Intrinsic And Extrinsic Factors Of Skin Aging

Intrinsic And Extrinsic Factors Of Skin Aging
Skin aging is a process that naturally occurs in human beings from birth and is different in each person due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors. To find
out what has the most influence on the human skin, both factors need to be fully researched. You can also look at other details to do with skin aging
like the process of it, the appearance of it and how it can be prevented. Both factors will be covered as both are completely different processes of the
skin aging. It would be true to say that not all 70 year old females have the same skin, as many factors will affect how the skin of a 70 year old could
look.
"Time and age–associated exposure characteristics, such as obesity and duration of exposure, are the direct factors, and not age itself." – Aging in
todays environment by The National Research Council 1987.
Aging of the skin has many different factors contributing towards it and those factors fit into two different categories; extrinsic and intrinsic. Extrinsic
includes a group of factors that people can influence themselves such as smoking, diet, sun damage and skin care. Intrinsic factors are those that are
part of the natural aging process such as genetics and hormones. Skin aging is also affected by skin type, gender, age and ethnicity which can alter the
aging process also.
To slow down the aging process, you can alter things in your everyday life, for example smoking which is an extrinsic factor. Dr. Milton Moore, a
Houston–based dermatologist says
"When you
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Tomato ( Solanum Lycopersicum )
[1] Background According to Kimura and Sinha (2008), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of the most important vegetable plants around the
world, as it 's produced in disparate areas like south western America and Africa. It is also considered the second most abundant horticultural product
after the potato. Perveen et al. (2015), stated that, currently, there are thirteen recognized wild tomato species which allows a great diversity in the
phenotypes. The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an important source for disparate essential compounds such as folic acid, carotenoids, and
potassium. Due to its widely use; not only as a food but also as a perfect material which can be used in research to treat serious and devastating
diseases as certain types of cancers (melanoma "skin cancer" and breast cancer), cardiovascular diseases and photo–aging (Liu et el., 2012). The use of
it in such important researches returns to its anti–oxidant activity which arises from the carotenoids pigments it contains like alpha–carotene,
beta–carotene, and lycopene (Dorais et el., 2008). Tomato contains a lot of compounds which have a high benefits for health, and also for its
wonderful flavor which is used in our daily food as a flavor during cooking. The question here is what is the compound which plays an important role
in all this benefits of carotenoids? The answer is lycopene. 1– Lycopene and its occurrence: Al–Amri (2013) clarified that, lycopene is one of the most
abundant natural pigments

Chicken Bone Dissection
Student's Name
Professor's Name
Subject
DD MM YYYY
Chicken Bone Dissection: Structure of Bone
The skeletal system is made up of cartilage and bone. Both bone and cartilage are connective tissues, that is, they are composed of cells in a matrix
with intracellular fibers. Just imagine connective tissue as a gelatin salad with grapes and coconut. The grapes would represent cells, the gelatin the
support material for matrix, and the pieces of coconut the intracellular fibers. By changing the amounts of each ingredient and adding extra substances,
we can produce a material that is very hard like bone and can withstand weight or softer like cartilage which can be used as a cushioning material. In
this exercise, we will examine a fresh raw chicken bone to study bone ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How does spongy bone differ from compact bone? What differences did you see in the appearance of the spongy bone and compact bone? What color
was the spongy bone?
Compact bone forms the outer layer of the bone and spongy bone is surrounded by the compact bone. On close examination, the compact bone had
thin lines of closely packed materials making it hard to compress, while the spongy bone appeared like a network and was soft to touch. This is
because spongy bone are made up of thin cells (trabeculae) separated by spaces (lacunae). For color difference, compact bone is cream colored while
spongy bone is reddish in color.
2.How does cartilage differ from bone? How did each one feel when pierced with the knife?
Based on color, the cartilage was whitish in color while the bone was cream colored. The cartilage was relatively more flexible than the bone. On
composition, bone is made up of calcium while cartilage is made up of hyaline materials. Upon piercing with a knife, the bone is resistant to piercing.
On application of more force, it cracks and breaks unevenly as compared to the cartilage that is less resistant to piercing and was cut clean through
upon application of a relatively lesser

Strongest Gelatin
I.Science Fair Question
Which additives make the strongest gelatin?
II.Background Research
Have you ever wondered how gelatin gets shape? This research paper is going to talk about additives that make the strongest gelatin. Terms that will be
discussed in this paper include gelatin, molecule, collagen, and protein.
Gelatin is made from collagen, the main protein in connective tissue, which is a specialized, fibrous tissue in animals that connects other tissues
together (Gel well: Which Additives Make the Strongest Gelatin). Gelatin can come in different ways like in sheets or in powder form (Gelatin).
Gelatin can be derived from animal collagen (How Gelatin is Made). Gelatin can come in a bunch of colors.
Molecule is the general term used ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Proteins consist of chains of smaller compounds called amino acids, they contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and usually sulfur atoms.
Enzymes, antibodies, and the myoglobin are examples of proteins (American Heritage: Student Science Dictionary 272). Protein is a straight chain of
amino acids. You need protein to survive (Rader).
Connective tissue is a tissue that forms the framework and supporting structures of the body, including bone, cartilage, mucous membrane, and fat (The
American Heritage student science dictionary 81). Connective tissue is in collagen (What is Collagen).Fibrous is tissue in animals that connects other
tissues together (Gel well: Which additives make the strongest Gelatin).
Ligament is a tough fibrous band of connective tissue that serves to support the internal organs and hold bones together in proper articulation at the
joints. A ligament is composed of dense fibrous bundles of collagenous fibers and spindle–shaped cells known as fibrocytes. White ligaments and
yellow ligaments are two different things. White ligament is rich in collagenous fibers. Yellow ligament is rich in elastic fibers

The Extracellular Matrix of Multi-Cellular Animals
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a feature of all multi cellular animals . It is a complex network of proteins secreted locally by cells via
exocytosisalberts. The protein components that form the ECM include proteoglycans, glycoproteins such as fibronectin and fibres such as collagen. In
addition a family of five matricellular proteins called thrombospondins are present.
All cells are in close contact with the ECM either continuously or at important phases of their development27. The ECM provides a physical
environment in which a cell exists. It supplies the substrate for cell anchorage, wound repair and for transmitting environmental signals which affects
the proliferation, differentiation and survival of a cell 1.
Even though the assembly of ECM proteins into the highly organized functional matrix is known to be absolutely vital for the survival and normal
development of animals it is still not fully understood5. Continued understanding of this dynamic structure is needed due to the important role the
ECM plays in the normal development and function of tissues, homeostasis, wound repair and regeneration in multi cellular organisms. Therefore
among the many ECM protein components that interact, the formation of collagen networks is pertinent to this study.
The collagens are arguably the most dominant protein in the ECM. The collagens represent a large heterogeneous family of ECM glycoproteins which
contain at least one triple helical domain collagen family. All

Soft Tissue Repair Case Study
Soft Tissue Repair Case Study: The Four Phase of Soft Tissue Healing and Therapeutic Interventions that can be used to Aid Progression of Repair.
In this essay we will discuss the four different phases of the soft tissue healing process and also explain all the components of each particular phase and
how it functions. This will also include sport therapeutic interventions that may contribute to the healing process and that may maximise healing of soft
tissue.
First Phase – Bleeding
This particular phase is immediate and depending on the vascularity of the tissue that is damaged although it only happens during the first few hours as
demonstrated by (Watson, 2006) in this illustration of the length of each phase. >
The bleeding occurs following trauma to the tissue this could be an overload of a tissue or even external force. One of the bodies first initial
haemodynamic responses to bleeding is vasoconstriction which narrows the blood vessels causing decreased blood velocity, in 2008 (Watson) states
that this is due to the release of noradrenaline(norepinephrine); the reaction last lasts only a few seconds to a minute. It is also explained by
(Terkeltaub & Ginsberg, 1988) that both lymphatic and blood vessels are plugged to limit any fluid loss and platelet, aggregation is stimulated by the
presence of thrombin. Vasoconstriction responds primarily to haemostasis which is a response to prevent blood loss and a platelet plug is formed to
support the prevention of excessive

Vitamin C Scurvy
C.Scurvy
Scurvy is less likely differential diagnosis that may be associated with the signs and symptoms of this patient. Scurvy is associated with a state of
dietary deficiency of vitamin C. Although it is uncommon, it still occurs and can affect children who have chronic dietary vitamin C deficiency.Vitamin
C is relevant for the triple–helix formation of collagen; a vitamin C deficiency results in impaired collagen synthesis, which typically typical manifest
by poor wound healing that is noted in collagen tissues and in organs such as skin, cartilage, dentine, osteoid, and capillary blood vessels (McCance &
Huether, 2014). Pathologic changes in affected children are associated with bone changes during periods of rapid bone growth. The bony ... Show more
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The disorder is a syndrome that is found in newborns and children that consisted of osteoporosis with fractures and skeletal deformities (Mccance
& Huether, 2014). Its classification is based on both inheritance and clinical findings. In the most severe form of this disorder, the child is usually
stillborn or dies soon after birth, but some may survive into childhood. In its more severe forms the signs and symptoms are evident at birth because
fractures and deformity have occurred in utero. The less severe forms may be evident until the child starts to walk. Clinical manifestations of this
disease are osteoporosis and increased rate of fractures, possible bony deformation, triangular faces, possible vascular weakness, possible blue sclera,
and poor dentition (McCance & Huether, 2014). The main errors in this disease is due to the synthesis of collagen, a triple helix that contains two
matching alpha chains and one beta chain. Collagen is mostly present in bone, cartilage, eye tissue, skin, and the vascular system. The severity of this
disorder phenotype along the related anomalies are primarily dependent on the severity of the genetic anomaly and the part of the triple helix that is
affected (Greeley, et al., 2013). Moreover,

Collagen Research Paper
Frequently it seems any discussions on human health these days seem to mention collagen. What is collagen and how does it benefit the body?
Collagen is very durable and is a fibrous material with a glue–like consistency. It comprises about one–third of the proteins found in the body and
includes significant quantities of the two amino acids proline and hydroxyproline. The areas particularly reliant on collagen include skin, bones and all
the connective tissues found in cartilage and tendons. Collagen health is depleted by such causes as trauma, pollution, menopause and ultra violet light
from the sun. Collagen Benefits The Skin Collagen benefits the skin by providing strength and elasticity. The molecules in collagen look like
microscopic ropes and it is these that give the strength to the parts of the body that require... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Collagen Benefits Connective Tissues Collagen benefits active sportsmen and women by maintaining the strength of connective tissues in their joints.
The ends of the bones are covered by a layer of cartilage, which acts as a durable lubricated pad to protect the bones as they move against each other
with the movement of the muscles. Cartilage is in fact a mixture of water and collagen. The weight–bearing function of cartilage and ligaments is
improved by healthy levels of collagen; this is especially significant in young athletes who need to keep their collagen topped up to ensure the
combination of extra activity and the growing process straining the joints does not affect their health. Recent research in Germany has shown that a
course of collagen capsules significantly helps athletes who have suffered damage to their connective tissues. Collagen Benefits Our Bones Collagen
is also found in the structure of our skeleton and, as we age, our joints suffer wear and tear to the articular cartilage (bone cartilage): this results in

Schuurvy Research Paper
Scurvy is a nutritional disease that stems from a lack of Vitamin C. I chose this as my topic because I have always been interested in history and
how historically on ships it was difficult to have fresh fruit aboard because they would spoil on long trips and instead they would have meats and
foods that could be preserved with heavy amounts of salt. Scurvy was first documented as a disease by Hippocrates and was discovered by ancient
Egyptians in 1550 but people would often forget eating Vitamin C is an effective cure for the disease. In the 13th century people often suffered from
Scurvy. Eventually the explorers wizened up to this and the Portuguese planted fruit trees and vegetables that they could harvest on their way home
from journeys

Physiology: Anatomy And Anatomy
Anatomy and Physiology
The aortic valve is one of four valves present in the human heart and is responsible for ensuring the unidirectional flow of the blood through the
chambers and by closing after each systole prevents the blood from flowing back into the ventricle. 15
The surrounding blood applies inertial forces on the valve leaflets creating a pressure gradient responsible for opening and closing the valve. Unlike
other tissues in the body the aortic valve is under sizeable forces resulting in shear stress, flexural deformations and pressure loads. 11
Both the aortic and pulmonary valves are composed of three semilunar leaflets (or cusps) along with sinus complexes called valve roots 4. When the
valve closes, the three cusps move toward ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
8
The forces applied on the valve increase when it closes during the diastolic phase. This process has two parts: first the collagen fibers start to unfold and
tissue doesn't offer resistance to elongation and only elastic fibers provide force transmission. On the second part the amount of unfolded collagen is
higher which increases force transmission.8
As mentioned before, the main function of aortic valve is to prevent blood from flowing back to the heart during the diastole which requires a structure
with several characteristics like: viability, sufficient strength to endure repetitive and substantial mechanical stress, and ability to adapt and repair
injury by connective tissue remodeling 3 QUOTE
Cell Types
The principal cell types in the heart valve are the valvular interstitial cells (VICs) and the valvular endocardial

Ultrasound Essay
Ultrasound is a therapeutic modality that uses vibrations which are produced mechanically at a higher frequency than sound waves. These waves are
referred to as ultrasonic as they are unable to be heard by humans (Robertson et al, 2006). The success of the use of ultrasound has been recorded as
early as the 1930's, when in Berlin, sciatica in patients had been shown to have improved greatly. This evidently resulted in further research and new
treatment methods being created (Stanley, 1958). Since then a lot of research has been carried out and advances in the use of ultrasound has been made
and are continuing to be made all the time. The effects of ultrasound in rehabilitation will be researched and examined to understand its effectiveness. ...
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Healing of pressure sores have also improved through the application of ultrasound at a low intensity (Williams, 1968). There have however been
reports suggesting that ultrasound can increase the size of ulcers following treatment as the intensity was excessively higher than required,
contradicting William's theory (Harvey and Elphick, 1969). It has been suggested that the application of ultrasound at a low dose can increase
degranulation of mast cells and the release of histamine accelerating the acute inflammation phase. It can also reduce the amount of fluid being released
from the capillaries following injury and collagen synthesis can be increased during the repair process (Denegar, Saliba and Saliba, 2006). If there is
more exposure than required it can result in a breakdown of tissues and can increase the acute inflammatory response for a longer period of time,
resulting in the patient suffering with their injury longer than the average healing time. Baker and Robertson (2001) came to the conclusion that
therapeutic ultrasound may not be more effective than placebo ultrasound for pain, musculoskeletal disorders or soft tissue healing. However many
researchers and practitioners continue to believe that ultrasound has many beneficial effects and from their books and journals evidence can be found
to further their theories. The author has also come to the conclusion that when applied correctly ultrasound can treat a range of

Problem Associated With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy ( Dmd )
One major problem associated with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is the prevalence of fibrosis that occurs in the skeletal muscles, heart, and
lungs of these patients. In the heart and lungs, fibrosis inhibits the body's ability to perform cardiopulmonary or respiratory function, respectively.
These conditions typically result in death if no emergency medical attention is given. Fibrosis can also present as contractures in the skeletal muscle
fibers, which will usually result in the loss of skeletal muscular function and the need for surgery.
DMD is caused by a mutation in the X–linked dystrophin gene, which results in a dysfunctional dystrophin protein. Dystrophin is a cytoskeletal protein
that provides mechanical stability to muscle cells by connecting the muscle sarcolemma to the basal lamina of the extracellular matrix (ECM), and
without it there, the muscle cells typically undergo a process of degeneration and regeneration. This process is limited by the survival of satellite cells
present since satellite cells can only undergo mitosis a limited amount of times. Sarcolemma instability typically results in excess intracellular amounts
of both sodium and calcium, which causes ATP depletion and mitochondrial uncoupling (Horn & Schleip, 2012). Satellite cells only have a limited
number times they can undergo mitosis, and once a patient can no longer generate healthy muscle cells, the patient will typically experience cell death.
This cell death and necrosis usually

Notes On The Food Of Food
HYDROCOLLOIDS IN FOOD
UTHRA PREMNATH
COMPARISON BETWWEN GELATIN AND OTHER HYDROCOLLOIDS All hydrocolloids are polysaccharides except gelatin, a protein. When
compared with gelatine, carrageen forms a brittle, elastic gel. Pectin gels cannot produce elastic properties at all. Alginates gives clear, elastic gels, but
the melting point is too high. Except gelatine all other hydrocolloids form products with reduced flavour profile. Starches create unpleasant texture.
Gelatine is much cost effective. Other hydrocolloids need big production process (Gelatine manufacturers of Europe, 2016)
PROPERTIESGELATINOTHER HYDROCOLLOIDS
EdibleFood ingredient and additive
Also got E numbersFood Additive
Got E numbers
Thermo reversible gelMelts at body temperature so intense flavour and mouth feelNo
GMOGMO freeObtained from Genetically modified plants
Solubility in waterNoYes
Solubility in saltYesNo
ViscosityLowModerate, Some possess High
Gelation conditionsBelow setting temperaturePresence of k+, Na+ or Ca2+ ions
Gel textureSoft, strong and gummyCohesive, brittle
IncompatibilityKetones, water soluble alcohols, below iso– PHWater soluble alcohols, ketones, cationic macro molecules.
FunctionalityMulti– functionalCombination needed for multi functions
Absorption in bodyEasily digestiblePrevents the uptake of trace elements
Cost effectiveComparatively cheapSome are more expensive
Table 1 Gelatin vs other hydrocolloids
GELATIN
Gelatine is a naturally obtained

Achilles Tenon Injury
Unlike many other orthopedic injuries, Achilles tendon injuries are not fully understood, which results in heavily deliberated treatment procedures.
Patients often have an unpredictable outcome with respect to return to function. Over the previous fifty years, the evolution of repair surgery for the
Achilles tendon has been slow and minimal; furthermore, surgical repair is unpredictable and surrounded by complications5. Regarding surgical versus
non–surgical procedures, there are existing studies that propose that conservative treatment not involving surgery give results comparable to surgical
repair as long as patients undergo early rehabilitative protocols as well. However, it must be noted that the same studies discuss that the re–rupture ...
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For example, the study involving doxycycline discussed earlier was merely a pilot study and, therefore, is supposed to be regarded as a preliminary
analysis. This study is meant to provide important information to orient more specific future research studies. As is the case with many biomedical
research studies, this experiment is done using non–human subjects to avoid unknown, potentially harmful results to be projected on humans. This fact
adds to the mystery surrounding the Achilles tendon; although rats are a good model system for humans, there is a great amount of generalizability
done when transferring the data and results from rats to be interpreted for humans. In terms of procedure, noteworthy discrepancies exist in the
discussed study. For example, the administration of doxycycline to the rats started one day prior to the induced tendon laceration5. This is a distortion
of reality because in humans we do not know when we will receive an injury to our Achilles tendon. Furthermore, the injury to the tendon in the rats
was surgically induced using a knife5. Again, this is unrealistic for humans because Achilles tendon injuries do not occur naturally by way of knife but
rather are usually traumatic and do not yield the same clean cut that was obtained in this study. This is important to note because the way the injury was
induced could impact the healing process

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Alendronate
Bone transplants are the most performed tissue transplantations in the world. The problem with recent bone tissue transplants is that they have too
many limitations. For instance, the recent techniques for bone tissue transplants have a high failure rate, which can lead up to 50% in numerous
locations of the human body. Because of these limitations, biomaterials which can replace the bone tissue have been developed. [Graham G. Walmsley
et al. July 2015]
When someone has bone deficits, the person has a lack of bone cells, which means that the bone recovery does not work properly. For instance, after a
traumatic injury or bone fractures. Nanoparticles have the ability to let the bone heal more easily after fractures and traumatic injuries. ... Show more
Such as, alendronate, a bisphosphonate, which is commonly used to treat osteoporosis. The disadvantage of alendronate is that high doses are
recommended to have a clinical effect. Eventually, this will have a toxic effect on the entire system of the human body. To solve this problem, a local
method for loading alendronate onto poly(lactide–co–glycolide) (PLGA) is favored. In addition, in vivo research studies have confessed that PLGA
nanoparticles coated with bone morphogenetic protein–2 (BMP–2) are suitable to increase the reconstruction of the bone during a calvarial defect.
[Graham G. Walmsley et al. July 2015]
Second, nanosilicates, which are incorporated into a matrix of gelatin, can interact with polymeric chains. This will have a positive effect on certain
physical, chemical and biological characteristics. [Janet R. Xavier et al. February 2015]
Nanosilicates have their unique surface charge and shape. This encourages very strong interactions with the gelatin collagen–based matrix. Eventually, it
will form structures which it can assembly itself. These structures can form and break dynamically which results in shear–tinning characteristics. [Janet
R. Xavier et al. February

Control Cellulite Essay
How to Control Cellulite: A New Twist Is it ever a good feeling to dress in front of a mirror just to be reminded of the cauliflower look on the thighs,
stomach, buttocks, chest or arms? Does yuck or maybe eel sound familiar? Followed by the common question; how do I get rid of this cellulite? Then
finally search and research the internet for an answer to quickly and effectively clear away this unsightly thing. After reading countless bits of
information to so–call rectify the cellulite issue, frustration sets in or maybe a little bitterness. Destine to rid of looking like an outer layer tree trunk a
little negative seed has been planted in the mind that brings about desperation and trying anything that appears to work when in fact it... Show more
"Always giving thanks to God the Father for everything, in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ." Ephesians 5:20 Patience Yes we all heard the clichГ©,
patience is a virtue many times over, and it justifies the condition. Not giving–up will turn out some amazing results. Patience is endurance and much is
required when working on a body toning regiment. Relax and persevere because a pleasant change will happen although it may take up to a
couple of weeks before noticeable, but it's coming. "A person's wisdom yields patience; it is to one's glory to overlook an offense."Proverbs 19:11
Prayer Are you a steadfast and unmovable witness for Jesus Christ? Then you most definitely know beyond a shadow of doubt that there is absolute
power in prayer. This was purposely left last for the main ingredients for prayer manifestation: faith you must believe, gratitude you must give God
thanks, and patience you must wait on the Lord because he we know it's coming just release it in God's hand wait for it and move on to the next
thing. "...The earnest prayer of a righteous person has great power and produces wonderful results." James 5:16 The war on cellulite is a bit
challenging nevertheless can be dealt with once we understand what it, the contributing factor, and how to effectively combat it after which we will
enjoy the fruits of our labor. What is Cellulite Cellulite happens when a partition of fatty deposits are formed

Lobstein Syndrome Character Analysis
Have you ever watched a video from the kid president? Do you know the character named Brick in the show "The Middle"? The boys who star in
these shows both have something in common. They have osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). It is also known as brittle bone disease or Lobstein
syndrome. OI causes the bones to be so brittle that even small movements or impacts can cause a break. These breaks are what often causes the
diagnosis to come about. It can also cause the whites of a person's eyes to turn blue and can cause hearing loss. It's obvious that the condition can also
cause chronic pain, bone deformity, small stature, spinal curvature and depression. OI is actually a deficit in the connective tissue. It hinders the ability
to make connective

Bone Dissection Essay
The skeletal system is made up of cartilage and bone. Both bone and cartilage are connective tissues, that is, they are composed of cells in a matrix
with intracellular fibers. Just imagine connective tissue as a gelatin salad with grapes and coconut. The grapes would represent cells, the gelatin the
support material for matrix, and the pieces of coconut the intracellular fibers. By changing the amounts of each ingredient and adding extra substances,
we can produce a material that is very hard like bone and can withstand weight or softer like cartilage which can be used as a cushioning material. In
this exercise, we will examine a fresh raw chicken bone to study bone structure. Materials
Note: To complete both experiments, you... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Compact bone looks dense and solid, yet it is filled with passageways that serve as conduits for nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
(Marieb, 181). When observing the spongy bone, I noticed that it appeared dark and porous. It was flexible. The compact bone made up the majority
of the chicken leg and was difficult to pierce with the knife. The spongy bone had a dark gray/blackish color.
2. How does cartilage differ from bone? How did each one feel when pierced with the knife? Cartilage doesn't contain any nerves or blood vessels and
is surrounded by a layer of dense irregular connective tissue, the perichondrium (Marieb, 176). Bones contain various types of tissues which makes
them organs. They are used for support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation (Marieb, 178–179). The cartilage was tough
and flexible, and it was difficult to cut through. The bone, however, when I finally was able to cut through it, had blood within it. This proves that bone
is the site for blood formation. The bone was more difficult to cut through than the cartilage.
3. How did the periosteum and endosteum differ in thickness? The periosteum seemed thicker because it was more difficult to peel away from the
chicken leg. The endosteum wasn't that difficult to pull away from the spongy bone. So based on what I saw, I believe the periosteum is thicker than
the endosteum. 4. Was the bone

Osteogenesis Imperfecta ( Oi ) Is An Inherited Disorder...
Science Biology Transcript
Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI)
Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is an inherited disorder characterized by extreme fragility of the bones also known as 'brittle bone disease'.
Clinical Features
The symptoms of OI include malformed bones, short, small body, loose joints, muscle weakness, sclera (whites of the eyes) look purple, grey or blue,
triangular face, barrel–shaped rib cage, curved spine, brittle teeth, breathing problems and a collagen deficiency.
Classification
There are many ways to classify OI. The most accurate methods are the following.
In some cases, an ultrasound can identify bone abnormalities at 14–18 weeks. Cells obtained through chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis can
also be analysed for a genetic mutation. Amount of collagen can be tested through a skin sample and genes can be tested through a blood sample and
X–rays to check for bone abnormalities such as the symptoms explained earlier can be used to diagnose.
Radiographic Features
The hallmark feature of Osteogenesis Imperfecta is fragile bones that fracture easily. Osteogenesis Imperfecta affects both bone quality and quantity
(i.e. bone mass).
History
We do not know for certain about when OI started. Perhaps when sin entered the world but we do know that it has been around for a long time as you
can see in these pictures. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00381–009–0817–7/fulltext.html These are pictures of a 3000 year old mummy that
has OI. This proves

Research Paper On Osteogenesis Imperfect
Collagen is a fibrous protein which functions in the extracellular matrix and connective tissue. This protein strengthens and supports tissues in the
body, such as bone, cartilage, skin, and tendons. Collagen 1 (alpha 1) is the most abundant type of collagen and is vastly distributed in connective
tissue, except in hyaline cartilage. Type I collage is found throughout the body in the skin, tendon, vascular, organs, and it is responsible for strength
and sturdiness. It is a triple helix formed by two copies of the alpha chain and one copy of the alpha 2 chain. Type II collagen is the main element of
cartilage and it is formed by two or more collagens. Type III collagen makes up elastic tissues (skin, lungs, blood vessels). Type IV forms the... Show
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This condition causes bone breakage with little to no trauma. Osteogenesis imperfect is a connective tissue disorder in which the protein, collagen, has a
defective synthesis. This defective synthesis is due to multiple mutations in the collage encoding genes and the severity of this disorder depends
on the particular mutation. The genetic defect affects the production and formation of collagen 1. The four subtypes of osteogenesis imperfect are
Type 1 OI, Type 2 OI, Type 3 OI, and Type 4 OI. Type 1 OI is the most common and mildest form of this disease. Type 2 OI is the most severe form,
and it is fatal. In type 2 OI, the body either produces low quality of collage, or it doesn't produce enough. Type 3 OI is also a severe form, but not
fatal. In this type, the body produces enough collage, but poor quality. Type 4 IO is the most flexible form because the symptoms can range from
mild to severe. Patients with Type I or Type IV osteogenesis imperfecta can usually inherit a mutation from a parent with the disorder. In some cases,
clinical geneticists perform biochemical or molecular tests which can confirm a diagnosis of Osteogenesis imperfect. These tests are thought to detect
close to 90% of all collagen

Pdl Lab Report
PDL cells that induce coronally the periodontal regeneration coming from flap. It was said that they came from progenitor cells from within.
In a study, a tooth was made with slits inside the chamber and was implanted into 5 mm tissue with the dentinal wall remaining and an implant was
insurted in to the root and collagen barrier was added. The histological specimen after 3 months showed formation of cementum and PDL was formed
between the dentinal wall and implant.
So, projenitor cells in PDL are strongly associated in the regeneration of periodontal apparatus.
Role of epithelium in periodontal wound healing: It seems that as the tooth is merged into the mucosa the epithelial lining is continuous apically
inhibiting the periodontal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In an experiment, a Widman flap was made and after each two consecutive month professional cleaning was made it was noticed that we have new bone
formation either 2 walled or 3 walled but it was said it's due to the new CT attachment.
Grafting procedure:
In multiple experiments where bone grafts or implant bone substitutes where made with either:
1.Autogeneous graft: from same person
2.Allogenic graft: frozen red bone marrow and calcellous bone from genetic dissimilar members
3.Xenograft: from another species
4.Alloplastic graft: synthetic material with bone substitute
These contained:
1.Osteo–induction: Bone inducing substances
2.Osteo–genesis Bone forming cells
3.Osteo–conduction: Scaffold for bone formation
It has showed promising results but the documentation varried due different:
1.Attachment levels
2.Location
3.Xrays
4.Re–entery procedure.
A new cementum was made and collagen fibers bonded to it making new periodontal attachment.

3.Nonresorbable membranes:
Usage of membranes as cellulose acetate filters and EPTFE (EXPANDED polytetraflouro ethylene) as GRT barriers as they has these properties: a–
Manageable clinically b– Make space for tissue healing c– Allow tissue integration d– Biocompatible e– Cellular barrier
With the use of ePTFE, THE THICK KERATINIZED attached gingiva must be

What 's The Big Deal With Big Lips?
So what 's the big deal with Big Lips? How big is too big? And of course, the question everyone is asking: "If I keep getting my lips plumped up on a
regular basis, will my offspring have naturally bigger lips???"
Well, if you believe in the theory of Pangenesis, then definitely keep getting your lips plumped so your children will have nice, plump, pouty lips
naturally! I think we can all agree that big, pink lips are a sign of youthfulness, sexiness and above all, fertility. Whether we do it consciously or not,
our society is obsessed with attracting a mate to procreate, and nothing says "PICK ME! PICK ME!" like a pair of luscious, full lips adorned with
shimmering strawberry flavored lip gloss.
So the question is: what should I do and what really works? If you are a member of the Brazilian Suya tribe or the African Mursi tribe, or a member
of the small, but growing Suya/Mursi Western followers, you 'll have to invest in a "lip plate" and wear it rather consistently. This is actually a good
example against the theory of Pangenesis, given that the children of these tribal women were born with normal sized lips. Remember that beauty is
culturally relative and that even within the same culture, we have generational and geographical differences as to what constitutes the "ideal beauty". I
will thus limit myself to the cosmetic surgery obsessed Western culture, since not everyone subscribes to National Geographic.
Before I address the popular injection method for achieving a

Pros And Cons Of Juuvederm
Juvederm
Well apparently as we get older the skin also gets older! Wrinkles start to form on the skin and with time they get deeper, but no one really loves
wrinkles and everyone wishes to remain young. Unfortunately that cannot be the case, as we get older the body's collagen production reduces which
leads to increased wrinkles which then lowers the skins suppleness.
To maintain the skin's elasticity and minimize wrinkles due to aging, dermatologists normally inject patients with collagen. Most of the collagen
supplements are however from fish and this has its pros and cons. For starters, before one gets collagen filler, tests have to be done to ensure zero
allergic reaction to the skin. Due to this a new type of dermal filler has been introduced, juvederm. Juvederm is FDA–approved filler guaranteed to
restore the skins moisture and suppleness for a year even deep wrinkles, reduce acne scars and reduce under eye hollows. The major component is
hyaluronic acid.
Hyaluronic acid
This a major component of the tissues that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A sample of people were selected and given a juvederm injection one of the nasolabial fold and followed for around 20 weeks. The same sample
was injected with a bovine based collagen on the opposite nasolabial fold and followed for 20 weeks also. Juvederm Injection site reactions for all
the patients were similar and lasted for a week. Swelling occurred in 80% of the patients, bruising in 60% and itching in 35%. The patients who
maintained improvement with Juvederm at 4 weeks was 90% compared to the 40% with the bovine based collagen. The patients at the end of study
showed a 90% preference to juvederm compared to a 10% preference to bovine based collagen. Out of the selected sample, 70% went back for the
juvederm injections after 36 weeks, and 75% of the patients showed an improvement prior to administration of the juvederm dermal

Advantages Of Baobab Oil
BAOBAB:
In spite of the unusual name, baobab is amazingly bravoed and is a great wellspring of vitamin C, calcium, potassium, thiamin, fiber and vitamin B6.
Baobab is a 100% common, supplement thick, crude whole food with a one of a kind sherbet–such as lime essence.
It's an astounding wellspring of vitamin C which likewise shields cells from the oxidative push and adds to the typical arrangement of collagen in the
skin. Vitamin C additionally assists with the recovery of vitamin E which secures and repairs your skin.
Information about Baobab Oil:
Baobab oil is acquired from the seeds of Adansonia tree. This tree is a standout amongst the most trademark trees of Africa, and it is frequently
called the upside down the tree since it looks as if it is developing roots upwards. The oil is entirely gooey, with a rich, velvety feel and a gentle
fragrance. Baobab oil is an astounding lotion and perfect for various corrective applications. It is one of only a handful few oils which is included its
crude state in restorative items. Baobab oil is a standout amongst the most unmistakable oils from Africa. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One can utilize it as back rub oil to get sleek, smooth skin. The back rub is effectively encouraged on account of this oil. Rub with this oil is useful
for dry, harmed skin. It helps the skin to rebuild and recuperate itself. Along these lines, it can mend dry skin patches. It is immediately ingested into
the skin. Be that as it may, it doesn't leave the skin totally dry as a result of its non–siccative

Functions Of Type Vii Collagen
Pathophysiology
The COL7A1 gene contains the instruction manual for making proteins that are used for strengthening and supporting the connective tissue in the body
which includes tendons, ligaments, bones and skin. "The proteins produced from the COL7A1 gene, called pro–О±1 (VII) chains, are the components
of type VII collagen." (http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/COL7A1) When three pro–О±1 (VII) chains twist together, they form a triple–stranded molecule
called a procollagen, these molecules are secreted by the cell and are processed by enzymes which remove extra protein segments. When these
procollagen molecules are processed by getting rid of the extra segment on the ends, they then can arrange themselves into longer, thinner bundles of
mature type VII collagen.
Type VII collagen is the major component of anchoring fibrils which is found in the basement membrane zone, which is a two–layer membrane found
between the epidermis, and the dermis. "Anchoring fibrils hold the two layers of skin together by connecting the epidermal basement membrane to the
dermis." (http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/COL7A1) Without the anchoring fibrils holding those layers together the skin become extremely fragile and
blistering occurs with the slightest of trauma, heat, rubbing or friction. Injury may also occur from the removal of adhesive tape or tight clothing.
Children with EB are called "Butterfly Children" because their skin is so fragile, like a butterfly's wings.
Diagnosis

Dermal Fillers Research Paper
What is a Dermal Filler
There are a number of factors which can impact your skin's appearance: sun exposure, hormonal changes and aging all can play a part in your skin
losing Hyaluronic acid and collagen. Once this starts to happen your skin is more prone to fine lines, wrinkles and a loss of fullness and elasticity.
The good news is that Serene Radiance has a range of dermal fillers that can reverse these signs of aging by filling in lines and restoring lost volume
while enhancing your facial contours and lips for natural–looking results.
All our dermal fillers are Hyaluronic Acid (HA) based. Hyaluronic Acid is a naturally–occurring sugar found in your body. When it combines with the
water that exists in your skin it instantly smoothes lines and wrinkles, restores lost volume in the cheeks and jaw line and can also enhance your lips.
Dermal fillers have also been shown to naturally stimulate collagen production in your skin. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was first discovered by researchers in the 1930's and they found it played an important role in numerous areas of the body including helping
maintain skin volume and hydration. The first Hyaluronic Acid facial fillers received approval in the early 2000's for the correction of facial wrinkles
and folds in Canada and the United States. Presently, hyaluronic acid–based facial fillers are the fastest growing non–surgical aesthetic procedure been
performed in North

Types Of Collagen Type I Collagen
Since the beginning of 20th century, collagen has been reviewed extensively in studies and researches. Collagen is the most abundant protein in
vertebras and signifies 30% of the proteins in the body. The composition of collagen is manifested in various parts of the body like bone, skin,
cartilage and blood vessel. Collagen fibre is the main structure in extracellular matrix contributing great assistance in maintaining the integrity of cells
and tissues structures. The major functions of collagen include the provision of strength and elasticity, along with maintaining rigidity. Till date, 28
types of collagen have been identified and they are classified into few sub–group. A number of factors distinguish a collagen from another such as
morphological characteristics, molecular compositions, distributions, and functions. Of all types of collagen, type I collagen is the most abundant
form and is responsible for substituting 90% of the body's collagen. In view of the important of collagen type I collagen in human body structures and
functions, the aim of this paper is to provide in–depth information about type I collagen post–translational modification process, and diseases that are
governed by it.
Collagen has few subgroups and fibril forming collagen is the largest group in the human body. Type I collagen is found in most of the connective
tissues, especially bone, tendon, ligament, cornea and skin. It provides tensile strength to these structures. The interaction of fibrils

Collagen is the predominant protein in animal bodies,...
Collagen is the predominant protein in animal bodies, constituting approximately 30% of the total protein (Birk & Bruckner, 2005; Unlua et al. 2014).
It is an extracellular matrix protein that can either directly or indirectly interact with cells to alter cellular activity. At least 27 different types ofcollagen
have been indentified, correspondingly named types I to XXVII (Birk & Bruckner, 2005).
Structure
Collagen is characterized by the right–handed triple helical rod structure which is formed by three left handed helix polypeptide chain. Although the
triple helical structure is the main characteristic of collagen, some globular proteins are indentified as collagen due to the repeating trilets and small
triple helical rod (Prockop & ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It includes types I–III, V, and XI, which are similar in size, approximately about 1000 amino acids. Network–forming collagen is type IV collagens
found in basement membranes and type VIII and X collagens. This class of collagen forms net–like structures in which monomers associate at the
C–termini to form dimers and at the N–termini to form tetramers. In addition to these end–to–end interactions, the triple–helical domains intertwine to
form supercoiled structures. FACIT collagen stands for fibril associated collagen with interrupted triplehelice, which includes types IX, XII, XIV,
XVI, and XIX collagens (Prockop & Kivirikko 1995; Van Der Rest & Garrone 1991). They do not form fibrils themselves but are found attached to the
surfaces of preexisting fibrils of the fibril–forming collagens. Type VI is the only known collagen that can form beaded filament. The type VI collagen
forms a dimer with another type VI collagen with end to end interaction. The globular domain of the type VI collagen dimer forms a tetramer with
other type VI collagen dimer. The tetramer further aggregates with another tetramer to form the beaded filament (Prockop & Kivirikko 1995).
Collagen of anchoring fibrils is composed by type VII collagen. Type VII collagen has two non collagen domain, NC1 and NC2. Type VII collagen
forms a dimer with another type VII collagen by the interaction with two NC2 domains. The dimer further aggregates with other dimmers to form
fibrils.

Acidic Collagen Lab Report
Acidic collagen type I (CosmoBio) at 5 mg/mL concentration and pH 3 was used. Specified volumes of collagen solution were dispensed into plastic
molds maintained at 4В°C. In a closed chamber, ammonium hydroxide maintained at 25В°C was allowed to interact with degassed collagen solution.
Collagen was exposed to ammonia vapors in desiccation chamber at room temperature for 3 min, 30 min and 2 h. Collagen gels were then removed
from ammonia chamber and incubated in 5В°C vitrification chamber for 90 minutes, followed by a 30–minute incubation (gelation) at 37В°C.
Samples were vitrified in a 5В°C vitrification chamber overnight followed by a 37 В°C and 40% RH for 3 days. The biomaterials were then rehydrated
in 20 mM HEPES for 24 hours.
6.2.2.Second Harmonic Generation Microscopy
To observe fibrogenesis of AMC vitrigels, two–photon microscopy was performed using a Zeiss LSM–710 microscope (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany.
Illumination was performed at a wavelength of 790 nm. Collagen fibrils were detected by its second–harmonic generation (SHG) signal below 480 nm.
Images were recorded as z–stacks overarching the whole membrane with 1 Вµm Z–spacing using Zen software 2009 (Carl Zeiss).
6.2.3.Light Transmission
AMC vitrigels were cast in microplate wells, vitrified, rehydrated and measured using a standard multiplate reader Synergy 2 (Biotek). Area scan
measurements were made at over the visible spectrum at 50 nm intervals. Data was compiled and analyzed in Excel.
6.2.4.Scanning Electron

Essay Epidermolysis Bullosa
Epidermolysis Bullosa also known as E.B. is generally an inherited connective tissue disease. This disease is evident at birth or soon there after. It
causes large fluid filled blisters, in the skin and mucosal membranes. Chaffing or even increase in room temperature may cause these blisters to
form. E.B. affects an estimated 50 in 1 million live births. The disease has been known to affect every racial and ethnic group and is found in both
males and females all over the world. The disease has been seen in a wide variety of forms from mild to lethal form involving some organs.
Epidermolysis Bullosa is the result of a mutation in the keratin or collagen gene. There are three layers of skin epidermis, dermis and the subcutaneous
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These are all very important in determining whether or not the patient has Epidermolysis Bullosa or if it is a different skin disease. Knowledge of
family history is also key because E.B. is mostly inherited. The inheritance pattern may vary from dominant to recessive. The recessive form (meaning
both parents transmit the gene to a child) tends to be worse. Although the dominant form means one parent carries the dominant gene enabling them to
pass it on to their child. Diagnosing correctly must also take into account the symptoms. There are many complications that can happen with any one of
the varieties of Epidermolysis Bullosa. The symptoms of a patient with Epidermolysis Bullosa may vary depending on the type of Epidermolysis
Bullosa. The symptoms may include:
пЃ¶Blistering of the skin, how severe depends on the type of Epidermolysis Bullosa.
пЃ¶Deformity or loss of fingernails and toenails
пЃ¶Internal blistering, including in the throat, esophagus, upper airway, stomach, intestines and urinary tract
пЃ¶Skin thickening on palms and soles of the feet (hyperkeratosis)
пЃ¶Scalp blistering, scarring and hair loss (scarring alopecia)
пЃ¶Thin appearing skin (atrophic scarring)
пЃ¶Tinny white skin bumps or pimples (milia)
пЃ¶Dental abnormalities, such as tooth decay from poorly formed tooth enamel
пЃ¶Excessive sweating
пЃ¶Difficulty swallowing (dysphasia)
пЃ¶Alopecia (hair loss)
пЃ¶Respiratory

Conditions Of The Skeletal System
Conditions of the Skeletal System: Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Carlisa Thornhill
Everglades University
Conditions of the Skeletal System: Osteogenesis Imperfecta
The skeletal system is one of the body's most important support systems. When anomalies occur within the bone structure, the entire body suffers. One
such anomaly is the condition known as osteogenesis imperfecta or brittle bone disease. Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a hereditary, genetic disorder
of the bones and connective tissues that is most known for causing fragile, brittle bones which can break hundreds of times in one's lifetime. This rare
disease "occurs in approximately 1 in every 12,000–15,000 births" (Knipe et al., n.d.) and "affects between 20,000 and 50,000 people here in the
United States" (Osteogenesis Imperfecta Foundation, 2015).
The majority of osteogenesis imperfecta cases are caused by a mutation in the genetic coding of type 1 collagen (Osteogenesis Imperfecta Foundation,
2015). More specifically, the mutation is found in the "left–handed helix formed by [the] intertwining of pro–alpha1 or pro–alpha2 chains of the type 1
collagen fibers [or COL 1A1 and COL 1A2]" (Rush et al., 2015). Collagen is a major protein of the body's connective tissue. "Type I collagen fibers
are found in the bones, organ capsules, fascia, cornea, sclera, tendons, meninges, and dermis" (Rush et al., 2015).
There are autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive forms of OI that causes the production of

Bone : Distal Radius Fracture Essay
Bone: Distal radius fracture, non–displaced, in a healthy middle–age adult.
The primary cellular components of bone tissue are osteoblasts and osteocytes, and these are distinguished by their location and their function.1 The
osteoblast is the bone–forming cell that eventually becomes an osteocyte. During this intermediate changeover, the cells are referred to as intermediate
cells. "Bone matrix is comprised of three elements: organic, mineral, and fluid. Organic components constitute 39% of the total bone volume, which
contains 95% type I collagen and 5% proteoglycans. Minerals include primarily calcium hydroxyapatite crystals and contribute about half of total bone
volume."1 Within the matrix, collagen fibers are responsible for providing tensile strength. Eventually, calcification and ossification of the fibrous
matrix forms individual bony trabeculae that together constitute a primary ossification center.2 The arrangement of the collagen/trabeculae along the
length of the bone give the bone its tensile strength; the resistive strength against bending/breaking.1,2 The density of the bone is provided by calcium
salts which are necessary to provide resistive strength against compressive forces, such as load/weight bearing activities.1 Stresses from weight bearing
and using muscles provide the necessary stimulus for the formation and organization of collagen/trabeculae to form architecturally strong bones.
Typically, when no injury or disease is present, bone

The Uses Of Tissue And Skin
The use of fibroblasts in skin substitutes is a crucial step toward better burn wound healing. Fibroblasts, which are naturally found in the dermis layer,
are in charge of synthesizing and secreting the components that make up the extracellular matrix. In order for the skin to heal properly, one component
that is especially important is collagen, for it plays a major part in the structure of the skin. Lack of collagen synthesis during healing can lead to raised
scar, resulting in poor skin function and appearance[18].
TransCyte is a temporary, bioactive synthetic covering with a similar structure to Biobrane, with an addition of fibroblasts. Like Biobrane, it is also
used as covering for burn patients before autografting or for patients with partial thickness burns who do not require autografts[11][12]. TransCyte
consists of two layers, a silicone outer layer and an inner nylon mesh seeded with fibroblasts. The outer silicone layer is a semipermeable membrane,
containing a series of laser–punched holes that allow excess fluids to be drained[13]. The inner nylon mesh membrane is coated with porcine collagen
peptides, creating the base onto where the neonatal fibroblasts can be cultured, since collagen is a main component of the skin. In order to seed the
fibroblasts within the nylon mesh, the entire membrane, silicone outer layer included, was placed inside a specially designed bioreactor. This
bioreactor provided a continuous, constant flow of fibroblasts at a rate of about

Collagen IV
Collagen IV, the primary constituent of the basement membrane provides stability and structural integrity to epithelial and vascular tissues.
Additionally, collagen IV plays a vital role in cell signaling and can be influential in the progression of certain auto immune diseases. Structurally
collagen IV is an oligomer of triple helical protomers that are covalently crosslinked by the means of sulfilimine bonds. The bond itself has been
evolutionarily conserved and has direct contributions to tissue development as well as autoimmune disease. Given these developments the goal of the
research that contributed to this paper was to find the molecular mechanism by which sulfilimine bonds were formed. To do so they employed the use
of PFHR–9 cells... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The purpose of Figure 3 to determine the ability of peroxidasin to biochemically catalyze sulfilimine bond formation they expressed and purified
human peroxidasin. When reacted with uncrosslinked collagen IV isolates, addition of human peroxidasin led to formation of the dimeric
crosslinked substrate at low enzyme to substrate ratios as depicted in figure 3a. To affirm that the theorized mechanism of halogenation for
sulfilimine bond formation they tested the ability of peroxidasin to form crosslinks in the absence of halides. As expected minimal crosslinking
occurred, and it was supported that crosslinks formed as a result of halogenation. The rest of figure 3 investigates the role of peroxidase in
hypohalous acid production specifically; HBr and HCl. Different peroxidases showed preferentiality in which hypohalous acid they formed. If
peroxidasin used these acids to form crosslinks, the intermediates should help trigger the reaction when staged in an environment lacking in crosslinks.
Isolated Collagen IV with HCL and HBR yielded cross–linked subunits. Other peroxidases also formed crosslinks with the exception of
lactoperoxidase because it does not efficiently form hypochlorous or hypobromous acid and therefore can ont effectively crosslink. The subsequent
figures tested whether peroxidasin catalyzed the formation of the sulfilimine

Cellulite
Cellulite is a condition of adipose origin in which adipose tissue protrudes through the dermis causing an 'orange peel' or 'cottage cheese' type dimpling
of skin seen most commonly on the thighs and buttocks of many post–pubertal women. The initial changes leading to cellulite formation appear to be
deterioration of the capillary network, vascular changes and abnormal deposits of glycosaminoglycans, leading to excess fluid retention within
subcutaneous tissues. A variety of treatments ranging from topical creams to laser therapies are currently available, claiming to reduce the dimpledskin
appearance however successful results are often anecdotal, subjective or not present at all.
Cellulite can be primarily found in any area of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The inability to repair tissue damage due to continued oedema and vascular congestion can lead to thickening and sclerosis of the fibrous septae in the
superficial adipose tissue and deep dermis, creating the clinical appearance of cellulite.
Cellulite is an unwanted condition and a rising demand for cellulite reduction has new non–invasive treatment modalities becoming popular. Currently
there are numerous medications, devices and diverse therapies that allegedly treat cellulite however there is little evidence to support long term
effectiveness. Due to the nature of cellulite, effective treatment would need to repair and strengthen the dermis as well as expel the fat protrusion back
underneath the dermis. Retinoids are thought to increase dermal collagen fibres, allowing the dermis to prevent further herniation of fat as the collagen
deposition makes the dermis much stronger, therefore reducing the appearance of cellulite.
Endermologie is a hand–held mechanical system used to simulate manual massages of the skin. It is hypothesized that it is able to reduce the
appearance of cellulite by causing damages to the subcutaneous fat cells by positive (rolling) and negative (suction) pressures, disrupting fat cells and
allowing for better distribution of subcutaneous fat.
The long–pulsed 1064–nm neodymium yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) produces a non–specific dermal heat to trigger a wound healing response
resulting in

Recent Advancement Of Periodontal Treatment
Recent advancement in periodontal regeneration
Periodontology .
St. Moath Riad Saifi .
Introduction :
пѓ Regenerative periodontal treatment involves systems which are especially intended to reestablish those parts of the tooth–supporting structures
which have been lost because of periodontitis or gingival injury. The expression "recovery" is characterized as a recreation of lost or harmed tissues in a
manner that both the first structures and their capacity are totally reestablished. Strategies went for reestablishing lost periodontal tissues support the
making of new connection, including the development another periodontal tendon with its filaments embeddings in recently framed cementum and
alveolar bone.
пѓ Profound infra–hard imperfections connected with periodontal pockets are the great sign for periodontal regenerative treatment. Furthermore,
distinctive degrees of furcation association in molars and upper first premolars are a further sign for regenerative methodologies as the furcation range
stays hard to keep up through instrumentation and oral cleanliness. A third gathering of signs for regenerative periodontal treatment are confined
gingival subsidences and root presentation since they may bring about a noteworthy tasteful sympathy toward the patient. The stripping of a root
surface with resultant root affectability speaks to a further sign to apply regenerative periodontal treatment keeping in mind the end goal to accomplish
both the decrease of root

Efficacy And Safety Of Accelerated Crosslinking System
Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of accelerated crosslinking system in the treatment of
.keratoconus
Methods: Accelerated crosslinking was done using the CCL–365–18 Peschke GmbH. Follow up was done after 3 days for contact lens removal, then
after 1 week, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months for assessment of uncorrected visual acuity, best corrected visual acuity and slit lamp
.examination. Refractive and topographic changes were also recorded
Results: The study included 40 eyes of 21 patients. All patients completed at least 6 months postoperative follow up. There were 13 females and 8
males. Age ranged from 18 to 32 years with a mean 25.9 п‚± 5years.There was a statistically significant improvement in average keratometry readings
(P< 0.001*). The preoperative mean average keratometry was 48.463п‚±3.1 D( 43.74 – 54)
.and changed to 47.32п‚±2.9 D (42.15 – 53) at 6 months of follow up
Conclusion: Accelerated corneal collagen cross–linking can be considered as a safe procedure for
.the treatment of keratoconus
Keratoconus is a corneal ectasia characterised by progressive thinning and protrusion of the central and paracentral cornea 1–5 that gives rise to
irregular myopic astigmatism and a decrease in visual acuity. It is generally a bilateral process, however it presents and develops asymmetrically.6,7
Changes in the corneal collagen structure, and extracellular matrix, apoptosis and necrosis of keratocytes are documented in the anterior stroma and
Bowman membrane of weakened

Effects Of Collagen Supplement
Collagen Supplement Side Effects With all the talk about how collagen will keep you young or reduce joint pain, one has to wonder if collagen
supplements safe? Is It Safe? It is very rare that anyone has a reaction to collagen unless the individual has a food allergy that the collagen is
synthesized from. Collagen can be made from cow, pork, fish, shellfish or chicken. If you are allergic to any of these protein sources, do not take the
supplement. It is not worth risking an allergic reaction that can result in anything from hives to breathing difficulties or anaphylactic shock when there
are other products that do the same thing but from different animal protein sources. Those that have an allergy to chicken or egg should avoid collagen
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the exception of food allergies and those who are pregnant or breastfeeding, it is deemed that collagen supplements side effects have negligible
side effects. Adding supplements to aid the production and protection of collagen in the body should be done carefully. It is recommended that your
doctor should discuss both the benefits and side effects of collagen supplements before beginning any regime. It has been found that taking up to
2.5mg of collagen orally should be safe for up to 24 weeks. The dosage and length of time should be discussed with a medical professional before
starting taking collagen supplements. The last thing to keep in mind with collagen supplement, or any supplement, is that the Federal Government does
not regulate supplements like they do drugs and medications. They are not required to be stringently tested or prove their beneficial claims.
Additionally, there is no third party testing required nor regulated and the ingredients are not required to match what is printed on the bottle. If you are
to take supplements, choose a reputable brand that will display their findings openly but because they are not required to tell the truth, please proceed
with

Intrinsic And Extrinsic Factors Of Skin Aging

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