Project presentation of engineering subject

1. Project Presentation
Project title
Population Dynamics
Subject
Engineering Ethics( HU-416)
Submitted to
Mam Ayla Safdar
Group members:
Kamran Ali bacha (uw-17-ee-bsc-024)
Syed Umar Huraira( UW-17-EE-BSC-019)
Hamza Ahmad(uw-17-ee-bsc-039)

2. Q- What is Population?
• A population is defined as a group of organisms of the same species.
• Inhabit a defined geographic area at the same time.
• Influenced by the same environmental factors.
• It generally relay on same source.

3. Characteristics of Population:
• Population Density- refers to the number of individuals that inhabit a
certain unit of land or water area.
• E g: Number of squirrels in a particular forest.
• Population Dispersion – refers to how individuals are spaced within a
region.
• 3 main ways:
• ▪ Random- position of each individual is not influenced by other members
of their population- rare- E g: plants in a field.
• Clumping- individuals “flock” together- most common- E g: Fish school to
avoid predation.
• Uniform- members are uniformly spaced-on.
• E g: Trees in a forest- often results from competition for resources.

4. Population Growth
• Biotic Potential- the amount a population would grow if there were
unlimited resources- not a practical model because organisms are
limited in nature by amount of food, space, light, air water, etc.. The
intrinsic rate of increase (r) is the rate at which a population would
grow if it had unlimited resources.
. No population can increase its size indefinitely.
.Carrying Capacity (K)- defined as the
maximum population size that can be supported
by the available resources of the region.
E g: Bacteria vs. Zebras

5. Population Growth:

6. Population Growth:
• A: Represents the biotic potential of the species.
• B: Shows how the population overshoots the carrying capacity.
• C: Represents the logistic growth.
• D: Represents linear growth.
• E: Carrying capacity- the maximum number of individuals that can
• be supported by a particular ecosystem.

7. Population Growth- Stretching
Carrying Capacity
• Adapt: Over time species may increase their carrying capacity by
developing adaptations.
• Move: Some species maintain their carrying capacity by migrating to
other areas.
• Switch Habits: So far, technological, social, and other cultural changes
have extended the earth’s carrying capacity for human.

8. Factors Influencing Population
Growth
• Density Dependent Factors- factors that are a result of the population size
1) Birth and Death rates
2) Increased predation
3) Competition for food, space or water
4) Disease
5) Build-up of toxic materials
(biomagnification)

9. Factors Influencing Population
Growth
• Density Independent Factors- factors that limit population size
regardless of that limit population size regardless of the number of
individuals.
• 1) Fires
• 2) Storms
• 3) Volcanic Activity
• 4) Floods
• 5) Earthquakes

10. Human Populations
• Demography-The study of human populations, their characteristics and
changes.
• How do population numbers change?
• ➢ Emigration- movement of people out
• of a country
• ➢ Immigration- movement of people into
• a country
• ➢ Birth rate
• ➢ Death rate

11. Population Age Structure
• A population’s growth is dependent upon the number of people In
young, middle, and older age groups.
• # of people younger than age 15 = the major factor determining a
country’s population growth.
• 32% of the people in developing countries were under 15 years old in
2006 versus only 17% in developed countries.

12. The Demographic Transitional Model
• Used to predict population trends based on birth and death rates.
• 4 states populations transition between:
• 1) Pre-Industrial State
• 2) Transitional State
• 3) Industrial State
• 4) Post-Industrial State

13. The Demographic Transitional Model
• Pre- Industrial State
• ⚫ Slow rate of growth
• ⚫ High death rate
• ⚫ High birth rate
• ⚫ Harsh living conditions (environmental
• resistance)

14. The Demographic Transitional Model
• Transitional State
• ⚫ Birth rate is high
• ⚫ Better food, water, and health care
• ⚫ Death rate is low
• ⚫ Rapid population growth
• industrialization begins, death rates drops and
• birth rates remain high.

15. The Demographic Transitional Model
• Industrial State
• ⚫ Population growth is slow
• ⚫ Birth rate drops
• ⚫ Death rate is similar to the birth rate
• ⚫ This is because of:
• better access to birth control
• decline in the infant mortality rate
• increased job opportunities for women

16. The Demographic Transitional Model
• Post-Industrial State
• ⚫ Population approaches zero growth rate.
• ⚫ Then, the birth rate falls below the death rate
• and the total population size slowly decreases.
• ⚫ 37 countries have reached this stage. (mainly in
• W. Europe)
• ⚫ To most population experts, the challenge is to
• help the remaining 88% of the world to get to
• this stage.

17. Population Of Pakistan
• The Population in Pakistan was reported at 184.89 billions
• personin2014,according to the International Monetary Fund
• (IMF).
• ❑ During 2015Pakistanpopulationis estimated to be increased by
• 2.982billionspeopleand became to 187.831 billions
• According to population census organization.
• ❑ In beginning of 2016, Pakistan Population is expected to be
• 190.814billionsperson.

18. Population Causes Over Population
Obstacles
• ❑ Dangerous for economic development
• ❑ Lower per capital income.
• ❑ Low rate of savings.
• ❑ Problems for education sector.
• ❑ Housing problems.
• ❑ Food shortage
• ❑ Population and capital formation.
• ❑ Unemployment.
• ❑ Population and environment.