperature can be obtained
quickly. Also using a stopwatch makes the plan a very good way of carrying out the experiment
because it is very precise when recording how long it takes for something to happen. List of
equipment–Here is a list of equipment that we

Wittig Reaction Lab Essay Rf Values and NMR Analysis

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