TDMA & CDMA.pptx
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TDMA & CDMA SYSTEM TDMA divides time into discrete slots that are assigned to specific users, allowing multiple users to share the same frequency channel sequentially. CDMA assigns unique codes to each user to transmit simultaneously over the same frequency band, improving network capacity and call quality while being resistant to eavesdropping. Both TDMA and CDMA play important roles in wireless communication systems by efficiently allocating resources to multiple users.
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TDMA
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) is a digital transmission technology that allows multiple users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal into different time slots. It allocates a single frequency channel for a short time and then switches to another channel, with the digital samples from a single transmitter occupying different time slots across several frequency bands simultaneously. The current TDMA standard for cellular divides each channel into six time slots, with each signal using two slots, providing three times the capacity of earlier analog cellular standards.
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The document discusses various multiple access techniques used in wireless communication systems to allow multiple users to access a shared radio channel simultaneously. It describes Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), and Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA). FDMA divides the bandwidth into different frequency channels. TDMA divides the time dimension into different time slots. CDMA uses unique codes to identify users within the same frequency band. SDMA enables spatial separation of users within the same frequency and time. The document provides details on the principles, advantages, and disadvantages of each multiple access technique.
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TDMA is a digital transmission technology that allows multiple users to access the same radio frequency channel. It does this by allocating unique time slots to each user within each channel. The current TDMA standard for cellular divides a single channel into six time slots, with each signal using two slots. This provides a 3 to 1 gain in capacity over previous technologies. Each caller is assigned a specific time slot for transmission.
CDMA.pptx
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) is a cellular standard that allows multiple users to access the same bandwidth using unique codes. It works by assigning each user a unique code and then allowing them to access the entire available spectrum simultaneously without interfering with other users. CDMA was initially developed for military use but was later commercialized. It provides advantages like increased capacity and security over other standards like TDMA.
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CDMA, or Code Division Multiple Access, is a channel access method that allows multiple users to access the same communication channel simultaneously through the use of unique codes. It works by assigning each connection a unique code, and then allowing users to transmit concurrently over the same frequency. Some key applications of CDMA include use in cell phone networks, GPS systems, and satellite communication systems.
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CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) is a cellular technology where each user is assigned a unique code and all users transmit over the same frequency at the same time. It utilizes spread spectrum technology where the message signal is multiplied by a pseudo-random noise code before transmission. This allows all users to be identified by their unique code despite sharing the same frequency band. Some key advantages are high security, lower signal-to-noise ratio requirements, frequency reuse between cells, and entire spectrum availability to each user. However, quality of service can decrease as more users are added due to issues like self-jamming and the near-far problem where distant signals can drown out closer ones.
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tdma-120520122131-phpapp02.pdf
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CDMA.pptx
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2) TDMA offers advantages like increased efficiency, ability to transmit data and voice, and cost-effectiveness for upgrading analog to digital. Disadvantages include predefined time slots and multipath distortion.
3) FDMA is simpler but requires expensive filters, while TDMA uses cheaper logic but has problems from propagation delays and assigning time slots when roaming.
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Interface Bluetooth Module HC-05 with Arduino and Send Temperature and humidity Data
Aim:
To interface Bluetooth module HC-05 with Arduino and send temperature and humidity data
Apparatus Required:
Sign Number Name of the Equipment Quantity
1 Arduino UNO 1
2 Computer with Arduino IDE 1
3 USB Cable 1
4 HC-05 Bluetooth Module 1
5 Smartphone with Bluetooth Terminal HC-05 Application 1
6 Smartphone 1
7 Breadboard 1
8 Jumper iresW As 1
Theory:
HC05 module is a Bluetooth module using serial communication, mostly used in electronics projects. HC-05is a Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol) module designed for wireless communication. It can also be operated as amaster or slave configuration.
Circuit Diagram:
Code:
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
#include "DHT.h"#define DHT_PIN 2
SoftwareSerial bluetooth(2, 3); // Rx and Tx respectively.DHT dht(DHT_PIN,DHT11);
float temperature, humidity; voidsetup()
{
pinMode(LED, OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
bluetooth.begin(9600);
Serial.println("Ready to connect. Defualt password: 1234 or 0000.");
}
void loop()
{
if(bluetooth.available())
{
temperature = dht.readTemperature();
humidity =dht.readHumidity();
if(isnan(temperature) || isnan(humidity))
{
Serial.println("ERROR: Unable to read temperature and humidity data.");
}
else
{
bluetooth.write(temperature);
bluetooth.write(humidity);
}
delay(1000);
}
}
Procedure:
1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Open the Arduino IDE in your computer and write the above sketch.
3. Compile the sketch and upload it to Arduino UNO.
4. Connect to HC-05 via your Smartphone and send data to it with application named “Bluetooth Terminal HC-05.” Click here to download the app.
5. Once downloaded, setup the application to receive data.
6. Now, the Arduino UNO will fetch temperature and humidity data from DHT11 and send it to Smartphone via Bluetooth.
Result:
Hence, Bluetooth module HC-05 is interfaced successfully with Arduino UNO and data is sent to Smartphone via Bluetooth.
Interface Bluetooth Module HC-05 with Arduino and Send Temperature and humidity Data
Aim:
To interface Bluetooth module HC-05 with Arduino and send temperature and humidity data
Apparatus Required:
Sign Number Name of the Equipment Quantity
1 Arduino UNO 1
2 Computer with Arduino IDE 1
3 USB Cable 1
4 HC-05 Bluetooth Module 1
5 Smartphone with Bluetooth Terminal HC-05 Application 1
6 Smartphone 1
7 Breadboard 1
8 Jumper iresW As 1
Theory:
HC05 module is a Bluetooth module using serial communication, mostly used in electronics projects. HC-05is a Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol) module designed for wireless communication. It can also be operated as amaster or slave configuration.
Circuit Diagram:
Code:
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
#include "DHT.h"#define DHT_PIN 2
SoftwareSerial bluetooth(2, 3); // Rx and Tx respectively.DHT dht(DHT_PIN,DHT11);
float temperature, humidity; voidsetup()
{
pinMode(LED, OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
bluetooth.begin(9600);
Serial.pr
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1) FDMA divides the total available bandwidth into narrow frequency bands, allocating each user an individual band, allowing simultaneous transmission without interference. TDMA divides each frequency channel into time slots, allocating slots to different users to share the channel.
2) TDMA offers advantages like increased efficiency, ability to transmit data and voice, and cost-effectiveness for upgrading analog to digital. Disadvantages include predefined time slots and multipath distortion.
3) FDMA is simpler but requires expensive filters, while TDMA uses cheaper logic but has problems from propagation delays and assigning time slots when roaming.
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CDMA is a method for implementing a multiple access communication system that allows many subscribers to share the same communication channel simultaneously. It overcomes drawbacks of previous methods like FDMA and TDMA by spreading users across both frequency and time in the same channel. Key advantages of CDMA include increased capacity, no need for frequency management, better performance for micro-cell and in-building systems, lower transmitted power needs, and reduced infrastructure requirements. While it faces challenges from multi-user interference and multi-path fading, CDMA has gained widespread acceptance due to dramatically increasing network capacity and service quality while providing more secure communications.
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CDMA is a multiple access technology that allows multiple users to access a shared radio channel simultaneously through the use of unique codes. It spreads user data across a wide frequency band through multiplication by a code. This allows better spectral efficiency than previous technologies like FDMA and TDMA. CDMA provides processing gain that improves signal reception by increasing signal power relative to noise and interference. As more users are added, the processing gain is reduced, limiting overall system capacity.
Unitabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvxyz1234 1.pptx
Interface Bluetooth Module HC-05 with Arduino and Send Temperature and humidity Data
Aim:
To interface Bluetooth module HC-05 with Arduino and send temperature and humidity data
Apparatus Required:
Sign Number Name of the Equipment Quantity
1 Arduino UNO 1
2 Computer with Arduino IDE 1
3 USB Cable 1
4 HC-05 Bluetooth Module 1
5 Smartphone with Bluetooth Terminal HC-05 Application 1
6 Smartphone 1
7 Breadboard 1
8 Jumper iresW As 1
Theory:
HC05 module is a Bluetooth module using serial communication, mostly used in electronics projects. HC-05is a Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol) module designed for wireless communication. It can also be operated as amaster or slave configuration.
Circuit Diagram:
Code:
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
#include "DHT.h"#define DHT_PIN 2
SoftwareSerial bluetooth(2, 3); // Rx and Tx respectively.DHT dht(DHT_PIN,DHT11);
float temperature, humidity; voidsetup()
{
pinMode(LED, OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
bluetooth.begin(9600);
Serial.println("Ready to connect. Defualt password: 1234 or 0000.");
}
void loop()
{
if(bluetooth.available())
{
temperature = dht.readTemperature();
humidity =dht.readHumidity();
if(isnan(temperature) || isnan(humidity))
{
Serial.println("ERROR: Unable to read temperature and humidity data.");
}
else
{
bluetooth.write(temperature);
bluetooth.write(humidity);
}
delay(1000);
}
}
Procedure:
1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Open the Arduino IDE in your computer and write the above sketch.
3. Compile the sketch and upload it to Arduino UNO.
4. Connect to HC-05 via your Smartphone and send data to it with application named “Bluetooth Terminal HC-05.” Click here to download the app.
5. Once downloaded, setup the application to receive data.
6. Now, the Arduino UNO will fetch temperature and humidity data from DHT11 and send it to Smartphone via Bluetooth.
Result:
Hence, Bluetooth module HC-05 is interfaced successfully with Arduino UNO and data is sent to Smartphone via Bluetooth.
Interface Bluetooth Module HC-05 with Arduino and Send Temperature and humidity Data
Aim:
To interface Bluetooth module HC-05 with Arduino and send temperature and humidity data
Apparatus Required:
Sign Number Name of the Equipment Quantity
1 Arduino UNO 1
2 Computer with Arduino IDE 1
3 USB Cable 1
4 HC-05 Bluetooth Module 1
5 Smartphone with Bluetooth Terminal HC-05 Application 1
6 Smartphone 1
7 Breadboard 1
8 Jumper iresW As 1
Theory:
HC05 module is a Bluetooth module using serial communication, mostly used in electronics projects. HC-05is a Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol) module designed for wireless communication. It can also be operated as amaster or slave configuration.
Circuit Diagram:
Code:
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
#include "DHT.h"#define DHT_PIN 2
SoftwareSerial bluetooth(2, 3); // Rx and Tx respectively.DHT dht(DHT_PIN,DHT11);
float temperature, humidity; voidsetup()
{
pinMode(LED, OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
bluetooth.begin(9600);
Serial.pr
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What are the differences between FDMA, CDMA and TDMA?
How they work?
Adv and DisAdv of them.
Real life applications etc
Fdma tdma-cdma-151223125532
This document discusses multiple access techniques for wireless communications, including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. It provides details on how each technique works and its advantages and disadvantages. FDMA divides the frequency band into channels that can be assigned to individual users. TDMA divides each channel into time slots that can be assigned to users. CDMA allows all users to use the whole available bandwidth simultaneously by using unique codes to distinguish users' signals.
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Time division multiple access
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) is a channel access method that allows multiple users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal into different time slots. Each user transmits in a specific time slot, so multiple stations can share the same channel without interference. TDMA is used in most 2G cellular systems and allows efficient sharing of radio spectrum among mobile users in a cell. It allocates users to individual time slots to separate the signals and avoid collisions. However, TDMA requires close synchronization and experiences difficulties with handoffs between cells when time slots are fully occupied.
Multiple Access Technique.pptx
Multiple access is a technique that allows multiple mobile users to share limited spectrum in an effective manner. It involves dividing the spectrum through techniques like FDMA, TDMA, or CDMA. FDMA assigns different frequency bands to signals to avoid interference. TDMA allows users to transmit in different time slots using the same frequency. CDMA allows simultaneous transmission using different codes to identify users.
Spectral Efficient IDMA System Using Multi User Detection
This document discusses spectral efficient Interleave Division Multiple Access (IDMA) systems using multi-user detection. IDMA is presented as an alternative to CDMA that can overcome limitations like multiple access interference and intersymbol interference. IDMA uses user-specific interleaving along with iterative chip-by-chip detection to separate users and combat interference. This allows IDMA systems to support a large number of users independently of processing complexity. IDMA also enables asynchronous transmission without frame synchronization requirements. The document compares IDMA and CDMA techniques, explaining how IDMA differs in its use of interleaving for user separation rather than just coding gain.
IRJET- Review on Multiple Access Techniques used in Mobile Telecommunication ...
This document reviews the multiple access techniques used across different generations of mobile telecommunications. It discusses the key multiple access techniques of FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, and SDMA used in 1G-4G networks. It also covers packet switching methods like Aloha, slotted Aloha, CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA, and token ring. The techniques have evolved with each new generation to increase network capacity and accommodate more users through improvements like OFDMA and dynamic TDMA. In conclusion, the appropriate use of multiple access techniques is important for network communications by eliminating disadvantages and improving speed, accuracy, capacity and efficiency.
CDMA full documents
The tutorial is designed for all those readers who are planning or pursuing the CDMA course to make their career in this field. However, it is also meant for the common readers who simply want to understand − what is CDMA Technology?
WCN U5.pptx
The document discusses multiple access schemes used to allow multiple users to share limited wireless spectrum or communication channels simultaneously. It describes several schemes including FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA, and SDMA. FDMA divides the channel into frequency bands and assigns each user an individual band. TDMA divides the channel into time slots and assigns each user slots. CDMA spreads each user's signal over the entire channel using unique codes. OFDMA and SDMA combine these techniques with OFDM and spatial separation of users.
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The document discusses different types of multiplexing techniques used in communication systems. It describes frequency division multiplexing (FDM) where different signals are transmitted on different carrier frequencies. Time division multiplexing (TDM) allows multiple signals to share the same frequency by dividing the signal into different time slots. Code division multiple access (CDMA) allows all users to use the full bandwidth simultaneously by encoding each signal with a unique code.
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This document discusses multiple access procedures used in wireless networks. It describes four main types: FDMA which divides the frequency band into channels; TDMA which divides the available time into time slots; CDMA which uses orthogonal codes to separate signals that occupy the same frequency; and SDMA which divides the space using directional antennas. The document provides details on how FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA work and notes some variants of TDMA including fixed, dynamic, and packet-based TDMA.
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This document summarizes key aspects of cellular telephony systems and the CDMA technique. It begins by outlining cellular telephony and multiple access techniques like TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA. It then focuses on CDMA, explaining that it uses spread spectrum techniques to allow multiple users to share frequencies simultaneously through encoding with pseudo-random digital sequences. The document outlines the spread spectrum technique used in CDMA and how it transmits and reconstructs data. It concludes by listing advantages of CDMA like high spectral capacity and call quality, and disadvantages such as limitations in international roaming and degradation of audio quality with large numbers of users.
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CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
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- 2. Understanding TDMA Systems • Introduction to TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is a fundamental concept in modern telecommunications and wireless communication systems. • Purpose of Presentation: In this presentation, we will explore TDMA systems, their principles, applications, and advantages. • Importance of TDMA: TDMA plays a crucial role in optimizing wireless communication by efficiently allocating time slots to multiple users on the same frequency channel.
- 3. What is TDMA? Definition of TDMA: TDMA, which stands for Time Division Multiple Access, is a digital communication technique used in wireless and cellular networks. It is designed to enable multiple users to share the same frequency channel by dividing time into discrete slots or intervals. How TDMA Divides Time: TDMA achieves this by dividing time into fixed-duration slots, each of which is assigned to a specific user or communication channel. Users take turns transmitting during their allocated time slots, and this sequential time-sharing prevents interference between users on the same frequency. .
- 4. How TDMA Works • Diagram illustrating time slots
- 5. How multiple users share the same frequency by using time slots • In TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) systems, multiple users efficiently share the same frequency by dividing time into discrete slots or intervals. • Each user is allocated a specific time slot within a frame, and these time slots are organized in a repeating pattern. • Users take turns transmitting during their assigned time slots. When one user's time slot ends, the next user begins, and this sequential time- sharing continues.
- 6. Advantages of TDMA • Efficient Spectrum Utilization • Reduced Interference • Support for Bursty Data Traffic • Simplified Synchronization • Improved Battery Life
- 7. Introduction to CDMA CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) • CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access, a digital wireless communication technology. • It is a method of transmitting multiple signals simultaneously over the same frequency band by assigning a unique code to each user or communication channel. Significance in Wireless Communication • CDMA is a crucial technology in wireless communication systems. • It significantly enhances the efficiency and capacity of wireless
- 8. Key Principles of CDMA Fundamental Principles of CDMA ● Unique Codes ● Spread Spectrum Unique Codes for Distinguishing Users In CDMA, each user's data is modulated with a unique code, often called a spreading code or pseudo-noise (PN) code. Signal Spread Across Frequency Band
- 9. CDMA in Cellular Networks Implementation in Cellular Networks: CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) is a fundamental technology used in cellular networks. •It allows multiple users to simultaneously communicate over the same frequency band by assigning unique codes to each user or communication channel. . Role in 3G and 4G Networks: •In 3G networks, CDMA was the basis for technologies like CDMA2000, providing high-speed data and voice services. •In 4G networks, CDMA principles were used in the development of Long-Term Evolution (LTE) technology, which enhanced data speeds and network efficiency.
- 10. Benefits of CDMA Increased Capacity: • CDMA significantly enhances the capacity of wireless networks. • Unlike older technologies like FDMA and TDMA, CDMA allows multiple users to share the same frequency band simultaneously • . Improved Call Quality: • CDMA systems offer improved call quality and reliability. • Interference and noise are effectively managed, leading to clearer voice calls and reduced call drops. Resistance to Eavesdropping:
- 11. Challenges and Future of CDMA Challenges Faced by CDMA • Spectrum Allocation • Legacy Systems • Interoperability Evolution Beyond CDMA • 5G Technology • Phased Transition Future Applications and Influence: • IoT and M2M Communication