3. History of Social Presence (SP)
• Social presence is the degree of salience (i.e., quality of state of being
there) between two communicators using a communication medium.
(short, Williams, and Christie, 1976).
• Intimacy= joint function of eye contact, physical proximity, smiling,
etc. (Argyle & Dean, 1965)
• Immediacy= the relationship between the speaker and the objects he
communicates about, the addressee of this communication, or the
communication itself (Wiener & Mehrabian, 1968)
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5. What is Social presence?
• Property of media used in communication exchange (Short, Williams,
& Christie, 1976)
• The experience of being together, telepresence (Collins and Murphy,
1997)
• Self-projection into a group (Rourke et al. 2001)
• Recognition of the potential for two-way communication and
psychological involvement of perceived access to another human
mind (Nowak and Biocca,2001)
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6. Various Definitions
Social Presence is:
• “the degree to which a person is perceived as a ‘real person’ in mediated
communication” (Gunawardena, 1995, p. 151)
• ….the ability of learners to project themselves socially and affectively into
a community of inquiry (Rourke et al., 1999)
• ….”the ability of participants in a community of inquiry to project
themselves socially and emotionally as ‘real people’ through the medium
of communication being used” (Rourke et al., 1999, p. 94)
• …the degree of feeling, perception, and reaction of being connected by
CMC (Tu & McIsaac, 2002)
• “…….a student’s sense of being in and belonging in a course and the ability
to interact with other students and an instructor” (Picciano, 2009., p…)
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Leier
7. Timeline
Phase Period Research Focus of research
1 1970s Short et al. telecommunications
2 1990s to early 2000s Gunawardena
Garrison et al.
Tu et al.
Swan
Richardson
CMC and online learning
3 Mid 2000s to present Garrison
Kehrwald
Picciano
Kreijns
Swan
Lowenthal
Online learning and Community of Inquiry
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8. Community of Inquiry (CoI)
The Community of Inquiry framework (Garrison et al., 2000)
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9. Three categories of Social Presence indicators
• Affective communication
Expression of emotions
Use of humour
Self-disclosure
• Interactive communication
Vocatives
Refers to group using inclusive pronouns
Phatics, salutations
• Cohesive communication
Continuing a threat
Referring to other messages
Compliment
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14. Task design
• Topics 1 and 2 = personal biography (task type one, monologic), weak
Topics 3 and 4 = comparison and critical analysis (task type two,
reflective, intercultural), strong
Topic 5= presentations in mixed groups (joint product- global
citizenship)
Topics for the presentation:
Holidays -Easter, Christmas, Birthday?
National holidays - Independence Day, Waitangi Day
Winter and Summer in Finland and in New Zealand
(Waire & O’Dowd, 2009;
Kress & van Leeuwen, 2001)
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15. Research questions
RQ1: How do students develop social presence on Facebook-group?
RQ2: How do students perceive the online community collaborating on
a Facebook group?
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16. Facebook logs and social presence (students)
coding protocol and results
Definitions, examples posts comments
Affective
>expression of emotion
>use of humor
>self-disclosure
>punctuation
Emoticons (wave, smiley, surprise, sad)
‘lol’, irony
information in tasks
double exclamation marks, question marks
30
2
75
6
34
2
14
2
Interactive
>asking questions
>compliment
>like
>seen
Warum benutzt du Englisch? Kann dein Hund
Tricks?
Tolles Video, das Mädchen ist so hübsch
1
0
332
3080
19
6
7
0
Cohesive
>referring to group
>greetings
>pronouns
Hey guys- grammar tips/ Alles klar? Hallo team.
‘uns’, ‘ihr’
4
10
2
0
0
0
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17. Examples of Facebook contents
Affective:
• Ich bin nicht so gut mit Videos.
• Hallooo!!!
• Ich liebe ein gutes Dessert!!!!
Interactive:
• Welche Farbe benutzt du für malen?
• We have to click to download (help each other)- language= English…
• Was für ein süsser Hund!
Group cohesion:
• Hi team
• Ich hoffe, ihr hattet ein schönes Wochenende.
• German noun genders (table posted), label of NZ wine which has Finnish name, flags on title page
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19. Results: Interviews and post-questionnaire
How did students perceive activity?
• Our group found text communication over Facebook messenger useful.
• That collaboration made it more fun.
• The difference of the whole project compared to "normal" ways of
studying.
• I have learnt about Finnish culture and traditions, which I found interesting
and really enjoyed!
• I have learnt more about both of our cultures while improving my German
• There are many different people from all over learning German.
• Meeting new people.
• How to collaborate with "strangers”.
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Lack of traditional communication cues in the electronic classroom, = ways to enhance the two components of SP
Karen Swan
Social presence as one of the three presences
Communication can be traditional or non-traditional
The researchers developed protocols for coding online discussion based on theseindicators which they established as both useful and reliable in a pilot content analysis of two online cla
Rourke et al. (1999), used for content analysis
Learning through communication
https://www.facebook.com/groups/1151219271681770/
From pre-questionnaire
Task design to influence development of social presence, reciprocal communication patterns and tiemly responses (Tu and McIsaac, 2002)
Guided by the concept of O’Dowd and Ware, 2006: three- layer approach design
Thema 1= Name, Alter, Hobbies (Video)Thema 2= Heimatstadt (Schreiben, Fotos)
Thema 3: Mahlzeiten (Schreiben, Fotos) Thema 4: Kleidung, Kleidergeschäfte (Fotos)
multimodal meaning making theory (Kress & van Leeuwen, 2001)
112 in total
Task type influence degree of SP, the feeling of real
Facebook has affordances to enhance SP