Musculoskeletal Disorders Explained

Musculoskeletal Disorders ( Msds )
Introduction Work–related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMD), likewise overuse injuries (2).
musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) would characterized as a collection of disorders that impact
different regions of the musculoskeletal system. These regions incorporate the tendons, muscles
nerves, joints and supporting structures for example, such that intervertebral discs. Patients with
MSDs might show any of the following symptoms: stiffness, swelling, pain, paresthesia, redness
and weakness (1). Musculoskeletal disorders are a great occupational health danger that impact
members of different occupations. Work–related musculoskeletal disorders are recognized to be
among the majority health problems in the contemporary workforces. Musculoskeletal ... Show
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(6). studies have shown that there is a hight prevalence of low back pain yet more common in other
anatomical regions like elbow, neck, hand and wrist (6). The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire
(NMQ) might have been produced from an undertaking financed by the Nordic Council of
Ministers. The purpose was to develop and test a standardized questionnaire procedure permitting
examination of low back, neck, shoulder What 's more general objections for utilization done
epidemiological studies. The tool was not proceeding for clinical diagnosis (7). The two principle
purposes of the questionnaires would should serve Concerning illustration instruments {1} in the
screening from claiming musculoskeletal issue for a ergonomics context, Furthermore {2} for
occupational health services administration (10). The reliability and validity of the questionnaires
has been investigated. Subjects have filled, furthermore refilled questionnaires and the subjects '
reactions of the questionnaires have been compared with their clinical historical backdrop (10).
Types of Musculoskeletal Disorders Musculoskeletal disorders incorporate an extensive variety for
inflammatory and degenerative states influencing those muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, fringe
nerves, and more supporting blood vessels. These incorporate clinical syndromes for example,
tendon inflammations and
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Summary: The Effects Of Torture
The feeling that one is not in control has been demonstrated to be one of the prime stressors of
torture, ultimately a cause for its severely traumatizing effects. Harvard psychiatrist Stuart Grassian,
has exposed that when prisoners are put into a solitary confinement studies show that they "tend to
become irritable, hyper vigilant, jumpy, fearful, and chronically tense" (humanrights.ucdavis.edu).
On the other hand, Metin Basaoglu discovered that deceptively banal mistreatments that may not
cause long–term psychological problems when used individually may instead, lead to mental
disorders when grouped together. The experience of being enclosed in, humiliated or harshly
threatened leaves one feeling powerless in front of the victimizers. Post– torture symptoms range
from the prevalent chronic pain, which is often connected to several body systems. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Musculoskeletal damage is an example of the result from the effects of torture which may vary from
injuries to disorders that affect the human body's movement or musculoskeletal system such as the
muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, or blood vessels

Noonan Syndrome Research Paper
Overview Noonan syndrome is a disorder caused by a genetic mutation that causes various parts of
the patient's body to develop abnormally. The condition occurs when a parent passes on an affected
gene to their child that produces constantly active proteins, leading to a disruption in the process of
normal cell division and growth. Science currently knows of eight genes in which a mutation can
cause the disorder. In some cases, there is no family history and the mutation is spontaneous.
Symptoms One of the main indications of Noonan syndrome is the abnormal development of the
person's face, which varies at different ages. Newborn babies generally have low–set ears, slanting
or wide–set eyes, and a short neck, among other features. Infants

Musculoskeletal Disorders Case Study
Case Study #32
Musculoskeletal Disorders
1. An x–ray examination of the thoracic spine reveals osteopenic changes at T7. What does this
mean?
Osteopenia means that the bone is thinning which could lead to fractures. Bone thinning leads to
osteoporosis. Decreased bone density occurs as people age. BMD determines bone strength and it
peaks around 25–30 years of age. After these peak years, bone breabsorption exceeds bone building
which causes a decrease in bone density.
Ignatavicius, D., D. & Workman, M., L. (2013).
2. The physician suspects osteoporosis. List seven risk factors associated with osteoporosis.
Cigarette smoking
Obesity
Lack of exercise
Postmentopausal
Low calcium intake
Low weight and BMI
Alcohol and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Any score lower than –2.5 indicate osteoporosis.
6. The physician orders alendronate (Fosamax) 70mg/wk. what instructions should you give M.S.
regarding alendronate?
Fosamax is a biphosphonate that is commonly used for the prevention and treatment of
osteoporosis. It would be best to take Fosamax on an empty stomach with plenty of water. Do not lie
down or eat for at least 30 minutes after taking the pill. The side effects for Fosamax are abdominal
pain, bone/skeletal pain, constipation, diarrhea, dyspepsia, and nausea. I would also tell M.S that
osteonecrosis of the jaw may occur after dental extraction, root canal, dental implant or other oral
surgeries. Lastly I would tell M.S. that oral biphosphonates are commonly associated with a serious
problem called esophagitis which is inflammation of the esophagus. If chest discomfort occurs
which is a symptom of esophageal irritation, she should discontinue the drug and contact her health
care provider. I would assess her for poor renal function, hypocalcemia, and GERD because if she
has any of these, she would not be able to take Fosamax.

7. What nonpharmacolocic interventions should you teach M.S. to prevent further bone loss?
I would recommend decreasing caffeine intake, stop smoking, strength training exercises, walking,
eat dark green leafy vegetables for calcium,

Assignment 2 Duloxetine Peer Response
Assignment Two Duloxetine Peer Response I thought you provided a thorough look on Cymbalta
and biblical background for the use of medications for depression. I found it interesting that
Cymbalta can be used for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Generalized Anxiety Disorder
(GAD), Fibromyalgia, Musculoskeletal pain, and Diabetic peripheral neuropathy. I would be
fascinated in exploring more about how Cymbalta helps with other disorders since it is listed
primarily as an antidepressant. I am wondering if the medication reduces their depressive emotions
about their diagnoses which then help with their pain. It appears, many of the studies you found
observed significant reduction in depressive symptoms with treatment for MDD and GAD. Li et al.

Write An Essay On Hemophilia
Hemophilia describes a group of sever congenital coagulation factor deficiencies. It is a lifelong
genetic disorder with a prevalence of 1:10,000 birth and that of the most severe form of the disease
to be approximately 6% per 1,00,000 Population (1). Depending on the activity of coagulant factor
VIII or IX in blood, hemophilia may be labeled as severe (<1% of normal), moderate (1–4%) or
mild (5–25%) (2) . hemophilia is characterized by recurrent haemarthroses inside the less muscular
padding joints as knees, elbows and ankles joints (3).
Because immature cartilage is even more susceptible to spontaneous bleeding, most of hemophilic
children experience repeated episodes of hemorrhage into their joints (4). Intra–articular bleeding of
synovial joints has a direct destructive effect on cartilage which triggers the joint degenerative
process (5) and impact on the total motor development of children and youngsters (6). Patients with
hemophilia often used to have a sedentary lifestyle because of repeated uncontrollable hemarthroses
with subsequent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Yet, to date and to our knowledge, there are no studies on balance improvement approaches for
children with hemophilia. In the past few years, it has been suggested that sensorimotor training
contribute to reflective activation of the deep postural muscles and challenge the sensorimotor
system to restore normal control of individual segments during dynamic tasks(17–19). Although
many therapists and clinicians reported successful treatment cases, the exact effect and validity of
sensorimotor interventions is still discussed with contradicted results (20–22). Therefore, this study
aimed to investigate the feasibility and efficacy of sensorimotor training on improving balance
performance and pain in children with

Musculoskeletal Disorders Essay
Prevention of musculoskeletal disorders in the workplace
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) involves muscles, nerves and tendons. Work–related MSDs
(including the neck, upper extremities and lower back) is one of the main causes of lost workday
injuries and illnesses. Workers in many different industries and occupations may be exposed to risk
factors at work, such as heavy lifting, bending, reaching overhead, pushing and pulling heavy loads,
working in awkward body postures and perform the same tasks repetitively. Exposure to known risk
factors for MSDs increases the risk of an employee from injury.
But work–related MSDs can be prevented. Ergonomic ––– ––– load of work to help reduce muscle
fatigue, increase productivity and reduce the number and severity of ... Show more content on
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Management should determine clear goals and objectives for ergonomic process, discuss with their
employees, allocate responsibilities assigned to staff and communicate clearly with labor.
Involving workers – ergonomic approach of participation, where employees are directly involved in
the evaluation of recurrent, solution development and implementation process is the essence of
successful ergonomics. Employees can:
Identify and provide important information about the hazards in their workplace.
Assist in the process by voicing concerns ergonomics and recommendations to reduce exposure to
their risk factors and assess the changes made as a result of ergonomic assessment.
Provide training – training is an essential element in the process of ergonomics. It ensures that
employees know about ergonomics and its benefits, be aware of ergonomic–related problems at
work, and understand the importance of early symptoms of MSDs report.
Identify the problem – an important step in the process of ergonomics is to identify and assess
ergonomic problems in the workplace before they lead to

Ehlers Dalos Syndrome Case Study
Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome (Hypermobility Type) Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome (Hypermobility Type) is
a genetic connective tissue disorder characterized by joint laxity, velvety skin, joint pain, and other
widespread complications of the body. It can be inherited from a parent with the same faulty gene,
or it can be a newly developed mutation. Connective tissue is infused with collagen protein that
provides strength and elasticity. It is spread abundantly throughout the human body in skin, muscles,
tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, and surrounding the internal organs. In the individual with EDS–
HT, abnormal collagen formation in the connective tissue causes the tissue to stretch beyond what is
normal, resulting in damage and other multi–systemic problems. Ehler–Danlos Syndrome is named
for Edward Ehlers and Henri–Alexandria Danlos, two physicians from the early 1900's. Both
published case studies with patients suffering from common features of joint laxity and skin hyper–
extensibility (Gazit et al 1–2). Considered a heritable connective tissue disorder, there is no known
cause and currently no genetic or biochemical testing available for EDS–HT. Currently, diagnosis by
the medical professional relies on the ruling out of Marfan Syndrome ... Show more content on
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Many patients are labeled as "psychosomatic" or told the symptoms they are reporting are "all in the
mind" (Clark and Knight 2). Patients are not believed nor taken seriously, possibly due to the
normal MRI's, unremarkable lab results, and immeasurable symptoms of the sufferer. Early
diagnosis and treatment could help prevent unnecessary long–term suffering and possible disability.
Due to the unrecognized nature of EDS, patients are often made to feel discredited and isolated, and
should be offered therapeutic support (Cohen and Markham

Musculoskeletal Disorder Case Study
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) affect the back, neck, shoulders and upper limbs, but can also
affect the lower limbs. They may result from more than one of these tissues. Causes Most work–
related MSDs develop over time. Normally they do not have a single cause: they are often caused by
a combination of several factors. Among the physical causes and risk factors related to work
organization include: Handling loads , especially when you rotate or bend your back; Repetitive
movements or that require an effort; Taking improper or static postures; Vibration, low light or work
in cold environments; Intense pace of work; Prolonged retention of the same standing position or
sitting. Symptoms Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) may grow in ... Show more content on
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Some of the drugs used to promote sleep include eszopiclone (Lunesta), zolpidem (Ambien), and
ramelteon (Rozerem). Other treatments may include: The injections with anesthetic medications or
anti–inflammatory or around the painful area. Physical or occupational therapy Exercise which
includes strengthening and stretching of muscle. Relaxation / biofeedback techniques Acupuncture
or acupressure Osteopathic manipulation (an entire system of evaluation and treatment designed to
achieve and maintain health by restoring the body's normal function) Chiropractic Therapeutic
massage Prevention Preventive measures are the best ways to help prevent musculoskeletal
disorders. These disorders are not common during adulthood, but the risk increases with age. This is
why it is essential to change your lifestyle habits now to avoid the potential pain later. Regular
strengthening exercises and stretching can help keep the bones, joints and muscles strong. Also be
careful in the manner in which you complete your daily tasks. Maintain a high posture to prevent
back pain and be careful when to pick up heavy

My Job Outlook Of Physical Therapy Field Essay
With the job outlook of the physical therapy field being expected to grow by 34 percent by 2024,
faster than the average occupation, the average annual wage at a whopping $84,020, paid sick and
vacation days and the flexible work environment, this seems like the perfect profession to enter.
Having a career in physical therapy can be very rewarding because a physical therapist gets to watch
as his or her patients improve every appointment through treatment. Unfortunately, this is not
always the case in this profession. There are many disadvantages, and knowing these will help
anyone interested in this field have a better understanding of how tough pursuing a career in this
field can be. Being a physical therapist can be a rewarding experience and have amazing benefits.
However, it is important to be aware of the disadvantages: the extreme amount of education,
physical demands, emotional demands and the continuation of education requirements. Physical
therapists are required to complete at least six years or higher of education before work begins. This
means that a master's degree or a bachelor's degree must be achieved. Only a few colleges or
universities offer master's programs, therefore a student must enter a doctoral program to attain this
profession. Acquiring a Doctor of Physical Therapy degree requires three years of education only
after receiving a bachelor's degree. Most students join residency programs that can last anywhere
from nine months to three years to

Chiropractors: A Major Leading Cause Of Migraines
Chiropractors are holistic health care professionals that focus on the musculoskeletal system, and
any mechanical disorders it may possess. Through manipulating the spine, doctors of chiropractic
perform 'adjustments' to relieve discomfort and treat patient ailments such as headaches or
migraines. Headaches and migraines are the second and third most common disorders worldwide
(Craig S. Moore, David W. Sibbritt and Jon Adam March 2017), which can have debilitating
impacts on work, school and daily activities. The cause of migraines is unknown; however it is
largely believed that disturbances to the cervical spine is a major leading cause. For years, many
people have been seeking chiropractic care to reduce the frequency of their headaches

Functional Disorder
A functional disorder is when there is a medical abnormality that is present in the human body but
may not appear altered in structure. The disorders can be contributed by psychological factors such
as stress and anxiety because the illness tends to not have a detectable biological cause. From the
understanding that I have gain about this type of disorder is that it seems to be more based on
symptoms experienced by the people it affects. High blood pressure is a disorder that happen for a
long duration of time where blood is forced against artery walls and strains on heart muscles. There
are usually not many symptoms associated with this condition and the causes can vary. The second
example of a functional disorder is Irritable bowel syndrome ... Show more content on
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In my review of chronic illnesses, there were many contributing factors associated with the causes
such as environmental, habits in diet, genetic predisposition and age. Asthma is a condition where
the airways are swollen and extra mucus is produced which makes it difficult to breath. People
would asthma may experience shortness of breath and chest pain. Inhalers can assist in the treatment
but there is no cure present. Another chronic illness is Type 2 Diabetes which affects how the body
processes glucose, whether it is resisting the hormone insulin, or unable to produce an efficient
amount. Symptoms associated with this type of diabetes includes frequent urination, fatigue and
vision that is blurred. There are medications to treat the illness, but the disease is lifelong.
Osteoporosis is an aging condition in which bones are weak. Linked with this disorder is loss of
height, stoop posture and back pain. There are medication used to assist with this condition as well
as healthy habits such as calcium intake and exercise. Coronary artery disease occurs when there is
plague build up in the arteries and leads to the decrease in blood circulation. Symptoms connected
to the disease include chest pain, heart attacks and shortness of breath. The final disease I read about
which a neurological disorder that triggers seizures is

Osteoporosis : A Secondary Aging Musculoskeletal Disorder...
Osteoporosis is a secondary aging musculoskeletal disorder that increases bone degeneration and
disruption of bone mineral development. A major challenge with treating osteoporosis lies in the
difficulty of diagnosing it in the early stages, because no symptoms appear until an actual
complication such as a bone fracture occurs. Thus, osteoporosis is known as a "silent disease"
(Cosman, 2014). During the childhood years, bones normally grow in size and strength until the
person's peak bone mass has been reached at approximately 20 years old. Around 40 to 50 years old,
men and women are affected by age related decline in bone mass (National Institute of Arthritis and
Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, n.d.). Women above 40 years old and of Chinese or Caucasian
ethnicity are of high risk for developing osteoporosis (Wilbiks lecture, 2014). Other risk
contributions to the condition include old age, female gender, small body size, low calcium and
vitamin D, decrease of estrogen, lack of exercise and genetics. A slender, thin–boned tall woman is
at greater risk for osteoporosis compared to a woman with a proportional amount of fat, bone and
height. To prevent the development osteoporosis, people who are at high risk should take
preventative measures, and this guide suggests three methods that have been supported by various
researchers: 1) Supplementing calcium into diet; 2) Changing lifestyle patterns; and 3) Quitting
smoking. All these preventative measures have been shown to

The Role Of Physical Disabilities In Vulnerable Populations
Vulnerable populations such as individuals with physical disabilities require more specific nursing
care, whether it is in a hospital setting or out in the community. According to the Physical Disability
Council of North West Sydney (2009), "physical disability pertains to total or partial loss of a
person's bodily functions (ex. walking, gross motor skills, bladder control etc.) and total or partial
loss of a part of the body (ex. an amputation)". John Hopkins University states, "physical disabilities
result from congenital conditions, accidents or progressive neuromuscular diseases" ("Physical
Disabilities"). Physical disabilities have varying degrees of severity; the same disability can affect
individuals in different ways. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
(2015), in the United States there are "35.2 million or 15% of adults with a physical functioning
difficulty". Having a physical disability is not a lifelong debilitating sentence for all; many people
with physical disabilities have jobs, families and lead a fulfilling life ("What is Physical
Disability?").
Physical disabilities can be broken down into two categories, musculoskeletal and neuromuscular
disabilities. According to the Handicaps Welfare Association (2012), musculoskeletal disability is
defined as, " the inability to carry out distinctive activities associated with movements of the body
parts due to muscular or bony deformities, diseases, or degeneration and includes:

Musculoskeletal Disorders: Yoga Therapy Analysis
Many patients with OA opt complementary treatments (e.g., massage, relaxation techniques) in an
effort to manage OA– related symptoms. This could be because of limited symptom relief from
conventional therapies, as well as a belief that complementary treatments are free from adverse
effects. However, the efficacy and safety of these interventions are not defined well. (Shengelia,
Parker, Ballin, & Reid, 2014). Use of CAM modalities for chronic musculoskeletal disorders, such
as OA, is primarily to alleviate associated discomfort and disability, and approximately 50%of
patients with chronic musculoskeletal disorders reported using CAM modalities.(Chyu et al., 2011)
Yoga Therapy Yoga is an ancient science and way of life which explains about

Musculoskeletal Disorders Case Study
DOI: 8/26/2015. Patient is a 51–year–old female custodian who sustained injury to multiple body
parts when she fell backwards at the entrance of an elevator as her toe caught on the edge of the
entrance while taking the trash out to the dumpster.
As per OMNI entry, she was initially diagnosed with musculoskeletal back pain.
MRI of the lumbar spine done on 6/20/16 revealed minimal spondylosis and facet disease with
small L5–S1 central protrusion and annular fissure.
Per the PT daily note dated 06/22/16, the patient has attended 11 visits.
Based on the progress report dated 11/10/16, the patient states that he is feeling slightly better in the
lower back area. Pain and discomfort in her lower back is rated as 9/10. She reports constant low

Literature Review: The Notion Of Ergonomics
Literature Review
The literature review covers a wide range of theories, frameworks, models, parts of research articles,
and opinions to support the findings and analysis in the fourth chapter. Literature reviews are
important for the analysis purpose in order to explain the phenomenon under research as different
researchers have different opinions, some opinion are outdated whereas some are still applicable in
today's date.
2.1 The Notion of Ergonomics
Ergonomics is a science concern with the fit between people and their work. It puts people first
taking account of their capabilities and limitations. It aims to make sure that task, equipment,
information and the environment suit each worker in the organization.
Ergonomics is the study of their work in relation to the environment in which it is performed, i.e.
the workplace and those who perform it, i.e. workers. It is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This was done by filling a questionnaire through participants. As results it was seen that workers
working on computers were at risks of having musculoskeletal disorders than workers who were
involved in editing. (Anon., 2003)
Another research was done by (Michele Marcys PhD, 1996) where he studied the relationship
between musculoskeletal disorderd and video display terminal and also occupational psychosocial
stress among women office workers using a self administered questionnaire. He demonstrated that
non users who used to previously work on computers experienced only upper limb musculoskeletal
disorders whereas employees who do not work on computers are less prone to these symptoms. He
then suggested that employees should reduce the usage of the visual display

The Development Of Musculoskeletal Disorders Essay
As people age, they begin to see changes in their body. One major problem that elderly people begin
to have is the development of musculoskeletal disorders. These disorders are extremely common
and the risk of developing one increases as a person ages. Musculoskeletal disorders consist of
minor disabilities. They include a variety of conditions that affect the muscles, bones, and joints. As
people age, they begin to have fragile bones, less cartilage resilience, a decreased amount of
ligament elasticity, loss of muscular strength, as well as fat redistribution that all decrease the ability
of tissues and make it more difficult to preform their normal functions (Gheno). Arthritis and
osteoporosis are the most common skeletal problems that occur in the elderly population (Ferrini).
Two major types of arthritis that occur in the elderly population are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid
arthritis. These disorders can have a large affect on the quality of life that elderly people experience.
By the year 2050, the amount of elderly people will be tripled in size (Fejer). Because of this, there
will be a large in increase in the incidence of musculoskeletal disorders among the elderly
population. Musculoskeletal pain is very common among the elderly population and it affects every
second or third elderly person. The severity of the musculoskeletal pain can vary and therefore so
does the level of pain that one can experience. Between men and women, women are more reporting

Commonness In Musculoskeletal Disorders
Purpose of Research and Subjects Musculoskeletal disorders are very common throughout the
population. The research into the commonness in musculoskeletal disorders in the shoulder isn't
correct due to the lack of uniformity and gold standard measurement. This study focuses on the
commonness of musculoskeletal disorders of the shoulder in women. They assess the differences in
the commonness of injuries using three different measuring tools.
The subjects for this study were working aged women, 20 to 55 years of age. These women were
not exposed to heavy or repetitive work. They could not be a part of the study if they had been
diagnosed with major pathologies or trauma to the shoulder previously. The subjects were
volunteers. The volunteers were found at supermarkets located in the same area. 302 women were
enrolled in this cross sectional study.
Methods ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first was a questionnaire for symptoms, disability, and the SF36 health survey. The second
assessment was performed by a blinded orthopaedic specialist and third an ultrasound and MRI of
the shoulder. In the first stage the subjects took a Nordic– style questionnaire that focused on pain in
the upper limb. The second stage was performed by an experienced orthopaedic specialist. The
specialist assessed both shoulders by determining the range of motion and pull force at a 90 degrees
of abduction in the scapular plane. A constant score was calculated for both shoulders. If the
constant score was below normal female values, their shoulder was considered abnormal. Third a
blinded musculoskeletal radiologist performed an ultrasonography of both shoulders in all subjects.
If they had an inconclusive finding they completed the assessment with an MRI. The subjects were
not allowed to report any pain they were having during the

Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Case Study
My friend and I both suffered from anterior pelvic tilt disorder, I fill like we both suffered from this
because we spent so much time sitting. We had a forward tilt pelvis, Sway back which is a increased
lower back curve that lead to tight hip flexes, weak glutes, weak abdominal muscles, and poor
compensation patterns. This would also keep your gluts and hamstrings from firing like they should.
Excessive APT would increase risk of lower back pain, knee pain, and injuries including other
musculoskeletal disorders. Females primarily suffer from excessive APT from having a sedentary
lifestyle, main cause include performing a task for a long period of time while having poor posture
which result in increased tension around the lower back, and also

Musculoskeletal Disorders In Dentist
This article in the Journal of American Dental Association is a four–month randomized controlled
trial conducted by the authors to understand the relationship and impact of the curette handle
diameter and weight during scaling, root planing, or dental prophylaxis procedures among dental
hygienists and dentist by measuring wrist, hand, elbow, forearm and shoulder pain. The article is
useful because it addresses our PICO question of why the concept of ergonomics in instrument
design (e.g. lightweight instruments) is an important factor in reducing the risk of developing
musculoskeletal disorders. 16. Sanders MA, Turcotte CM. Strategies to Reduce Work–Related
Musculoskeletal Disorders in Dental Hygienists: Two Case Studies. 2002 [cited 17 Oct ... Show
This study discusses how posture and workstation setup are related to risk factors for
musculoskeletal disease; the recommendations provided include using magnifying glasses, proper
positioning, stretching activities, etc. This study is useful for our research because it introduces
ergonomic modifications, such as biomechanical and organizational factors, to minimize the
potential for developing musculoskeletal disorders. 17. Simmer–Beck M, Bray KK, Branson B,
Glaros A, Weeks J. Comparison of Muscle Activity Associated with Structural Differences in Dental
Hygiene Mirrors. J Dent Hyg [Internet]. 2006 Jan [cited 2017 Oct 21];80(1): 8–8. Available from:
http://jdh.adha.org/content/80/1/8.full.pdf With a sample of nineteen dental hygiene students, four
muscles were observed by researchers to test whether the diameter, weight, or the combined effect
of diameter and weight of dental mirror handles will produce a difference in muscle activity during
simulated dental hygiene procedures. The data is relevant to our research topic in that they are able
to support the hypothesis that adjustments in weight, diameter, and padding of the instrument does
impact muscle activity and further research would open up more opportunities to reduce work
related musculoskeletal disorders in the dental hygiene

Temporomandibular Asymmetry
The relevance of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) to malocclusion become a hot issue in
recent years. TMDs is a collective complex term for a group of musculoskeletal and neuromuscular
conditions which includes several clinical signs and symptoms involving the muscles of
mastications, temporomandibular joint, and associated structures (Manfredini et al., 2010; Ferreira
et al., 2013). The displacement of mandible can influence the modeling process of the TMJ, leading
to asymmetry. Eventhough a small amount of asymmetry in the maxillofacial region is common,
there is a critical threshold distance that is considered as asymmetric (Masuoka et al., 2007; Chu et
al., 2011; Almasan et al., 2103; Kang., 2015). At the same time many authors have shown ... Show
The impact for the quality of life because functional problems that related to the role of
temporomandibular joint is in the stomatognatic system and also effect the facial appearance, such
as facial asymmetry (Serzgin et al., 2007; Khan et al., 2013). In daily practice, posteroanterior
cephalogram is used widely in detection of asymmetry mandible that involved skeletal and
dentoalveolar component (Pharaoh., 2014) Investigating the connection between morphologically
anatomy landmark with sign and symptom of TMDs, has been an interesting question than debating
about malocclusion causes TMDs or vice versa. Recent study reported that sign and symptom of
TMD as main risk factor in the occurance of mandibulofacial asymmetry (Purbiati et al., 2016).
Asymmetry in mandibular usually result in a shift of the chin and 70% of patients with facial
asymmetry and chin deviation presented structural and displacement asymmetry, while only 10%
showed pure displacement asymmetry and facial askeletal asymmetry was reported exists in patients
with chin deviation (Schmid et al., 1991; Hwai et al.,

Musculoskeletal Disorders Assignment
Introduction
I am making an assignment on the musculoskeletal disorder to my employers from sport and Fitness
Company. So, I will explain how to prevent this disorder and what harm employers have due to
musculoskeletal disorders. I will evaluate and describe the treatment of this disorder and how to
treat with this disorder.
Functional role of the musculoskeletal system
Musculoskeletal system consists of all the major bones of the skeleton, muscles, ligaments and
tendons and joints, which works together to protect and support the internal structures and organs
and weight of the body, and body movement, and stability. The human skeletal system has 206
bones. So, using musculoskeletal system relates with those bones every time when we sit, stand,
walk, run, jump and talk. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The immune system normally makes antibodies for attacking bacteria and viruses which help to
fight infections. In rheumatoid arthritis, the immune system mistakenly sends antibodies to the
lining of the joints which attacks the tissue surrounding the joint causes inflammation. Inflammation
in rheumatoid arthritis is a long–term condition. So, this thin layer of cells covering your joints to
become sore and swollen, releasing chemicals that damage bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
This condition should be treated quickly if not, these chemicals will lose shape and position and it
can destroy the joints completely. The risk of developing more rheumatoid arthritis by smoking,
eating lots of red meat and drinking lots coffee etc. Even the genes that you inherit from your
parents can have the risk developing rheumatoid arthritis.
Rheumatoid arthritis disease people have a greater chance of having a heart attack and strokes. But
this disease can be controlled by giving medicines. Smoking can increase the risk as well so it's a
good idea to stop

Pros And Cons Of Robots
Robots are becoming more and more advanced. As employers implement more automation, it is
likely that many will lose their jobs to a robot. Robots have already been employed in many
industries successfully especially in manufacturing. This automation improves the productivity in
manufacturing and in effect, reduces the costs to make products. Manufacturing jobs now populated
by people have many Musculoskeletal disease risk factors. With the application of robots, workers
will not have to put themselves at risk for personal injury caused by MSD's. Research shows that
repetitive work can cause musculoskeletal diseases in humans, but fortunately, robots are starting to
acquire the tedious, manual labor jobs that enhance these diseases more; therefore, robots are seen
as an ethical improvement to job safety and wellness. Musculoskeletal diseases are the leading
cause of disability in the United States. MSD's are diseases–that affect the muscles, bones, and any
connecting tissue–, and they cause chronic pains and mobility issues. In the workforce, there are
MSD risk factors that contribute to the onset or advancement of MSD's. They include heavy lifting,
rapidly and or repeatedly doing the same tasks, awkward positions, vibrations, bodily impacts, etc.
[1]. There are many occupations that put workers at risk for MSD's–especially labor intensive jobs.
The pain and immobility that can be caused by MSD's lower the quality of life of occupants and
cause reduced productivity. When an

Thesis Statement Of Ergonomics
PREVENTING MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS AMONG SEWING MACHINE
OPERATORS IN THE PHIL. NURIAN GARMENT INC.:
BASIS FOR DEVELOPING AN ERGONOMICALLY
DESIGNED SEWING WORKSTATION
A Thesis presented to the
College of Engineering and Computer Studies
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering
Cortez, Gino Nigel G.
Danao, John Deryl J.
Torres, Paul Adrian V.
May 2016
Introduction
Ergonomics, also known as the study of the design of work in relation to the physiological and
psychological capabilities of people, plays a large part in preventing musculoskeletal disorders
(MSDs). For the most part, MSDs are induced slowly over a significant period of time due to
deficiencies in how ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Percentage Formula
Is used to determine the percentage of the respondents based on their answers. The frequency also
presented the actual response of the respondents to a specific question or item in the questionnaire.
The formula used was:
Percentage formula (%) = (F/N) x 100
Where:
% = Percentage Formula N = No. of Respondents
F = Frequency
2. Weighted mean
The researchers used the weighted mean to assess the level of physical discomfort of the sewing
operator experienced. The formula for weighted mean was:

Xw = ∑fx / N
Where:
Xw = weighted mean
∑fx = the sum of all the products of f and x
N = total number of respondents
3. Pearson Chi Square
A Chi square is designed to analyze categorical data. That means that the data has been counted and
divided into categories. It will work with parametric or continuous data. For Example, if you want
to test whether attending class influences how students perform on an exam, using test scores from
(0–100) as data would not be appropriate for a Chi–square test. However, arranging students into the
categories "Pass" and "Fail" would. Additionally, the data in a Chi–square grid should not be in the
form of percentages, or anything other than frequency (Count)

Musculoskeletal Disorder Research Paper
''Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs)'' covers a broad spectrum of inflammatory and degenerative
conditions affecting the muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, peripheral nerves, and supporting blood
vessels.1,2 The symptoms of MSDs includes pain, numbness, tingling, aching, stiffness, or
burning.3 Most common body regions affected with MSDs are the low back, neck, shoulder,
forearm, and hand.1 The risk factors associated with MSDs includes forceful exertions, repetitive
movements, awkward and/or sustained postures like prolonged sitting and standing.2 Globally,
MSDs is one of the most common work related illness and causing significant economic burden in
terms of lost wages, treatment and compensation and also responsible for considerable impact on
quality of life.4,5 MSDs increases sickness absenteeism and early retirement resulting in poor
productivity at work.6,7 According to Great Britain Labour Force Survey (2016), Work related
Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs) constitute 41% of the total work related illnesses and is
accounted for 34% of absenteeism due to work related illnesses.8 ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They have become an electronic device of almost every day use for individuals of every age. There
is steady increase in the computer penetration among residents of Saudi Arabia in the past three
years from 43% in 2007 to 53% in 2009.9 Inappropriate use of computer, increase the risk of health
problems. Working for prolonged period in an ergonomically deficient work place can lead to
MSDs. Improper workstation design and faulty posture are risk factors related to computer use.
Extended period of static sitting postures causes decreased circulation, stiffness and pain in the
joints. Prolonged duration of continuous work increases the risk of MSDs, which may result in
long–term

The Rise Of Musculoskeletal Disorders
The increase of sedentary leisure and work related activities has also brought the rise of
musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and now account for 31% of non–fatal work related injuries
making them the most common (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2016). Therefore, it is highly
advantageous to employers to suggest ways of reducing symptoms to theoretically reduce costs
associated with MSDs in the workplace (sick leave, medical costs, etc.). Work related MSDs are
caused by complex combination of factors that can extend from beyond the workplace and cause
pain and discomfort of muscles, tendons, joints, and nerves (Rodrick, Karwowski, & Marras, 2012).
As a result, finding a single root cause of a MSD is nearly impossible. Due to the difficulty in ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Despite classification as "strong" studies, by previous systematic analyses, each study was again
reviewed for validity and reliability for inclusion. All studies must meet the following requirements:
random controlled trials, replicable studies, are not confounded with additional simultaneous
interventions, utilize resistance exercises targeted to the neck/shoulder area, are workplace related,
and including participants that had been experiencing pain related to the neck/shoulder prior to the
intervention. Types of exercises being performed Of the RCTs with significant data, the majority of
interventions slowly increased the level of resistance as the intervention progressed (Andersen, et
al., 2012; Caputo, Bari, & Orellana, 2017; Jay, et al., 2011). However, one intervention tested two
groups against one other where one underwent progressive change and the other remained at a fixed
level of resistance and despite finding a significant decrease in pain symptoms overall did not find a
significant difference between the two groups (Li, et al., 2017). This suggests that it is not critical to
increase difficulty during the intervention, to achieve relief from neck/shoulder pain. A few of the
RCTs were also measuring increases in strength, wherein an increase in resistance may be necessary
to continually build strength, but it is not necessary for pain relief. It may also potentially put
individuals at risk of more

Cerebral Palsy And How Does It Affect The Oral Cavity?
Cerebral Palsy is a broad term used to describe a group of chronic "palsies", which are disorders that
impair control of movement due to damage during the time the brain is developing
(WebMD, 2015). Cerebral Palsy usually develops by age 2 or 3 and is a non–progressive brain
disorder. The symptoms due to the brain damage often change over time, sometimes for the better
and sometimes for the worse (WebMD, 2015). Cerebral Palsy is characterized by the location and
the type of movement problems, but what are the signs and symptoms of Cerebral
Palsy and how does it affect the oral cavity?
There are about 10,000 infants that are diagnosed with Cerebral Palsy and up to 1,500 preschoolers
in the United States are recognized as having it each year. The United Cerebral
Palsy Association estimates that more than 764,00 Americans have Cerebral Palsy (WebMD,
2015). Cerebral Palsy has many different forms which are classified by the type and location of
movement problems. The most common type of Cerebral Palsy is spastic, which is caused by
damage to the brain's motor cortex and features stiff, exaggerated movements ("Cerebral Palsy –
Learn Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment," 2016). The other three types of Cerebral Palsy are each
found in about 10% of cases. Athetoid/dyskinetic is caused by injury to the brain's basal ganglia,
which controls balance and coordination ("Cerebral Palsy – Learn Causes, Diagnosis and
Treatment," 2016). Ataxic Cerebral Palsy is lack of coordination and balance

Preventing Musculoskeletal Disorders In The Workplace
The Seriousness of MSD Occupational health hazards are conditions in a workplace environment
that pose a threat to the physical or mental health of an employee working there. Unfortunately,
occupational health hazards are very common, however, providentially; many organizations have
been established in order to prevent these tragedies from occurring. One of these great organizations
is the Worker's Health and Safety Centre; Ontario's designated health and safety training center. In
recent times, WHSC has taken specific initiative on taking action to prevent the occupation
ergonomic hazard, causing musculoskeletal disorder. Due to the fact that Musculoskeletal Disorders
may cause employees to suffer from uncomfortable pains to developing critical disabilities, it is
extremely important for employers to ensure that they eliminate any hazards in the working
environments, and train their employees. An ergonomic hazard in the workplace can occur when a
worker repeats the same movement, or engages in stationary/ uncomfortable positions over an
extended period of time. The reason why employers must take such an initiative to prevent their
employees from developing a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Preventing Musculoskeletal Disorders can often be as simple as physically removing the hazard
from the environment in which the employee is exposed to, or making a simple change! For
example, in an office setting, correcting an employee's posture when sitting at a computer can
prevent them from developing muscular exhaustion in their lower back, shoulders and neck.
Employers must ensure that their employees are able to recognize the signs/symptoms in order to
seek treatment before developing a worse condition. The employees must also be able to identify
any MSD hazards in their environment, and above all, be knowledgeable about the information on
the equipment they are working with, so that they may request for adjustments to protect their health
and

Safety Performance Case Study
Safety performance are assessed by the risk factors conducted all throughout the construction
industry. One of those factors are musculoskeletal disorders and injuries and how it affects
production by the loss of time and limited work time. There are numerous programs that can be
beneficial and have a "return on investment" impact and minimize musculoskeletal disorders and
injury within the construction industry. A study by Dr. Sang. D. Choi, Dr. Sathy Rajendran, and
Kwangseog Ahn have concluded work–related musculoskeletal disorder (WMSDs) and injuries can
be reduced by implementing a stretch–and–flex (SF) program. Their study incorporated data
gathered through survey questionnaires from three piloted occupational safety and health ... Show
The third section consisted of information received on general injury/illness within the firms.
Examples of these included, most frequent types of injury/illness within the line of work, most
severe monetary injury/illness within in the line of work, prioritize based on frequency of
injury/illness, and the frequency employees most likely to be injured/illness. The fourth section
included the safety performances from the past three years pre–and–post SF programs. This
information was measured primarily from the WMSD rates (WR), OSHA–recordable incident rate
(TRIR), and lost–time case incident rate (LTCR). Moreover, the WMSDs included injuries such as
muscles, tendons, joints, and nerves, which ultimately resulted in the loss of man–hours calculated
for the number of WMSDs per 100 workers per 200,000 hours. Accordingly, TRIRs are described as
a result of exposure or event at work that require certain medical treatment beyond first aid. As with
LTCRs, they are incidents that result from exposures causing employees to be away from work.
Together these rates are often calculated in the same manner as WR.
In 2016, statistics from the Bureau of Labor reports WMSDs account for one–third of all worker
injury and illness cases combined associated by heavy lifting, bending,

Osteoporosis: Musculoskeletal Disorder
Osteoporosis is referred to as the decrease in bone density and mass over time. The interior bones
become progressively weaker and can cause a stooped posture. This makes the individual more
susceptible to bone fractures. Osteopenia regards a condition where the bone material density is
considered lower than normal. This is usually a precursor to the musculoskeletal disorder, known as
osteoporosis. The term 'osteoporosis' means 'porous bones'. In this case, bone is a living tissue that
is continuously being broken down and replaced. Thus, osteoporosis happens when the creation of
bone does not keep up with the removal of the old bone. In this disorder, the bones are diminished
and deteriorated in structure. This condition is typically prevalent in older women due to an estrogen
deficiency with menopause. The lack of estrogen increases bone resorption and decreases bone
deposition. In addition, osteoporosis can occur with atrophy, which is caused by disuse.
Additionally, osteoporosis can occur in men due to the aging process as well as patients who have
received corticosteroids, which are hormones used to treat inflammatory conditions. It's indicated
that osteoporosis does not have any overt/apparent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Treatment can vary based on an individual's risk of breaking their bones, as indicated by a bone
density test. If the patient's risk is not high, treatment can focus more on risk factors for bone loss
and falls. Those who have a high risk of bone fractures can be prescribed medications, such as
Alendronate, Risedronate, and Ibandronate. There are also alternative medications that an individual
can implement. For instance, soy protein can aid the bone tissue, similar to how estrogen acts. A
treatment method specifically for women is estrogen therapy, which helps to maintain bone density.
A treatment method for men regards testosterone replacement therapy, which improves the low
amount of

Prevention Of Across With Common Health Concerns
Program: Promotion of stretching in cubicles to decrease health concerns
Target Audience: Employees
Company: Caption–Call, Sorensen 's Company
Recent studies have shown a linkage between long periods of sitting down with common health
status. These health concerns consist of; obesity, metabolic syndrome, increased blood pressure,
high blood sugar, abnormal cholesterol levels, cardiovascular disease, mental health, and work–
related Musculoskeletal Disorder disease. All of mentioned can lead to and increase the risk of
death. According to the World Health Organization, in 2012 the leading cause of death was
cardiovascular disease. In 2014, more than 1.9 billion adults, were overweight and over 600 million
were obese (WHO, 2015), and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Employee 's should be encouraged to report and participate in the program provide for their benefit.
During a team meeting the following should be discussed; health concerns, prevention methods, and
legal documentation of the knowledge provide for future reference so the company is protected by
legal records.
Furthermore, the resolution to this dilemma simple; stretching is a form of physical exercise in
which specific muscle groups is deliberately flexed or stretched to improve muscle elasticity and to
achieve comfortable muscle tone (Dictionary, 2015). If Employer 's provide employees with light
stretches which they can perform at their cubicles when off calls risks of health concerns will
decrease within time. Here are some of the benefits from stretching.
Benefits of Stretching:
Stretching increases blood supply and nutrients to joint structures/soft tissues.
Stretching reduces fatigue.
Stretching improves muscle coordination.
Stretching increases joint synovial fluid which reduces joint degeneration.
Stretching realigns soft tissue structures, which help maintain good posture in activities of daily
living.
(Ergonomics Plus, 2015)
Risk Factors:
Employee 's Health.
Company Ethics if risk factors are known and the solution is not provided.
Legal prosecution.
Lack of efficacy and accuracy on calls because of health concerns (back pain, head–aches, carpal

What Is The Positive Effects Of Unemployment?
The subjective well–being of couples in a relationship tend to be similar and most of the time
influence each other's well–being. The effects of unemployment then on the individual can also
affect the person's partner because they are connected to each other and their life circumstances are
intertwined. Furthermore, there is some sort of emotional contagion where the stress felt by one
partner is experienced by the other, and the same can be said towards their responses to depression,
life satisfaction and happiness. (Luhmann, Weiss, Hosoya, & Eid, 2014, pp. 163–164) There is a
drop in life satisfaction between partners from the job loss of a partner. The effects, however, are
more pronounced in a relationship where only one partner was employed compared to that in a
relationship where both partners were employed. This is because there is not much change in the
routine of the partner who is still working because he or she still has to go to work than that of the
partner who stays at home and finds a new routine of having his or her partner at all times.
Unemployment causes anxieties and concerns over employment protection and financial security.
And although both partners feel the effects of unemployment, the one who lost the job feels an even
deeper and stronger impact ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For one thing, the unemployed family member finds more time at home with the family rather than
outside for personal development opportunities. This results in a significant satisfaction level from
being able to play a part in the lives of their family members particularly that of their children.
(Jolley, Newman, Ziersch & Baum, 2011, p. 427) Even with welfare and health insurance support,
the time that the unemployed family member found to spend with family is a great opportunity to
enrich their relationships thereby producing a functional and efficient family unit in the community.
(Jolley, Newman, Ziersch & Baum, 2011, p.

Imaging Of Musculoskeletal Disorders And The Early 1900 's...
Imaging of musculoskeletal disorders began in the early 1900's with the invention and utilization of
radiography and fluoroscopic equipment (McKinnis, 2014). Evolutions in imaging now allow for
clearer digital recorded images of fluoroscopy, radiographs, computed tomography (CT), and
magnetic resonance imaging (McKinnis, 2014). From the beginning, imaging has not been an
isolated or sole diagnostic tool. The clinician's expertise in the evaluation process, the
comprehensive evaluation and assessment of the patient, documented and reported patient history,
associated signs and symptoms, and the additional medical test results along with red flags must be
taken into account when considering referral for imaging (Dutton, 2012; McKinnis, 2014). There
are several clinical prediction rules and guidelines, which have been created to assist health care
providers in managing the utilization and prevention of inappropriate imaging (Dutton, 2012; Gan,
Harkey, Hemingway, Hughes, & Duszak, 2016; Gidwani et al., 2016; McKinnis, 2014). Based on
the aforementioned information, not all spinal patients will require or should receive spinal imaging.
MRIs and other forms of imaging can produce false negatives, false positives, and reader
interpretation and assessment errors, therefore the results of a MRI or any other form of imaging
should not be the sole reason for any diagnosis or intervention (Dutton, 2012; Fu et al., 2016; Gan,
Harkey, Hemingway, Hughes, & Duszak, 2016; Gidwani et

Orthopedic And Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Case Study
1. There are three categories of physical disabilities they are: neuromotor impairments, orthopedic
and musculoskeletal disorders, and other condition that affect health or physical ability. Each
conditions is different from each other, neuromotor impairments involve damage to the brain before,
during, or soon after birth or damage to the spinal cord; an example of this condition is cerebral
palsy. Orthopedic and musculoskeletal disorders affect the movement of muscles, bones, and joints;
this makes it hard to sit, stand, walk, and have usage of their hands. The two most common
orthopedic and musculoskeletal disorders are muscular dystrophy and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
The out textbook, Hallahan states, "The problems may be congenital

Musculoskeletal Disorders
Introduction:
The musculoskeletal system is comprised of the bones, joints, muscle, tendons, ligaments and burse
of the body. The major function of this system are to support and protect the body and foster
movement of the extremities. Musculoskeletal disorder and injuries directly affect the quality of life
of individuals and are causes of disability in the United States (BUNNER&SUDDART'S, 2014)
Nursing work have highly dependence on musculoskeletal system to deliver high–quality health
care to patients which involves heavy manual lifting associated with transferring and repositioning
patient and assisting patients during gait activities. Furthermore, nurses work in the same positions
for extended periods of time are constantly Standing, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of the researchers confirmed that the part of the body that usually affected ( neck, low back,)
by many risk factors due to their job E.g. working for more than 10 hours in one shift, patient need
to change hisher position every 2 hours, some nursing procedure required long time standing,
transferring the patient from bed to chair. There are a few studies about this issue in Saudi Arabia so
maybe our study will help in fill this gap and raise awareness of that

Lumbar Case Studies
SSDI and Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Lumbar spinal stenosis is what occurs when the nerves in the
lumbar area of the spine (the lower back) are pinched. Sciatica, which is the common term for pain
in the legs due to a compressed nerve, can be caused by lumbar stenosis. It is mostly caused by
degeneration of the facet joints, or the joints between vertebrae, in the lumbar area, which expand
and press against the spine and "choke" it, hence the term stenosis, which comes from the Greek
word for choking. The condition occurs mostly in older people, as aging is the most common risk
factor for degeneration of facet joints. However, younger people with other spinal conditions may
also be at risk for developing lumbar stenosis. Symptoms of lumbar ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The exercises will be catered toward your specific pain areas so that your comfort is maximized.
You can also take OTC or prescription painkillers in addition to taking part in these exercises, or
your doctor may recommend epidural steroid injections. Furthermore, if you experience little to no
relief from your symptoms, there are also surgical options for lumbar spinal stenosis. Based on the
qualifications for SSDI, if you and your doctor are considering surgery, you likely have such
restricted movement that you would be considered disabled. Luckily, the laminectomy, one of the
more common surgeries for lumbar stenosis, has a high success rate in improving functioning. The
above mentioned hospitals can also administer all of these treatments – use their websites to find a
treatment center near

Musculoskeletal Disorders In Higher Education
The personal computer revolution has drasticallyaltered work system in offices and universities.
This multi–computing device has now become an inevitable part of any VDT workstation. The ever
growing use of computer workstations in universities is fourfold – (1)instructional (2) administrative
(3) research and (4) study purpose.
In universities, computers are being used for preparing lectures, presenting to the class, accessing
and analyzing numerous data available online, maintaining database of students, employees and
professors, making communication in the form of e–mails or chat, browsing the Internet for
necessary information and to introduce oneself with the reality and veracity of the global job market
to have the competitive edge over ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Annual report on WMSD by United States Department of Labor in 2014 revealed that WMSD
incidents cost about $20 billion in the year 2013 as direct cost and five times to that amount as
indirect cost (OSHA, 2014). All these statistics are alarming and signifies the necessity of
assessment of design of computer workstations and the work postures of users to draw out the root–
causes of growing number of cases of WMSDs.It has become a priority to prevent work–related
musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) in many countries (da Costa and Vieira,

Types Of Hazards While Performing Routine Professional...
Dentists are exposed to many types of hazards while performing routine professional duties, for
37 example, exposure to chemicals like mercury and acids, the risk of infection transmission and
38 needle stick injuries, musculoskeletal diseases because of long static positions and repetitive
precise movement.1 39 All the above are categorized as occupational hazards that cannot be
40 avoided. But some of them can be minimized or their ill effects delayed by using preventive
41 procedures. Musculoskeletal diseases (MSD) are the foremost in this category. The term
42 musculoskeletal disorders denote health problems of the locomotor apparatus, i.e. of muscles,
tendons, the skeleton, cartilages, ligaments and nerves.2 43 Musculoskeletal pain is defined as
discomfort stemming from the muscle, ligament, tendon and bones.3 44 Work–related
45 musculoskeletal disorders are known to be the leading cause of temporary work disability second
only to common cold.4 46 Musculoskeletal diseases can not only impact the physical health of the
dentist but also have a profound psychological and economic impact5 47 if they are severe enough
to prevent the dentist from discharging their duties.6,7 48
49 The prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders in health care professionals is higher than the
50 general population. Bihari et. al. in 2011 reported the prevalence of 25.9% in the general
population of the national capital region of India8 51 while Yasobant et. al. in 2014 reported a
52 prevalence of

Musculoskeletal Disorders Explained

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