what is grapes? Plant structure How we can plant a grapes what types of leaves grapes have watering some fungal disease etc

2.  Muhammad Sohaib Qazi 78
 Izat Ullah Afghan 26
 Ubaid Ullah shah 40
Awkum Horticulturist
Abdul wali khan University, mardan, kpk, Pakistan

3. Grapes
Vitis vinefera
o A sub tropical fruit
o Temperature requirement:-
• 0℃ ------- Vine damage by frost
• below 10℃------ Period of dormancy
• 10℃---- physiological process start
• 17-20℃----- Flowering start
• 27℃----- cluster ripening
o Grapes are woody perennial vine
o Can be eaten fresh as table grape or they can be used for making wine, jam, juice,
raisin, and vinegar etc.
o Generally occurs in cluster (having about 15-300 berries)
o Can be crimson, black, yellow, and green

4. • Root system;- Multi branched (fibrous root system)
• Trunk:- Main stem
Permanent and support vegetative and reproductive parts
Fully develop trunk has arms having short branches from which CANE originate
• Cane:- When shoots become mature and woody it become vinecane
• Bud:- “Bud is actually a highly compressed shoot with all its parts, including cluster”.
Bud develop in the leaf axil right above the connection between the shoot and leave
petiole.
There are three distinct growing points in each bud i.e. PRIMARY, SECONDARY, TERTIARY
• Shoot:- Green stem, develop from bud. Represent the primary growth. Consist of stems, leaves,
tendrils and fruits.
• Canopy:- collective term that is used to describe the shoot, leaves and fruits of the grapevine.
• Leaves:-
According to the petiole:- Petiolated (stalked) leaves
According to the blade:- Simple leaves
According to the Edge:- Lobed leaves
According to the veins:- Palmate
According to the arrangement along the stem:- Alternate

8. • Tendrils:- are a slender structure that appears on the top and
sides of stems. Since the grapevine is a climber it needs tendrils
to coil around small objects such as fences, trellises, etc. to
reach up for the sun and heat.
• Flower and fruits:- Flower cluster grow on the opposite site of
the leaves along the shoot. Most fruitful shoots develop from
one to three flower clusters depending on the variety and
growing conditions. Each cluster may contain only a few or up to
several hundred flowers at the time of bloom; the number
depends on the variety and environmental conditions. When
fertilized, the flower clusters develop into clusters of grapes –
the fruit set – and the berries start to grow.
Fruit cluster

9. Tendril
Bud
Flowers

10. Canopy
Trunk
Arms
Cordon
Head
Shoots
or canes
Grape
bunches
Root
system
Leaves
Photo (Dave Johnson for Bay Area News Group)
Grapevine Structure – Overview
Grape plant structure

11. Before planting, remove and discard the packaging materials and soak the roots in a pail of water for
several hours. Planting Grapes in average, well-drained soil.
Dig a hole wide enough to accommodate the roots and deep enough to allow you to set the crown
(the point where the stems of the plant meet the roots) 1 inch below the surface of the soil. Place the
roots in the planting hole and arrange them like the spokes of a wheel or in whatever fashion appears
natural, but take care not to break them. Holding the crown at the proper level with one hand (see depth
given on the plant label), push the soil back into the hole with the other, working soil around the roots to
prevent the formation of air pockets. Space your plants 8ft apart in a row and row to row space required
about 10ft
• Watering:-It has deep root system and need moderate water
• Propagation:- Where Phylloxera or nematodes are not a problem, cutting are used: normally hardwood,
or softwood for rapid propagation. Other wise, field or bench graft (cutting graft) on to resistant
rootstocks.
Sexual Propagation:-
Asexual Propagation:-
Plantation:-

13. Fungal Disease:-
• Downy mildew:- (Plasmopara viticola)
Symptoms:-
• Initial irregular, yellowish, translucent spot appear on upper surface of leaves
• he lower surface of leaves show white powdery growth of fungus.
• The infected leaves turn brown resulting premature defoliation.
• White fungus growth appears on berries and berries wrinkle and show reddish brown discolouration.
Controll:-
• Spray Bordeaux mixture 1% (or)
• Metalaxyl + Mancozeb 0.3 to 0.4 %
(or)
• Difolation 0.25%
(or)
• Chlorothalonil 0.2%

15. • Powdery mildew:- (Uncinula Necator)
Symptoms:-
• Powdery growth mostly appears on upper surface of leaves
• Floral infection results in shedding of flowers and poor fruit set.
• Powdery growth on older berries and infection results in severe cracking of berries.
Controlls:-
• Proper pruning should be followed.
• Spraying Wettable sulfur 0.2%
• Carbendazim 0.1
• Dinorcap 0.7% effectively controls disease

17. References
 https://www.almanac.com/plant/grapes
 https://www.almanac.com/content/when-harvest-vegetables-and-fruit
 www.slideshare.com
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape
 https://mbasic.facebook.com/superhomeo/photos/a.211392228997132.54458.21137939233
1749/427182500751436/?type=1
 https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%82_%D8%AE%D8%A7
%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_vinifera
 Overview of grapevine structure and function by URSKA May 30th , 2017 – at
www.evineyardapp.com
 http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/horti_fruits_grapes.html
 https://www.botanical-online.com/hojastiposangles.htm
 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-017-3215-4_12
 https://www.whiteflowerfarm.com/how-to-grow-grapes
 https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/lessons/fungi/Oomycetes/Pages/DownyMildew
Grape.aspx
 Diseases of grapes by pudhuvai baveesh, assistant research scientist at RARS, pattambi. From
slideshare.com