The Physics Of Car Crashes

The Physics Of Car Crashes
This is a research assignment on the Physics of Car Crashes. In this report the physics behind car crashes will be reported on in depth to answer the
question, "In a car crash, are you better to trust the science behind a more modern vehicle, or the metal in a large, heavy, older car?" This report will
explain the Physics behind why Modern vehicles are safer than older cars in a car crash.
Impulse – Impulse is the change in momentum, Initial Momentum – Final Momentum or Force x Time. This means that because momentum is
Velocity xMass, a heavier car traveling at the same Velocity as an older car will have a larger momentum, therefore if both cars crashed into a wall at
the same speed and both and end up with a speed of 0ms–1, the Change in Momentum (Impulse) will be higher for the heavier car. Because Impulse is
also equal to Force x Time, we can look at the stopping Force of the and how we can lower it.
Example: A 1500kg car traveling at 100km/h (27.7ms–1) hits a wall and stops to 0ms–1 has an impulse of 41,550kgms–1. An older 2000kg car
traveling at the same speed also hits a wall and stops to 0ms–1 with an impulse of 55,400kgms–1.
What it means: This means the older heavier car will have a higher stopping force which immediately puts it at a disadvantage to the modern, smaller
car. However because Impulse is Force x Time and remains constant, we can decrease the Stopping Force by increasing the collision Time.
Older heavier cars construction consists of heavier,
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Nt1310 Lab 3.3
CHAPTER 3:
3.1: Formulation of Mathematical Model
Consider the impact of a bullet on a fabric of soft armor made up of interlinked and crisscrossed yarns. The fabric consists of n layers stacked above
one another. The bullet carries a momentum which it transfers to the yarns in the fabric. These yarns, due to their capability to quickly dissipate the
energy of the bullet by transferring it to neighboring yarns in all directions, prevent the bullet from passing through. The mechanism of the bullet
impact and the subsequent stoppage can be modelled as given below.
Figure 3.1: schematic study of bullet hitting ballistic armor
Let the mass of the fired bullet be Mb. It is fired at an initial velocity of v. The momentum ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Energy absorbed= volumetric energy density* volume =1/2*Y*volume*(strain)^2 (4)
The volume is given by, volume= n m A c*dt (5)
Here, c= Velocity of the sound in the armor material
From equations (4) and (5), we get,
Energy absorbed=1/2*Y*n m A cв€«_0^tв
–’гЂ–в€€^2 (t)dtг
Ђ— (6)
The strain is integrated with time from the time of impact to the time of failure as it keeps on changing during the impact of the bullet and is not
constant.
The change in kinetic energy of the bullet is given by: Change in kinetic enregy= 1/2 M_b (V_f^2 – V_i^2 ) (7)
Where, Vf = Final velocity of the bullet Vi = Initial velocity of the bullet
The energy absorbed by the fabric in the armor is equal to the loss of kinetic energy carried by the bullet during impact.

Energy absorbed by armour =change in kinetic energy of

A Physics Special On Mass Energy Equivalence
The
Great Lakes Tribune
A Physics Special on
Mass–Energy Equivalence
Article By: Hugh Corley
History
Born in Germany in 1879, Albert Einstein was theoretical physicist. After graduating high school, he began working in a Swiss patent office in 1903.
1905 was like any other year in the patent office. That is, until September 27, when Albert Einstein finished a paper that would revolutionize physics.
Titled "Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy–Content?" it was the final paper in a series of four he submitted that year to the German
physics journal, Annalen der Physik. The first three papers explained the photoelectric effect, gave experimental proof of the atoms, and introduced the
theory of special relativity. In the fourth paper however, Einstein explained the idea of mass–energy equivalence, using the now famous equation
E=mc2. Although the idea of mass–energy equivalence existed before Einstein, it was never realized and systematically consolidated to a single
equation. iii
Explanation
Figure 1: The Rest Mass Energy Equation.ii
This equation states that that the energy of the system (E) is equivalent to the mass of the system (m) times the speed of light squared. In short, mass
and energy are separate quantities that are closely related. So close, in fact, that they are physically equivalent to each other. An increase in energy
yields a proportional increase in inertial mass. However it is important to note that the matter remains unchanged. Another

Essay The Special Theory of Relativity by Albert Einstein
The Special Theory of relativity is an acknowledged physical theory that revolutionized advancements in the relationship between space, and time.
The theory is one of the most interesting discoveries that are still used today in science fiction movies such as Star Wars, and Star Trek through the
use of black holes, and time travel due to it's astonishing results, and it occurrence at speeds close to the speed light, which can be appealing to a
wide range of audience. This was a harvest from six years of extremely handwork by Albert Einstein. Einstein used resources that were widely available
to the public due to his economic constraints. It wasn't until 1905, when Einstein finally had finished and published his discoveries, and gatherings...
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Both you and the observer could argue for days, and none of you would be able to prove the other person wrong, and as matter of fact, when it
comes to physical laws both of you are correct. It all depends on your frame of reference. Speaking of frames of reference, an inertial reference
frame is an area where no force applies, therefore there isn't any gravitational force, or any acceleration, in an inertial frame one couldn't tell if he
was on constant velocity or if he was at rest. The simultaneity of events is matter of a person's frame of reference. If a person is moving at a
constant velocity in between two object emitting light he'll see the light source he's moving towards, and the light source he's moving away from
flash at the same time. However if a stationary observer watches this from a stationary platform, he'll see that the light source that the person is
moving away from has more distance to cover than the one he's moving towards. He'll also notice that both these light emissions will reach the person
standing in between them at the same time. So considering that the speed of light is the same in all situations. The observer sees the light source the
person is moving away from flash first as it has more distance to cover, and yet reaches the person standing in the middle at the same time. The first of
the Special Theory of relativity's affects, causes the phenomena of time dilation. Time

The Hundredth Monkey Experiment: The Perfect Relationship
I once met a sort of guru who preferred the name Eartheagle. Eartheagle and I were strolling through a garden as we discussed nature and life's
inner–workings. I was having issues with many sorts of relationships at the time and decided to propose a question. "What is the perfect relationship?"
I asked. "The perfect relationship is like the Earth and Sun. If the earth were any closer, it would burn up. If it were any further away, it would grow
cold. Without the Sun the Earth could not survive. Without the Earth the Sun would be useless. Relationship is key. You need relationship in life. You,
and all else, provide life to each other and give each other meaning. It is important, however, to keep the correct distance. Too close and the relationship
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Scientific research has discovered in cities and towns where just as little as 1% of the population practices transcendental meditation that the crime
rates are much lower, the economy is better, the people are healthier, with many more small positive occurrences. Researchers took this a step further
and gathered 7,000 people (the square root of 1% of the global population) and had them all practicing transcendental meditation at the same time and
found immediate changes in global affairs. Crime was at a low, economy was at a high, there was reduction in all global conflicts. This experiment
was reproduced over and over, some times it would go on every day for weeks at a time. It was concluded that these groups directly affected global
consciousness. With this knowledge we now have regarding water, these conclusions are quite logical. This effect is only possible by means of the
etheric and akashic bonds that connect

The Special Theory Of Einstein : The Physics Of Albert...
Albert Einstein was one of the greatest geniuses in the history of science.His theories, or ideas, led to new ways of thinking about the
universe.Albert Einstein was born to Jewish parents in Ulm, Germany, on March 14, 1879.He did not do well in school, but he did take an interest in
mathematics and science. While at college, he studied physics and math. After graduating in 1900, he worked in a government office. Meanwhile, he
continued studying physics on his own.In 1905 Einstein caused a stir by publishing five major research papers. These papers forever changed the
way people thought about the universe. One of these papers contained completely new ideas about the properties of light. Einstein received the Nobel
prize for physics in 1921, mainly for the work in this paper.In another paper, Einstein presented what is now called the special theory of relativity. This
theory states that measurements of space and time are relative. That is, they change when taken by people moving at different speeds. This idea was
entirely new. The special theory of relativity also changed how scientists thought about energy and matter. (Matter is everything that takes up
space.)When the Nazi Party took over Germany in 1933, Einstein left the country. He eventually settled in the United States. During World War II
Einstein urged the United States to build nuclear weapons. He felt that these weapons might be needed to defeat the Nazis. The United States did create
the first atomic bomb in 1945.

Investigation of Magnetic Fields by Search Coil
Physics Lab Report – C15 Title: Investigation of magnetic fields by search coil Objective: To use a search coil and a CRO to investigate the
magnetic fields generated by alternating currents through a straight wire and a slinky solenoid. Apparatus: |Search coil 1 |Slinky solenoid 1 | |CRO 1
|Slotted bases 2 | |Signal generator 1 |Metre rule 1 | |a.c. ammeter... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
B. Magnetic field around slinky solenoid When placing the search coil at the centre of the solenoid, across its cross–section, the induced e.m.f. shown
on the CRO, i.e. the length of the vertical trace is the maximum, that means the magnetic field of the straight wire is the maximum. When placing the
search coil at the end of the solenoid, across its cross–section, the induced e.m.f. shown on the CRO, i.e. the length of the vertical trace is nearly half
that at the centre of the solenoid, that means the magnetic field of the straight wire is nearly half that at the centre of the solenoid. When placing the
search coil along the length of the solenoid, the induced e.m.f. shown on the CRO is quite uniform except near its two ends. |Current I/A |0.01 |0.02
|0.03 |0.04 |0.05 |0.06 | |Induced e.m.f.(V)/mV |1.4 |2.8 |3.4 |4.2 |6 |6.6 |

The aim of this experiment is to investigate the law of...
The aim of this experiment is to investigate the law of conservation of momentum.
Conservation of Momentum
The total momentum of an isolated system is constant.
2.Performing Research
The research for this experiment was collected through methods of internet research as well as the use of YouTube videos in order to see how the
experiment work and also to make sure there were no flaws within my experiment. I also used the school textbook as a reference to help me.
I went to many sites on the internet in order to collect information about my experiment, I looked at many views and opinions on varies ways to test
my aim.
The experiment that I found to be helpful to test my aim was found on the internet. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The experiment that I conducted was a simple yet tested the aim.
Apparatus:
In the experiment I did, I used two marbles, one 30cm plastic ruler, one plastic space case, one book and an Ipad to record the times.
Method:
1.Place the 30cm ruler on a flat surface, the 0cm side must be place facing towards you and the 30cm side must be placed facing towards the opposite
direction.
2.Once the ruler has been placed on the flat surface, place the book at the end of the ruler on the end where the ruler touches the table, to stop the
marbles from rolling of the table.
3.Place one of the two marbles at the top of the ruler (0cm) side, and the other marble exactly at 15cm on the ruler.
4.Hold the marble that has been placed at the top of the ruler (0cm) with one of your hands so that you are able to time the experiment with your other

hand.
5.Flick the marble and record the time in takes to hit the marble and for the second marble to reach the bottom of the ruler.
6.Repeat the experiment ten times and average out the time in order to determine the average speed, we are able to determine the average speed
because we now have distance and time.
Calculate the average speed of the marble a flat surface:
Angle of inclination:
SinОё = 0Лљ
Observations:
The marble on an inclination of 0Лљ, has an initial velocity of 0m.s–1.
The average time it took for the first marble to reach the second marble was 0.44 seconds and for the second

The Possibility of Time Travel, and its Components.
When one talks about time travel, it is automatically assumed that it is a machine that can go anywhere in time and space, just like Doctor Who, but
that is not completely true when it comes to Einstein's Special relativity. The Gale Encyclopedia of Science of Special theory of Relativity states that,
"Einstein's Special relativity states the way in which an observer's experience of time and space is interrelated" (VAN TILL, Howard: Relativity,
Special Theory of). This means that an observer's experience of time and space is connected in different ways. In broader terms Special relativity
talks about motion in time and space. People who are opposed to time travel say that it is not possible for a single photon to travel at the speed of
light, which in their aspect is necessary for time travel. Another reason why people think time travel is implausible because scientists don't have
technology to travel at the speed of light. However, scientists are working on the ability to travel at such speeds. Time travel is feasible because of
Einstein's Special relativity, which includes the theory itself, the speed of light, as well as motion and perspective.
Time travel is more multifarious to understand than the ones in the shows. For example there are beyond plenty of factors for time travel to be
prevented by the laws of physics such as gravitational pull. Gravitational Pull itself slows any speed of an object. In illustration, if a two space ships
were traveling toward a black

Enrico Fermi Research Paper
The nuclear era advanced us in technology by hundreds of years. Men raced to get the prizes for doing the best. It was a competition of the countries.
This new technology can help win wars everyone was after it. One particular Italian born–American scientist was a genius in this field. He has done so
much for this era that if he didn't do what he did we wouldn't have won a war and we would still be stuck trying to figure nuclear power out. His
name was Enrico Fermi. You may have heard of Fermi lab yes it was named after this wonderful scientist. Now let's go and explore the life of Enrico
Fermi.
Enrico Fermi came from a simple beginning with his mother, a teacher, and his father working for the railways in Rome. Enrico was born on
September 29, 1901. He attended a local school where his math and science skills were recognized In 1918 he received a scholarship to the university
of Pisa. This is where his knowledge of recent physics helped him get a doctorate. Then he took the position as a lecturer in mathematical physics at
the university in Florence in Italy, but that's not all he was big in the research of nuclear power. Enrico was the first person to split an atom on a
football field. He also was one of the people to work on the atomic bomb that killed thousands of people but helped the US win the war. Enrico won a
noble prize in 1938 for the "discovery of radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation and for the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He changed the world just with his research. He split some atoms and made the first partial accelerator which you can see to this day. He will always
be a legend for mathematicians and scientist everywhere. Starting out in a small town in Rome and coming to the top in the science and math field.
I'm inspired by Mr. Fermi and hope to be like him one day and use my mind to my full potential. What about you, what did you learn, How can you
change the

Relativity Essay
Relativity is a theory in physics that can be basically implies that space and time are one in the same. This is absolutely counterintuitive to classical
physics which has the two as completely different entities. Relativity can be separated into two basic concepts: Special and General Relativity. Within
Relativity the fundamental concept above all else is that space and time are intertwined with each other in the universe as a fabric called space–time.
Simply put, Special Relativity deals with the laws of Physics when observers are all moving uniformly relative to each other while General Relativity
expands on the idea to include gravitation and acceleration. (Lieber, Lillian R. The Einstein Theory of Relativity. Philadelphia: Paul Dry,... Show more
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However this is not the same for the beam of light fired from the laser pointer. This is because light is an electromagnetic wave that is independent of
the motion of its starting point. It will always travel at 299,792,458 m/s because light's speed only depends on the medium through which it travels and
the motion of the object it is created from is completely irrelevant. (Lieber, Lillian R. The Einstein Theory of Relativity. Philadelphia: Paul Dry, 2008.
Print. p. 4–37)( Einstein, Albert, and Robert W. Lawson. Relativity; the Special and General Theory,. New York: H. Holt and, 1920. 21
–25. Print.)
This postulate developed by Einstein has what some would call key problems and would cause uproar in conventional thinking. Things such as time
now become variables when original thinking classified it as an unchanging constant. Just thinking about this prospect can be mind boggling. Time is
something that everyone takes for granted as being a constant flow, just ticking away, and perpetual. But, in fact, it is something that depends entirely
on space–time. How do we know that time is relative? Imagine a different kind of clock. This clock is unique because instead of a hand ticking
away it is actually a beam of light bouncing between two mirrors. This would seem the most logical choice of an accurate clock because light is a
constant right? As we observe the clock it ticks off at regular

What Is The Last Step To Equalize The Linear Velocity...
The last step is to equalize the linear velocity vector of the standard wheel to that of equation 3. (
в– (s(О±+ОІ)&–c(О±+ОІ)&–cОІd@c(О±+ОІ)&s(О±+ОІ)&sОІd@0&0&0) )( в– (x М‡@y М‡@Оё М‡ ) )=( в– (rП€ М‡@0@0) )(4)
In case of the steerable standard wheel, equation 4 can be used in the same way, if the fixed angle ОІ is replaced by a function ОІ(t). This equation
could also be applied to the spherical wheel (because of the forces which affect the wheel and change ОІ(t), only a linear velocity in the rolling
direction exists). If the wheel is a castor wheel, the y–component of the velocity vector is depending on the angular velocity ОІ М‡ and the length of
the rod (see equation 5). ( в– (s(О±+ОІ)&–c(О±+ОІ)&–cОІd@c(О±+ОІ)&s(О±+ОІ)&sОІd@0&0&0) )( в– (x М‡@y М‡@Оё М‡ ) )=( в– (rП€
М‡@–d_c ОІ ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The vector q вѓ— describes the configuration (position and orientation) of the robot at any time. q вѓ—=[в– (x&y&П•)]^T(7) where x, y are the
coordinates of the robot (point o) in the inertial frame. If the linear speed and angular velocity of the robot are v and П‰, respectively, assuming
no–slip on the wheels, the velocity components can be written as x М‡=v cosвЃЎП•(8) y М‡=v sinвЃЎП•(9) П• М‡=П‰(10)
The kinematics of motion of the robot can be written as follows: q вѓ— М‡= [в– (cosвЃЎП•&0@sinвЃЎП•&0@0&1)] u вѓ—(11)
Where, q М‡ is the time derivative of configuration q and u вѓ—=[в– (v&w)]^T is the control input given to the robot for navigation. The angular and
linear velocity of the robot can be written in terms of the linear velocities of the right and the left wheel centers (v_r,v_l) П‰=(v_r–v_l)/2d(12)
v=(v_r+v_l)/2(13)
Here for the right wheel, the Newton–Euler equation is expressed as F_r – f_r = m_w x М€_r(14) П„_r– F_r .r = J_w П‰ М‡_r(15) where F_r is the
reaction force applied to the right wheel by the rest of the robot; f_r is the friction force between the right wheel and the ground; m_w is the mass of
the wheel; П„_r is the torque acting on the right wheel provided by the right motor; r is the radius of the wheel; and J_w is the inertia of the wheel.
Note that the Coriolis part had been deleted since it is negligible due to the fact that the wheel inertia is much smaller than the robot inertia.
Similarly, for the left wheel we can write F_l – f_l = m_w

The Findings After Testing Quantized Inertia On The Emdrive
The purpose of this article was to report the findings after testing quantized inertia on the EmDrive. The authors predicted that the thrust produced by
the EmDrive can be explained assuming that the inertial mass of the photons is caused by unruh radiation. Multiple experiments took place in several
independent labs, and produced results that were similar to the predicted values for thrust. The computations of the results did not sufficiently model
wave oscillations in 3D, thus the authors recommend further testing in order to produce more accurate findings.
The text is formatted as a journal article and has been peer reviewed. It was published on August 31, 2015, in Europhyiscs Letters, a journal founded
in 1986 by the European Physical Society. The article references multiple sources that are also academically reliable.
This source will be used to introduce one of the current theories attempting to explain how the EmDrive produces thrust. The article also addresses the
lack of scientific explanation which will help to prove my own credibility in the report as I address a multitude of theories. Because the article was
published recently I will likely introduce this source last.
"Standard physics has no explanation for this and an error has not yet been found... There is no explanation for this behavior in standard physics
because it violates the conservation of momentum, and Shawyer 's own attempt to explain it using special relativity is not convincing, as this

Blackwood Ballistic Pendulum
Experiment 6:
September 18, 2013
Jamal Wright
Zachary Floyd
Christopher Wilson
Experiment 6
Jamal Wright, Zachary Floyd, Christopher Wilson
Abstract Our goal of this experiment is to determine muzzle velocity by two methods: 1) employing uniform linear motion relations, the kinematic
equations; 2) using the principles of conservation of energy and momentum. In this paper, we aim to validate the law of conservation of momentum. We
do so by comparing results from two experiments conducted with a single ballistic launcher/pendulum apparatus.
Hypothesis: The initial velocity of a ballistic pendulum can be determined using the law of conservation of momentum. Momentum ... Show more
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When the ball hits the ground then y = H (since the positive y axis points downward.) By measuring the distance of fall and using that acceleration due
to gravity, g, the time of flight t = Tflight, can be calculated with the following transformed kinematic equation:
Tflight = sqrt(2H/g)
The muzzle velocity, vmuzzle, (also the intitial velocity – vx0) of the ball after being fired is horizontal. From a measurement of the range, R, and
using the time of flight, the muzzle velocity can be determined
Vmuzzle = Ravg/Tflight
The second method requires the determination of the muzzle velocity from the principle of conservation of momentum. The momentum of the ball just
before it collides with the pendulum must equal the momentum of the ball and the pendulum just after the collision, pi = pf. To expand on this we see:
Mvmuzzle + MV = (m + M)V,
Where m is the mass of the ball, M is the mass of the pendulum and V is the velocity of the ball and the pendulum together. Note: the velocity of the
ball and the pendulum, v, is initially zero. In order to find the velocity of the ball and the pendulum just after the collision we will use the principle of

conservation of energy. Neglecting friction at the point of support of the pendulum, the gravitational potential energy must equal the kinetic energy of
the ball and the pendulum at the bottom of the

The Rise Of Einsteinian Special Relativity Essay
In 1905, Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity was proposed. The reason that it is so "special" is because it was part of the more
complex and extensive Theory of General Relativity, which was published in 1915. His theory reshaped the world of physics when it contradicted all
previous laws of motion erected by Galileo and Newton. By mathematically manipulating these previous laws of motion, physicists in the nineteenth
century were able to explain such phenomena as the flow of the ocean, the orbits of planets around the sun, the fall of rocks, and the random behavior
of molecules in gases. At first, Einstein faced great opposition when he came up with his radical new theory because the previous laws of motion
proposed by... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Newton and Galileo would have assumed that like the speeds of the two cars in the previous example, the velocity of light could be calculated in the
same fashion. For example: If a car is moving at a speed of 25 meters per second with its headlights on, what is the speed of the light emitted by the
headlights? Newton and Galileo would have thought, "25 meters per second for the car plus 299,792,458 meters per second for the speed of light
equals 299,792,483 meters per second for the speed of the light emitted by the headlights of the car."
This method of thinking would have been acceptable up until 1881. At this time, an experiment took place that would change physics forever. Albert
Michelson wanted to test Newton's idea of variable speeds of light due to the existence of the aether. He knew that since the Earth moves in absolute
space, that the speed of light should be measured differently in January than six months later in June when it is moving in an opposite direction in its
orbit. This is because the speed of light and Earth would be additive. The difference, according to Newton and Galileo, would only be about 1 part in
10,000 since the earth moves slowly relative to the speed of light.
Michelson set up an extremely accurate test using a special device that

Disadvantages Of Crumple Zones
Crumple Zones Crumple zones are a safety feature in many cars that can greatly reduce the impact of crashes. They are a feature that saves lives,
and as humans advance in technology, crumple zones are improving to reduce the impact of crashes by even more. "Car Safety Pictures" 10
September 2008. HowStuffWorks.com. 27 July 2017 Crumple zones reduce the force in a crash when they deform and crumple. This is a very
effective way of reducing force because it redistributes the force of the crash around the car, as well as increasing the time taken for the car to come to
a stop. When the car stops, the people inside continue travelling in the same direction as before the car stopped. People are injured when this happens
when they come into contact with... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As well as other features, car crumple zones greatly improve the the safety of a vehicle. There are very few disadvantages to having a new and
working car crumple zone. The disadvantages are: After a collision, the cost of repairs to the vehicle is greatly increased. Because crumple zones
are so effective, often even minor crashes must be repaired. Crumple zones also have to be kept up to date because of road safety regulations. This
is an extra expense, and also makes selling cars with old safety systems difficult. In conclusion, it is very advantageous to have a new and working
crumple zone. Car crumple zones greatly reduce the force that reaches the occupant of the car by redistributing the force of the collision around the
car, and increasing the time taken for the car to stop. Redistributed force means that less of the force of the impact makes it to the occupant of the
vehicle, and increased time taken for the car to stop means that the force of the collision is actually lowered. All of this makes it less likely for people
to be injured in crashes, so crumple zones make vehicles

The Nature And Process Of Science
Before Einstein, Scientists believed that light waves travelled through a medium called ether. Einstein proved that ether was irrelevant and that light
doesn't travel through a medium. Einstein proved this by figuring out that the speed of light was constant, and in order for ether to be the medium light
waves travel through, the speed of light would change depending on the observer. This discovery was one piece of the SpecificTheory of Relativity.
The nature and process of science are a collection of things, ideas, and guidelines. "The purpose of science is to learn about and understand our
universe more completely" (Science works in specific ways, 3). Science works with evidence from our world. If it doesn't come from the natural
world, it isn't science. You need to be creative and have flexible thoughts and ideas if you want to be a scientist. Science always brings up new
ideas and theories and if you aren't flexible to those ideas you can't be a scientist. Science has been in our world for a long time. It is deep into our
history and our cultures. The principals of science; are all about understanding our world using the evidence we collect. If we can't collect evidence on
something we simply cannot understand it. If we don't understanding something about our world, science says that we can learn about it by collecting
evidence (Science has principals, 4). Science is a process; it takes time. You don't immediately come to a conclusion for your hypothesis a few minutes

How Albert Einstein Affected Technology?
Albert Einstein, one of the most luminary thinkers in history made many influential contributions to the fields of science and philosophy to
revolutionize man's understanding of the world. All great things once had humble beginnings. Einstein was born into a middle class family with one
sibling. Early in his life, his family influenced him through his presents. His family would gift items such as him telescopes and compasses. His uncle
would also, on occasional, teach him in algebra. The one man however who inspired him the most was Albert A. Michelson, a former navy student who
refined the definition of the speed of light. In addition to his type of home–schooling, Einstein also went to a public school. It was always a
controversial question that asked if Einstein failed at some core subjects in school. The only and true answer is that he set his focus on only the
subjects that intrigued him. It was in this way that he was able to achieve the great works that he did. Later on in his life, he would put this strategy to
use again as he focuses on developing the Theory of Special Relativity and the equation E=mcВІ. Through the establishment of his legendary equation,
the Theory for Lasers, and the publication of Theory of Special Relativity,Albert Einstein succeeded in laying an enormous impact on the technology in
the twenty and twenty–first century. To commence, Einstein's world renowned equation allowed the world to see a new way to create energy using mass.

The Cultural Icon Of The 20th Century Essay
Amber Gentile 12 December 2016 Period 2 Albert Einstein– The Cultural Icon from the 20th Century Albert Einstein once said "I want to know God's
thoughts, the rest are details". Einstein wanted an equation that would encapsulate all physical laws. To put the beauty and the power of the
universe into a single equation was his life's goal. Although Einstein's name is now synonymous with genius, his professors would have never
predicted him to be this successful as he would always cut class, and he could not get a single job after graduating. Einstein thought he was such
loser that he wrote a letter to his family saying perhaps it would be better if he was never born. His father had to apply on behalf of Einstein for
academic positions, but they all said there were no positions available. His father passed away thinking that Einstein was a total disgrace to the
family. In 1902 Einstein moved to Switzerland, and began a career far from science. One of his friends got him a job to be a patent clerk in the
Swiss patent office. He spent six days a week reviewing applications submitted by inventors to the Swiss government. He had to analyze the patents
and strip them to their essence, which honed his skills as a physicist. Since it was not intellectually demanding it would give him ample time to
contemplate the universe. Einstein's daydreams would change the way the universe was understood. In 1905 in what has been called his miracle year,
he publishes in his spare time four

Energy Efficient Controller Design For Underwater Gliders...
Energy Efficient Controller Design for Underwater Gliders Maneuvering
MEEM 5990 – SPECIAL TOPIC
Dr. Nina Mahmoudian
Submitted by
Anudeep Reddy Karra
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my sincere gratitude towards Dr.Nina Mahmoudian on providing me an opportunity to work on this project. I am grateful for providing an
opportunity to work under her and also providing an excellent project mentor like Mr. Barzin Moridian to work with. I would also like to thank
Mr.Barzin Moridian for continuously mentoring me on this project and giving valuable insights about the project and helping me through the difficult
situations during the Project. I express my sincere thanks to him to giving me sufficient amount to time to learn the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Mathematical Modelling:5
2.1 DC Servo Motor:5
2.2 Glider Modelling:7
2.2.1 Kinematic Equations of the System7
2.2.2 Mass Matrix and Inertial Matrix8
2.2.3 Momentum and the rate of change of the Momentum9
3. Simulation:10
4. Results:11
5. Conclusions:11
6. Future Work:11
1. Introduction: Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are used for long–term, large scale oceanographic monitoring. They are classified into

different types– battery powered AUVs, propeller–driven AUVs and buoyancy – driven under water gliders. Among these, underwater gliders are
highly efficient compared to the other types of gliders, because they spend most of their time in stable, steady motion and they spend their energy
only when they are changing their equilibrium state. There are various ways in which these gliders can use buoyancy for maneuvering. For this model
the movement of these gliders is controlled by the servo actuators which move the mass relative to the vehicle's frame and their motion control is
affected by varying the parameters which affect the steady motion, such as the center of mass and buoyancy. These parameters are to be controlled for
attaining a steady state motion. For this a control system needs to be designed which provides feedback in response to the errors which are present in
the state of motion. [1][3] The main important area of concern for the underwater gliders has been their efficiency, then motion control is the secondary
concern.

Summary Of The Movie 'Interstellar'
PHYS180: Space, Time and Matter Instructor: Professor Tracy Webb Assignment 1– Special and General Relativity Churui Jiang (260785561) October
3, 2017 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Topic 9 The
movie Interstellar is unique among Hollywood films in that it actually tried to get the physics right. Provide an overview and a critique (which can be
positive or negative) of the Special and General relativistic effects that appear in this film.
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Understanding of
Relativity in Movie Interstellar I watched the movie Interstellar when I was in Grade 10. At that time I knew it was a wonderful film not only by
the notable director Christopher Nolan but also by its impressive discussion of love and science stories. But I did pay more attention only to the love
scenes at that time (Cooper & his daughter, Brand & Edmunds) because fully understanding the scientific theories about the universe in that movie is
not an easy thing for a high school student. However, after studying some principles of relativity in PHYS180 class, I realized maybe I can use the
knowledge to explain some confusing things which interested me when I watched the movie before. So my main goal in this assignment is to talk
about the scientific facts, especially relativity theories, appearing in the movie. I hope I've covered most of the points.

The Negative Personality Of Albert Einstein
THE CREATIVE PERSONALITY OF ALBERT EINSTEIN
He is renown as the "Father of solid state Physics", the famous 20th century scientist and a symbol of intellectual independence and leadership
(Cardona, 2005). Albert Einstein the Jewish mathematician and physicist was born on March 14,1879 at Ulm, in WГјrttemberg, Germany. He is
acclaimed for his theories in physics specifically the theory of special relativity, the general theory of relativity and the photoelectric effect (Howell,
2017). His special relativity theory summarised in the equation E=mc2 is widely known even among those who don't understand physics. It's these
theories that earned him the international accreditation and acclaim in physics as the Nobel Prize winner in 1921(Parker 2007).
According to the 4P's of creativity, the press which is the external (structural) social environment one grows up in largely contributes to one accessing
information contained in a given domain (Csikszentmihalyi, 1988). This is clearly demonstrated in Einstein's early life. His father and uncle were
engineers who ran a company that made electrical equipment based on direct current (Howell, 2017), thus he was exposed to so much the factual
knowledge and underlying principles and tenets of physics, machines and equipment's at his father's workshop.
Second to this is his personality, the internal (subjective) factors that triggers creativity according to (Csikszentmihalyi 2014). Einstein was very curios
and inquisitive by nature. The

Alfred Stieglitz's Best Private Christian Schools
Alfred Stieglitz (Stieglitz) was born on January 1, 1864 in Hoboken, New Jersey to parents Edward Stieglitz and Hedwig Ann Werner. Stieglitz went
to school at Charlier Institute, which was known as the best private Christian school in New York in 1871. Stieglitz attended private school until his
senior year in high school, when enrolled in a public school to qualify for admission to City College of New York. His father sold his company in
1881 and moved the family to Europe to find better schools for his children. Stieglitz enrolled at Technische Hochschule in Berlin to study mechanical
engineering. The chemistry class that he enrolled in was taught by Hermann Wilhelm Vogel, a scientist that worked on the chemical processes for
developing

Relativistic Doppler Effect and the Misunderstandings of...
The present paper discusses the relativistic Doppler effect and tries to found misunderstandings in the present state of the Special theory of relativity.
The author's conclusion that he found some "blue shift" which contradicts with time dilation is wrong.
The weakest feature of the paper is that although the formulas, presented by authors, are in general correct, but they do not support the conclusions the
author extract from them, and mistake is hidden in the interpretation.
Let's focus on the plane waves.
In general, the transverse Doppler effect, as it is studied in the available literature, means that an observer (let's call him the 1st observer), that receive
an electromagnetic wave from a distant source, moving relative to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In case of author considerations, they are measured by different observers, situated at different reference frames. If one wants to use 2nd observer to
find the Doppler effect, for 2nd observer, his ОІ=ОІв‚‚=0, and his О±'=О±, formulas (1)–(2) will give ОЅ'=ОЅв‚‚'=ОЅ. So there is no frequency shift
for the 2nd observer. (as it should be for him, being in rest with the source).
For the 1st observer, substituting the ОІ and О±'=ПЂ/2 will give correct result: ОЅ'=ОЅ/Оі, where Оі=1/(sqrt(1–vВІ/cВІ)).
One should not mix this two cases, as the author does.
Let's look to the author's arguments, why one should use О±=ПЂ/2 rather than О±'=ПЂ/2 to define transverse Doppler effect. The author calls О± as
the proper angle and О±' as apparent angle, in the analogy with the term "proper" length. This analogy seems to be not applicable. The "proper" length
is the length of an item, measured in rest with this item. The term "apparent" length is for the length of an item, measured by another observer, moving
relative to the item.
For the angle between two items, it is not obvious, relative to what part of the system the observer should be in rest, in order to measure the angle to
call the angle as "proper" angle.
The author's idea, that using О±=ПЂ/2 in order to compare with classical Doppler effect, also does not hold water, as in the classical theory

Essay about The Theory of Relativity
Since the days of Newton, the ideas of classical mechanics prevailed in the scientific community. The ideas of absolute velocity and absolute time were
accepted phenomenon and were not at all challenged. However, as the nineteenth century drew to a close, new observations were being made,
observations which contradicted the current theory of the time. For instance, throughout the nineteenth century, it was correctly believed that light was
a wave. If light were a wave like all other waves, it must have a medium through which to propagate through. This medium was called the ether, a
substance which was everywhere throughout the universe. If this hypothesis were true one would be able to calculate the velocity of the Earth through
the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1) The laws of physics are identical in all inertial frames, or equivalently, the outcome of any physical experiment is the same when performed with
identical initial conditions relative to any inertial frame. This assumption is an amazing generalization of the laws of physics. It had been previously
assumed that mechanics where all identical in all inertial frames (conditions where the velocity of the reference, such as inside a car or the Earth is
constant). However, Einstein assumed that all the laws of physics, thermodynamics, electricity, magnetism, optics, remained the same in all inertial
reference frames. As it turns out, this assumption is required for the second assumption to be true. 2) There exists an inertial frame in which light
signals in vacuum always travel rectilinearly at constant speed c (2.9979245 Г— 10^8 m/s), in all directions, independently of the motion of the
source. This assumption has far reaching consequences which fundamentally change our perception of how the universe works. These
consequences will be later explained. An idea of what this means can be given in a brief example. Suppose that you are in a car traveling at forty
miles per hour relative to the ground. If you were to throw a ball out of the car in front of you at five miles per hour relative to you, the ball would be
traveling at forty five miles per hour relative to the ground. This is Galilean relativity and, until Einstein, was believed to be an

What Is An Indicator For System Generation And Consumption...
Grid frequency $f$ can be considered as an indicator for system generation and consumption power balance, when an imbalance occurs the power
system frequency will change accordingly.
One of the responsibility's of a transmission system operators is to operate the electric grid at a certain system frequency which is the nominal grid
frequency $f_{0}$, 50 Hz in Europe, where the torque is continually adjusted to keep the system frequency at the nominal grid frequency. in equation
(1)
Where $Tgen$ is the generated torque, $Tload$ is the consumed torque including grid losses torque and $JSys$ is the total moments of inertia in the
system representing the coupled synchronous machines response in case of any power imbalance.
$delta omega ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the recent situation of the connected power grid for the ECSA, the amount of residual inertia $J_{res}$ needed to prevent a blackout is decided by
ROCOF limits regulations which is in our case $delta f /delta t$=2 $Hz/s$, using related equations(1)(2) and by using an inertia constant similar to
that of already available biomass and hydro units which is between /1.5s–4s/ cite{hh}, we get a maximum rated power in the magnitude of 20$GW$
which is to put in context Significantly lower than the total installed hydro power capacity of 136 $GW$ in the EU–27, with an additional 62 $GW$ in
Norway, Switzerland,
Turkey, Croatia and Iceland combined cite{hydro}, so it is clear that hydro along with other RES such as biomass can generate the needed $J_{res}$
for the scenario discussed without calculating existing synchronous generators inertia nor calculating the inertia generated from synchronous loads, in
other words even by the continuous decrease in synchronous generation inertia it won`t be expected to not have enough inertia in the EU–27 power
system to cover a blackout scenario in case of a single fault with a load generation of 3 $GW$ in

Physics Of Bowling Essay
Physics Of Bowling
The one thing that interests me is bowling. I have been playing all my life and after a whole semester and a half of being in Mr. Fetter's class, I
realized that everything has physics in it. One night after going bowling with my girlfriend(s) I wondered why when I hit the first pin, only seven
went down and thus I lost the game. So, I got on the Internet and found a lot of articles and web sites talking about the physics of bowling. A lot of the
web sites were brief descriptions. A guy named Paul Durbin wrote many articles on physics. One of his articles he discussed was about bowling. He
mentioned one thing we already went over this semester in physics class. But it seems to me that he neglected to mention other ... Show more content on
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You may let go of the bowling ball at a constant speed, but its velocity is not constant because of the change in direction every instant. The ball's state
of motion is changing. It's accelerating! Now you can see why it is important to know the difference between speed and velocity, and whyacceleration
is defined as the rate of change of velocity, rather than speed. Acceleration is like velocity, its directional. If you were to change your arms speed or
direction, or even both, you change velocity and you accelerate. Just remember acceleration = change of velocity/time interval.
The one thing that's cool about pool is that wooden alley that's always shiny. The alley is made out of fine wood and is usually shined up. The
alley seems to be the friction that slows a ball down. Even when a single force is applied to an object, it is usually not the only force affecting the
motion. This is because of friction. Friction is a force that always acts in a direction to oppose motion. When you let go of the ball one way, the air
resistance is coming the opposite direction.
Let go of the bowling ball and you can see it in motion. If an object moves, the by virtue of that motion it is capable of doing work. It has energy in
motion, or kinetic energy. The kinetic energy of an object depends on the mass of the object as well as its speed.
KE = ВЅmvВІ.
When you let go of that bowling ball, you do work on it to give it speed to get that nice rotation. The

The Slingshot Is A Weapon Used By People For Generations
Chris Walker
Martha Kinsler
Chemistry Honors
28 November 2015
Background Research.
The slingshot is a weapon used by people for generations. It was originally just a strapped sling used to propel rocks. It usually was used as a
lightweight hunting weapon and sometimes for defense (Yoder.) People had used it by rapidly spinning the string and letting it go, sending the rock
flying at high speeds. It wasn't until the mid–1800 's that the traditional slingshot we all know of today came into play (Yoder.) It was a y–shaped stick
with two elastic bands tied between two endpoints at either of the upper ends of the Y. It is a seemingly simple machine, where all you have to do
to be able to use it was point, pull, and release. This is what made them ideal for children to play with in the late 1800's and early 1900's. However,
slingshots are not as simple as people originally thought. Slingshots have a lot of scientific and mathematical concepts that are the reason it was such a
useful weapon back in the day and a great form of entertainment today.
The history of the slingshot is not what most people expect. As stated earlier, the earliest form of the slingshot is the strapped sling. One of the
earliest accounts of a single sling being used was in The Bible's "David and Goliath," where David slung a rock at Goliath. Sadly, this was highly
inefficient due to its lack of accuracy and even though it is light, you had to spin it around to pick up enough speed to be able to

Physics Of The Impossible By Michio Kaku
The word "impossible" has been a controversial topic discussed for years by people who just explain why there is nothing more we can do. In the
book, Physics of the Impossible, Michio Kaku takes multiple ideas and concepts from recent books or movies and he discusses how each of them
could or could not exist in the future. Kaku is a theoretical physicist who attended Harvard after winning a scholarship there (preface xi). His passion
for science began young in life when he entered and won a science fair, which was his inspiration (preface xi). Kaku appeals to science fanatics and
technology enthusiasts by making connections with his audience. He connects with our logos, or logical side, by telling us step–by–step how each of
the discussed fictional technology can become real. Next, he appeals to our ethos, or ethics side, by beginning each of his chapters with quotes from
well known scientists to get our attention. He also appeals to ethos by being credible and using actual scientists from modern times, interviewing
them to gain insight on how some of the processes work (16, 23). Lastly, he appeals to the pathos, or emotional side, of his audience, beginning his
book by establishing a personal connection between his childhood, and love of watching Star Trek, making readers gain his trust since that is a
familiar subject for most (1).... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By defying laws of physics, Kaku convinces science fanatics and technology enthusiasts that due to the rapid growth of science, what seems
"impossible" today will not be in the near and distant future. Each of his chapters discuss a new device, everything from force fields to extraterrestrial
life, and how it is possible to have these new technologies in the future if science continues to advance. He makes three distinct classes of impossibility
based on how far into the future each technology is, each one being more complex than the

Physics Of Kinetic Energy And Stopping Distance
Newton's law of inertia states that an object in motion will stay in motion until an equal and opposite force stops it. In a collision, a driver's car is
stopped by another object (Ex: another car, a tree, a lamp post). Anything not attached to the car will continue to move forward because they are not
stopped by the force that halted the car. Therefore a person who is not wearing a seatbelt during a collision would fly to the front of the car until they
hit something (Ex: the dashboard, the wheel, a car seat).The stopping distance of the vehicle going 60 mph would be four times greater than that of the
vehicle going 30 mph. This is because kinetic energy increases exponentially along with velocity. From my prior knowledge in physics, I know that the
formula for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mass, kinetic energy, and stopping distance have a direct relationship so if the mass of the vehicle goes up, the kinetic energy increases, and so
does the braking distance. This can be proven by the equation KE= 1/2mv2, as mention in the answer to the previous question. Assuming the
vehicles' velocities are the same, mass is directly correlated to kinetic energy. Kinetic energy and stopping distance have a direct relationship, as
explained in the previous answer.To prepare to enter sharp curves, a driver should slow down. Lowering the velocity of a car decreases the kinetic
energy in the car. This means the braking distance would be shorter since there is less kinetic energy to convert. Drivers that travel at a slower
speed and have a short braking distance can pass through sharp curves easier because they have more control over the vehicle and can stop if the
vehicle gets too close to the edge of the road.A reason why car crashes have different levels of injuries is that the force of impact varies in distinctive
situations. The force of impact in accidents depends on the size, weight, and speed of the colliding

Bicycle Day Research Paper
Albert Hofmann and Bicycle Day: How LSD changed the World It is true that my discovery of LSD was a chance discovery, but it was the outcome of
planned experiments and these experiments took place in the framework of systematic pharmaceutical, chemical research. It could better be described
as serendipity.– Albert Hofmann. Many people know about the effects of LSD–25 but have yet to learn the history of the substance. Albert Hofmann
synthesized, experienced, and changed the world with lysergic acid.
Albert Hofmann first synthesized LSD–25 at Sandoz laboratories in Basel, Switzerland, in 1938 (The History of LSD). Hofmann's studies had shifted to
ergot, which is a fungus that grows on rye, hoping to obtain an analeptic, a circulatory and respiratory stimulant (LSD: Cultural Revolution and Medical
Advances). Pharmacologists had no interest in the new substance,and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After some two hours this condition faded away." With this inmind, Hofmann had decided to do a self experiment. (Hofmann 12)
Albert Hofmann's discovery changed the medical world. Pharmacologists and psychologists, often used LSD medically. After LSD being used
medically, in the 60s it became a huge counterculture that included Timothy Leary who was a major face of this movement. As a result of the growth
in popularity of LSD in the 60s, and the harm of irresponsible use, it became a schedule 1 substance and use declined. Despite the dangerous stereotype
associated with LSD, it has inspired the creation of many movies, paintings, and songs.
The creation of this powerful substance has affected much since its creation. It has changed the lives of many individuals (Kirkland). A small amount
of this substance has created enormous effects to the people who have consumed it, but also the history of the entire

Albert EinsteinвЂ™s vs. Newton: General Theory of Relativity
Albert Einstein's vs. Newton: General Theory of Relativity Albert Einstein, most famously known as a physicist, was a contributor to the scientific
world with his many known researches and humanitarian work. As a Nobel Prize Winner in 1921, his chronicled and more important works include
Special Theory of Relativity (1905), Relativity (English Translation, 1920 and 1950), General Theory of Relativity (1916), Investigations on Theory of
Brownian Movement (1926), and The Evolution of Physics (1938). (Nobel Prize Foundation, 1921) In all his important works, Einstein's Theory of
Relativity has lead the way for how science currently views time, space, energy, and gravity. Relativity, which all motion must
... Show more content on
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What the world line of a particle moving with constant speed in one direction? How would you describe the motion of a particle with the world line
shown below? Viewing spacetime this way allows us to formulate physics in new ways. It is a similar way in getting Newton's first law of motion,
which states that an object with no force acting on it will move in a straight line at a constant and we can just say that the world line of a free
object (one with no forces on it) is a straight line. speed (Harrison, pars. 6) Comparing to Newton's laws, spacetime are considered two separate
things, while in relativity, both in special and general theory, it is necessary to view spacetime as one. In GR this team of spacetime is curved by the
effects of gravity. Now in GR, curved space often refers to a spatial geometry, which is not "flat." Spacetime becomes curved in the response to the
effects of matter and there is no gravitational force deflecting objects from their natural, straight paths. This puts gravity to correspond to changes in the
properties of space and time, which in turn changes the straightest–possible paths that objects will naturally follow. So the act of curving is caused by
the energy–momentum of matter and affects matters behaviors. In Newton's first law of motion, it states that, where an object at rest tends to stay at
rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion with the same speed and in the same

How To Explain Why Michael Guillen Felt Changed The World
As you can tell by the name of the book, Michael Guillen writes about 5 equations that he felt changed the world. In about 50 pages per equation
Guillen gives a backstory and explanation of why and how each scientist discovered their equation of how the world works. The five equations were:
Universal Law of Gravity which was found by Isaac Newton
Law of Hydrodynamic Pressure found by Daniel Bernoulli
Law of Electromagnetic Induction found by Michael Faraday
Second Law of Thermodynamics found by Rudolf Clausius
And last but not least Theory of Special Relativity found by Albert Einstein
As a child Isaac Newton was fascinated with windmills, when he was thirteen one was being constructed just outside his hometown of Grantham.
Everyday he would

Famous Venezuelas
Famous Venezuelans in the Scientific World I would like to present three exceptional venezuelan scientists who impacted the lives of millions of people
in a generous way around the world and also in the United States. Humberto Fernandez–Moran, Baruj Benacerraf, and Jacinto Convit were scientists
who significantly changed and contributed to advances in science and medicine in different but equally meaningful ways. Each made his mark within
the scientific community in ways that benefited many people around the world, and for these reasons, each was recognized with honors, including
Nobel prizes for Benacerraf and Convit. Baruj Benacerraf Baruj Benacerraf was born October 29, 1920 in Caracas, Venezuela to a Moroccan father and
Algerian... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For six years, while at Broussais Hospital, he studied the reticuloendothelial's function on immunity with Guido Biozzi. Due to the difficulties of
finding research positions in France because he was considered a foreigner, he eventually moved back to New York to work as an Assistant
Professor of Pathology at New York University School of Medicine. It was his work on immunogenetics that led to being awarded the Nobel Prize in
Medicine in 1980. (Baruj Benacerraf – Biographical 2017) Humberto Fernandez–Moran Humberto FernГЎndez–MorГЎn Villalobos (1924–1999) was
a physician, biophysical, professor and researcher. A native of Venezuela, he earned his medical degree from the University of Munich in 1944. He
founded the Venezuelan Institute for Neurological and Brain Studies and invented the diamond scalpel in 1955 to cut very thin samples of biological
tissues and metals. In 1958 he left Venezuela and took a position at the University of Chicago where he devoted his career to the development of
electron microscopy, cryomicroscopy, and ultramicrotomes. FernГЎndez–Moran also worked at NASA in 1965–1969 doing investigations about
"Space Related Molecular Biology, including Considerations of the Molecular Organization of Extraterrestrial Matter." Another project he worked on at
NASA was "Investigations in Space–Related Molecular Biology Including Considerations of–the Molecular Organization in Luster Sounding –Rocket
Program." Dr. Fernandez–Moran was granted the John Scott Award

Essay on Homework #3 Solutions
Physics 221 Summer 2012
HOMEWORK #3
Due Monday July 2, 2012
1
James Bond (90 kg), outп¬Ѓtted with perfectly matching skis and skiware, is at the top of a steep slope that a secret spy like him can easily handle.
He lets himself go from rest and smoothly slides down the h = 15 m high hill. A big parking lot lies at the bottom of the hill. Since the parking area
has been cleared of snow, the friction between the ground and the skis brings our hero to a halt at point D, located at a distance d = 12 m from point C.
The descent can be considered frictionless. Take the potentialenergy to be zero at the bottom of the slope. (a) What is the mechanical energy of James
Bond at points A and D? (b) Determine the speed of Bond at position B... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A bullet of mass 10.0 g is п¬Ѓred into the block and embeds in the block. The block rises a height of h = 5.00 cm. (a) Draw a п¬Ѓgure showing the
initial and п¬Ѓnal positions of the block. (b) What was the speed of the bullet? (c) How much thermal energy is generated in the block? (d) If the
bullet stops in a distance of 4.00 cm inside the block, estimate the force of friction. SOLUTION : (b) The problem consists of two stages. The п¬Ѓrst
stage is from before to after the impact. The second stage is from just after the impact to the п¬Ѓnal position. In the п¬Ѓrst stage, the linear momentum
is conserved. In the second stage, the energy is conserved. Let us denote the initial speed of the bullet as v0 . So: pbefore = pafter mv0 = (m + M ) v
(4) M +m v0 m M y=0 Then using the conservation of energy of the combined mass rising to height h after the impact: 1 (M + m) v 2 = (M + m) gh 2
в‡’ v = 2gh (a)
L L y=h
(5)
Substituting v from eq. 5 into eq. 4 and solving for v0 : v0 = m+M m 2gh = 2.00 kg + 0.0100 kg 0.0100 kg 2 9.80 m/s2 (0.0500 m) = 199 m/s
(c) Assuming no sound generated in the impact, all the energy lost will turn into heat energy. The heat energy generated is equal to the diп¬Ђerence

between the energy before the impact

Time Dilation And Einstein 's Special Theory Of Relativity
Mohammed Mikky
Sr. Sausan
AP Physics
5/31/17
Time Dilation and Einstein 's Special Theory of Relativity in Interstellar Einstein 's theory of special relativity, ever since its introduction in 1905, has
been a tricky and confusing subject. Many people could not grasp how time could be different for two objects as people saw time as a linear entity
moving at one second per second. However, several experiments many decades later proved Einstein 's original theories. Scientists came up with
several theories to explain this phenomenon such as the ether but experiments to prove them failed. Einstein's theory, supported by several experiments,
was the most logical explanation for time dilation. Interstellar tackles the concept of special ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He concluded that the ether must be a solid and be an extremely tenuous gas. The most famous experiment to prove the existence of the ether was
Michelson–Morley Experiment. They wanted to measure the motion of the ether relative to us since they assumed the ether must move around the
earth. "The velocity of light (c) traveling through this either would change for angles that ranged from light was traveling in the same direction as the
ether (c+v) to light traveling in the reverse direction of the ether (c–v). The key instrument in their experiment was an interferometer which allows one
to see light interference fringes. The role of the interferometer was to detect whether a beam of light, split into paths at right angles to each other and
then recombined, has a difference in velocities over the two paths. The interferometer was set with one path parallel to the motion of the earth in its
orbit, and then rotated to put the other path parallel to the motion of the earth." (Ether: What is it?, Amara Graps) They found no shift in the light
interference fringes. This led to several contradictions and only 2 possible resolutions could be explained: either the experiment failed and couldn 't
effectively prove the ether, or the ether never existed.
The consequence of the M–M experiment was that instead of light having a preferred frame of reference, time is constant for all observers. Take a
simple experiment. Suppose you have light

True Dimensionality of Space-Time
Allan Poe states in his essay on cosmology titled Eureka, that "space and duration are one." To many, this is portrayed as the first known instance of
suggesting space and time to be joined together as one thing. Albert Einstein's 1905 theory of special relativity is the very beginning of a theory related
concept of spacetime, but the first mathematical theory of spacetime actually created by one of his own early teachers named Hermann Minkowski. He
created the concept of "Minkowski Space" which is the earliest recommendation to the treatment of space and time as two separate entities of one
unified whole. The idea of Minkowski space has led up to special relativity being viewed more so in a geometrical way rather than a scientific and
mathematical way. Minkowski space is described as the mathematical formation for which special relativity can be conveniently formulated. In this
setting the three dimensions of space are combined with one dimension of time to create a four–dimensional whole expressed together as spacetime.
It would be considered extremely important to consider the events that space and time can ultimately affect each other and how space and time are
used in cosmological research. However, before touching base with the concept of space time, it seems appropriate to tie together the two basic types
of dimensions and how they are ultimately applied to each other. Space–time is closely linked with Albert Einstein's theory of special relativity,
mathematician

Mass Of Lab Essay
How Do the Different Mass of BBs Affect the Muzzle Velocity and the Kinetic Energy in a Ballistic Pendulum?
By: Conor O'Neill
Introduction: As a kid I was always interested in guns and the military. I would spend my Saturdays watching the military channel and playing with
my nerf guns with my older brother, pretending to be a U.S. Marine. As I started to get older, nerf guns got boring; So I begged my parents to buy
me a airsoft gun. Then, after another couple years the airsoft gun got boring. When this project started being discussed, I jumped at the opportunity to
use my old airsoft rifle for the good of physics, while having fun at the same time. I decided the best way to use my gun would be to measure the ...
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After each trial I would wait for the pendulum to come to a complete stop until I fired another BB. When it was time to switch the BBs from .20g to
.25g, I did not touch the gun but I only took out the ammunition clip. I did this because if I were to move the gun, the gun would likely line up a
different way causing there to possibly be different results. By just taking out the clip, the gun did not move, which means the BB hit just about the
same spot on the pendulum every time. Data and Calculations
BBsTrail 1Trial 2Trial 3Trial 4
.20g9cm10cm11cm9cm .25 g5cm6cm6cm7cm Mean of .20g BBs: 9.75cm
Mean of .25g BBs: 6cm
Because the Energy of the BB is conserved in the system after the collision, I wanted to show that. So I used the formula .5*(mass of the BB +
pendulum)*(velocity of the BB + pendulum) ВІ to find the Kinetic Energy. After that I calculated the Potential Energy using (mass of the BB +
pendulum)*gravity*height by which the pendulum swung. To calculate the Velocity of the BB combined with the pendulum I derived the equation:
velocity = в€
љ2*gravity*height swung by which the pendulum swung. I will use the average height swung by the pendulum for both mass BBs.
.20g
v= в€
љ(2gh) v=в€
љ(2(9.81)() 9.75) v=13.83m/s KE= 1/2 mvВІ
KE= 1/2(.0152)(13.83) ВІ
KE= 1.45

Energy of a Tossed Ball
Energy of a Tossed Ball Project
PURPOSE:
The purpose for the students of the Energy of a Tossed Ball Lab involved learning how to measure the change in kinetic and potential energies as a
ball moves in free fall. Since there is no frictional forces working on the ball the total energy will remain constant and the students will see how the total
energy of the ball changes during free fall.
HYPOTHESIS:
1. The ball has potential energy while momentarily at rest at the top of the path. 2. The ball contains kinetic energy while in motion near the bottom of
its path. 3. Kinetic energy VS. Time
Kinetic energy VS. Time
Velocity VS. Time
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The ball loses potential energy on its way down.
6.
7. The kinetic graph was correct as my hypothesis. My potential graph did not start in the same position as my data graph.
9. The total energy is constant for most of the time until the ball is released and caught up and down in free fall, because extra force of the person
actions changes the energy. The energy should remain constant because the kinetic and potential ratio energy

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