We all do our research and put an effort in making a clear and an accurate presentation, but I'd be glad if this could help especially for those who are taking major in English and the like. Good luck! A proper credit would be appreciated. • Jay-ar A. Padernal, BSEd Major in English, University of Mindanao

4. ““Reading makes a complete man;Reading makes a complete man;
speaking, a ready man; andspeaking, a ready man; and
writing, an exact man.”writing, an exact man.”
- Francis Bacon, The Father of English Essays,
Author of Essays, Father of Empiricism

5. Writing - is an exacting task that demandsWriting - is an exacting task that demands
accuracy and proficiency; a process whereaccuracy and proficiency; a process where
careful steps are taken to achieve success.careful steps are taken to achieve success.

6. "Writers are not born. They are"Writers are not born. They are
made."made."

7. Objective: This lesson highlights the vital roleObjective: This lesson highlights the vital role
that you, your facilitator, and peers play inthat you, your facilitator, and peers play in
evaluating, improving, and revising theevaluating, improving, and revising the
written discourse.written discourse.

8. The graphic below illustrates the factors affecting
writing development as both a product and a
process:

9. • A.)A.) Planning - is an essential tool in your writingPlanning - is an essential tool in your writing
development. It is likened to an architecturaldevelopment. It is likened to an architectural
‘blueprint’, since it serves as a framework in‘blueprint’, since it serves as a framework in
preliminary, evaluating the strength of yourpreliminary, evaluating the strength of your
chosen topic.chosen topic.

10. Introspection Stage:Introspection Stage: What to write about?What to write about?
• by determining your purposeby determining your purpose
• by knowing your interestsby knowing your interests
• by determining your strengths andby determining your strengths and
weaknesses in using the languageweaknesses in using the language
• by discriminating from the many possibleby discriminating from the many possible
resources a focused topic for yourresources a focused topic for your
compositioncomposition

11. Initial Planning:Initial Planning: What are the reasons for writing?What are the reasons for writing?
• to provide accurate informationto provide accurate information
• to offer entertainmentto offer entertainment
• to use persuasion in discussing personal andto use persuasion in discussing personal and
societal issuessocietal issues
• to reinforce value of educationto reinforce value of education
• to preserve cultureto preserve culture
• to exhibit creativityto exhibit creativity

12. However, first, try to look into the barriers that affect
your progress in writing:

13. 1.1. Psychological BarriersPsychological Barriers - series of your accumulated- series of your accumulated
experiences that shape your frame of reference, belief system,experiences that shape your frame of reference, belief system,
biases and judgment that you bring with you.biases and judgment that you bring with you.
2.2. Physical BarriersPhysical Barriers - are conditions in the environment that affect- are conditions in the environment that affect
your state at the time of writing; such as loud noise and dim light.your state at the time of writing; such as loud noise and dim light.
3.3. Cognitive BarriersCognitive Barriers - refer to your knowledge level, perceptions- refer to your knowledge level, perceptions
towards the writing task, decoding and encoding skills, and criticaltowards the writing task, decoding and encoding skills, and critical
thinking abilities that exhibit in the writing task.thinking abilities that exhibit in the writing task.
4.4. Affective BarriersAffective Barriers - refer to your emotional preparedness whil- refer to your emotional preparedness whil
undergoing a writing task; such as loss of a loved one or worry overundergoing a writing task; such as loss of a loved one or worry over
problems.problems.

14. B.)B.) Process - the writing process involves you toProcess - the writing process involves you to
both composing and transcribing skills.both composing and transcribing skills.
• Composing - engages you to think about ideas,Composing - engages you to think about ideas,
evaluating the idea and resructuring them into anevaluating the idea and resructuring them into an
organized manner.organized manner.
• Transcribing - describes the mechanics of writing like,Transcribing - describes the mechanics of writing like,
spelling, punctuation marks, capitalization,spelling, punctuation marks, capitalization,
handwriting and tidiness of a written material.handwriting and tidiness of a written material.

15. C.)C.) Assessment - the course of developing yourAssessment - the course of developing your
writing skill with the aid of assessment tools suchwriting skill with the aid of assessment tools such
as teacher-assessment, peer evaluation and self-as teacher-assessment, peer evaluation and self-
assessment. It is necessary to know the progressassessment. It is necessary to know the progress
or regress in your writing endeavor.or regress in your writing endeavor.

18. Overview: Great men of letters engageOverview: Great men of letters engage
themselves in the demanding task of revisingthemselves in the demanding task of revising
to be able to achieve what they want to haveto be able to achieve what they want to have
as excellent work.as excellent work.

19. The Process of Revising:The Process of Revising:

20. A.)A.) Reassessing - it is better that you assess yourReassessing - it is better that you assess your
work after drafting it. You will be able to checkwork after drafting it. You will be able to check
your work more objectively and be in betteryour work more objectively and be in better
position to check your for the following:position to check your for the following:
1.1. UnityUnity - weed out any material that doesn't contribute directly- weed out any material that doesn't contribute directly
to the main idea.to the main idea.
2.2. CoherenceCoherence - check the transition and organization of the- check the transition and organization of the
paragraph.paragraph.
3.3. Effective LanguageEffective Language - your diction has a great impact to- your diction has a great impact to
your readers; make your writing specific and concise.your readers; make your writing specific and concise.

21. B.)B.) Redrafting - as you had reassessed your draftRedrafting - as you had reassessed your draft
and addressed its problems, it is time for you toand addressed its problems, it is time for you to
redraft.redraft.

22. C.)C.) Editing - you have to make sure the your writingEditing - you have to make sure the your writing
follows the rule of standard English:follows the rule of standard English:
1.1. Observe ParallelismObserve Parallelism - words in a pair or a series should have parallel- words in a pair or a series should have parallel
structurestructure
2.2. Use consistent point of viewUse consistent point of view - don't shift verb tenses; be consistent in- don't shift verb tenses; be consistent in
the use of pronounsthe use of pronouns
3.3. Use specific wordsUse specific words - these words create a picture in the reader's mind- these words create a picture in the reader's mind
4.4. Use active verbsUse active verbs - the use of active verbs places more emphasis on the- the use of active verbs places more emphasis on the
doer of the action; thus, providing better clarity in meaningdoer of the action; thus, providing better clarity in meaning
5.5. Use concise wordsUse concise words - writing should be direct and concise- writing should be direct and concise
6.6. Vary your sentencesVary your sentences - vary your sentence patterns to avoid monotomy- vary your sentence patterns to avoid monotomy

23. RevisionRevision
- is the most important stage in the writing process.- is the most important stage in the writing process.
Everything will be scrutinized in this stage: fromEverything will be scrutinized in this stage: from
every word, every sentence, every paragraph,every word, every sentence, every paragraph,
and every element of punctuation, spelling,and every element of punctuation, spelling,
spacing, and format.spacing, and format.
- is not proofreading. It is a thorough analysis of- is not proofreading. It is a thorough analysis of
how well you have communicated your ideas tohow well you have communicated your ideas to
your reader.your reader.

24. These are several questions you should ask to beginThese are several questions you should ask to begin
revising:revising:
1. Have you proven your thesis?1. Have you proven your thesis?
2. Is your evidence adequate? Appropriate?2. Is your evidence adequate? Appropriate?
3. Does each paragraph develop the argument?3. Does each paragraph develop the argument?
4. Does any paragraph or point seem disconnected4. Does any paragraph or point seem disconnected
from the larger focus of the paper?from the larger focus of the paper?
5. Are sentences grammatically correct?5. Are sentences grammatically correct?
6. Are the tone and language consistent?6. Are the tone and language consistent?

25. Ways of Giving Feedbacks:Ways of Giving Feedbacks:
1. Self-editing1. Self-editing - you have to empty your mind first- you have to empty your mind first
before editing so that you can approach your paperbefore editing so that you can approach your paper
with a clear mindwith a clear mind
2.2. Peer-editingPeer-editing - the checking is done by other- the checking is done by other
students/by your peersstudents/by your peers
3.3. Teacher editingTeacher editing - your teacher will guide you during- your teacher will guide you during
the editing or may do the editing an proofreading forthe editing or may do the editing an proofreading for
youyou